英語(yǔ)十六種時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)歸納
總結(jié)是事后對(duì)某一階段的學(xué)習(xí)或工作情況作加以回顧檢查并分析評(píng)價(jià)的書(shū)面材料,它是增長(zhǎng)才干的一種好辦法,讓我們好好寫(xiě)一份總結(jié)吧?偨Y(jié)怎么寫(xiě)才能發(fā)揮它的作用呢?下面是小編整理的英語(yǔ)十六種時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)歸納,僅供參考,希望能夠幫助到大家。
英語(yǔ)共有十六種時(shí)態(tài),其表現(xiàn)形式如下(以study為例)
一般時(shí) 進(jìn)行時(shí) 完成時(shí)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在 study be studyinghave studied have been studying
過(guò)去 studied be studyinghad studied had been studying
將來(lái) will study will be studying will have studied will have been studying
過(guò)去將來(lái)would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying
時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)是表示行為、動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)在各種時(shí)間條件下的動(dòng)詞形式。因此,當(dāng)我們說(shuō)時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候,指的是相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)下的動(dòng)詞形式。
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)分為16種:一般現(xiàn)在、一般過(guò)去、一般將來(lái)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),以及這四者的進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
用法:A) 表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、情況、狀態(tài)和特征。
B) 習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)。
C) 經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。
例:He always helps others. (他總是幫助別人。)
D) 客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),則無(wú)法保持主句、從句時(shí)態(tài)一致。
E) 表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,(僅限于某些表示“來(lái)、去、動(dòng)、停、開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、繼續(xù)”等的動(dòng)詞)可以與表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)搭配使用。常見(jiàn)的用法是:飛機(jī)、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通方式。
例:The next train leaves at 3 oclock this afternoon.
。ㄏ乱惶嘶疖嚱裉煜挛3點(diǎn)開(kāi)車。)
How often does this shuttle bus run(這班車多久一趟?)
F) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句里經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在(有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))表示將來(lái)事情。
例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成這份報(bào)告的時(shí)候,我就已經(jīng)等了將近3個(gè)小時(shí)了。)
2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(be doing)
用法:現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have done)
用法:A) 表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成。
例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
A) didnt sellB) soldC) havent soldD) would sell
答案是C) havent sold。
B) 表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或情況,并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用since加一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),或for加一段時(shí)間,或by加一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。
例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today andare being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A) are to challenge C) have been challenged
B) may be challenged D) are challenging
全句的意思是:“雖然牛頓是個(gè)偉大的人物,但他的許多見(jiàn)解直到今天還在受到挑戰(zhàn),并且被現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家的工作所修正!眂hallenge是及物動(dòng)詞,在本句中應(yīng)當(dāng)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);其動(dòng)作延續(xù)到今天,所以要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。可見(jiàn)答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),不可能是答案。B) may be challenged雖然是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但意思與全句內(nèi)容不合,所以不對(duì)。
C) 表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作或情況。通常用點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。
例:John has broken his left leg.(約翰摔斷了左腿。)
注意事項(xiàng):A) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是聯(lián)系過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的紐帶,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別在于:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)態(tài),或受動(dòng)態(tài)的影響,是動(dòng)態(tài)的結(jié)果,對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響;過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。
例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院工作了8年。這只是講述一個(gè)過(guò)去的事實(shí),他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那家醫(yī)院了。)
He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他已經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院里工作了8年。表示他從過(guò)去開(kāi)始工作,一直工作到現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)在仍在那家醫(yī)院工作。)
B) 因?yàn)楹衒or加一段時(shí)間或since加一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)這樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的完成時(shí),有動(dòng)態(tài)和延續(xù)性的特點(diǎn),所以不能使用終端動(dòng)詞或瞬間動(dòng)詞。
例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)表示狀態(tài),可以延續(xù))
My sister has married. Dont disturb her.(終端動(dòng)詞)
C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成時(shí)。
例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(這是我公司產(chǎn)品第二次參加國(guó)際展覽會(huì)。)
D) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的兩種時(shí)態(tài)都正確。
例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(從我上次見(jiàn)到他以來(lái)已經(jīng)10年了。)
E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中,主句要求完成時(shí)。
例:I havent met that professor prior to today.(以前我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)那位教授。)4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have been doing)
用法:表示某一動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)間,延續(xù)或重復(fù)地出現(xiàn)至今,或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來(lái)。
例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前為止,我們一直在處理那個(gè)項(xiàng)目,已經(jīng)花了一個(gè)多月時(shí)間了。)
注意事項(xiàng):與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)相比,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào):在從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間里,動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)或一直反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。
例:It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A) had leaked B) is leaking
C) leakedD) has been leaking
從本題上下文看,這兩個(gè)句子的意思是:“看來(lái),這個(gè)管道漏油已有一段時(shí)間了,我們將不得不拆卸機(jī)器排除故障!钡诙浔硎緦⒁扇〉拇胧5谝痪鋭(dòng)作發(fā)生在第二句之前,并且延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在為止仍在繼續(xù)。因此,空格中需用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。D) has been leaking是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),因此是本題的答案。有11%的考生誤選了B) is leaking。由于本句有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for some time,表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作延續(xù),謂語(yǔ)不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),必須用和完成時(shí)有關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)。有些考生誤選了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因?yàn)樗麄儧](méi)有注意到本題第二句是一般將來(lái)時(shí),所以第一句的謂語(yǔ)不能用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
5. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
用法:A) 表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。
B) 表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。特別是由would/ used to do表達(dá)的句型,本身表示的就是過(guò)去時(shí)。例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人過(guò)去常常坐在寧?kù)o的公園里的一條長(zhǎng)椅上,看著其他的人,一坐就是數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí),什么也不干,也不和任何人交談。)
He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。)
C) 有時(shí)可代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),表達(dá)一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語(yǔ)氣。
例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car(我想向您借車用一用,可以嗎?)
Would you mind my sitting here(您介意我坐在這里嗎)
注意事項(xiàng):A) 注意時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的搭配。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間的詞或詞組,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,絕對(duì)不可與recently, in the past 10 years, this month等連用,因?yàn)檫@樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)都與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系,應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
一、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1.概念:表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的情況;有規(guī)律出現(xiàn)的情況;總是發(fā)生的;和事實(shí)真理。
2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month),once a week(day, year, month),on Sundays(on Mondays )
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):動(dòng)詞 原形 (如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù),動(dòng)詞上要改為第三人稱單數(shù)形式)
4.否定形式:主語(yǔ) + am/is/are + no t + 其他; 此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞,則在其前加dont,如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù),則用doesnt,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
5.一般疑問(wèn)句:把be動(dòng)詞放于句首;用助動(dòng)詞do提問(wèn),如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù),則用does,同時(shí),還原行為動(dòng)詞。
6.例句:It seldom snows here.這里很少下雪。
He is always ready to help others.他總是樂(lè)于幫助別人。
Action speaks louder than words.事實(shí)勝于雄辯。
二、 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
1.概念:過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);過(guò)去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。
2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month),in 1989,just now, at the age of 5,one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式或be的過(guò)去式+名詞
4.否定形式:主語(yǔ) + was/were + not + 其他;在行為動(dòng)詞前加didnt,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
5.一般疑問(wèn)句:was或were放于句首;用助動(dòng)詞do的過(guò)去式did 提問(wèn),同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.那些天她經(jīng)常來(lái)幫助我們。
I didnt know you were so busy.我不知道你是這么忙。
三、 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1.概念:表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。
2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ) + am/is/are + going to + do + 其它;主語(yǔ) + will/shall + do + 其它
4.否定形式:主語(yǔ) + am/is/are not going to do ;主語(yǔ) + will/shall not do + 其它
5.一般疑問(wèn)句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。{首字母大寫(xiě)}
6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.天要下雨了。
四、 一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
1.概念:立足于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻,從過(guò)去看將來(lái),常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。
2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):The next day (morning , year),the following month(week),etc.1
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ) + was/were + going to + do + 其它;主語(yǔ) + would/should + do +其它
4.否定形式:主語(yǔ) + was/were + not + going to + do; 主語(yǔ) + would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑問(wèn)句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。
6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他說(shuō)他第二天要去北京。
I asked who was going there.我問(wèn),誰(shuí)要去那里。
五、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.概念:表示現(xiàn)階段或說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。
2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):Now, at this time, days, etc. look, listen
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ) + be + doing + 其它
4.否定形式:主語(yǔ) + be + not +doing + 其它
5.一般疑問(wèn)句:把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。
6.例句:How are you feeling today你今天感覺(jué)如何?
He is doing well in his lessons.在課上他表現(xiàn)得很好。
六、 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.概念:表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。
2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等。
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu) 主語(yǔ)+was/were +doing +其它
4.否定形式:主語(yǔ)+was/were + not +doing+其它
5.一般疑問(wèn)句:把was或were放于句首。(第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě))
6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段時(shí)間她在人民解放軍部隊(duì)工作。 When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí),我正在讀報(bào)紙。
七、 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.概念:表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,或表示要在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始,并繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常用來(lái)表示詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求等。
2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):Soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,in two days, tomorrow evening
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ) + shall/will + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞 + 其它
4.否定形式:主語(yǔ) + shall/will + not + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞 + 其它
5.例句:This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的這個(gè)時(shí)間,他們正坐在電影院。
He won’t be coming to the party.他不去參加聚會(huì)了。
八、 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.概念:表示就過(guò)去某一時(shí)間而言,將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,主要用于賓語(yǔ)從句中,尤其多用于間接引語(yǔ)中。
2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):should/would + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞
3.例句:They said they would be coming.他們說(shuō)了他們將要來(lái)。
He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他說(shuō)他不能來(lái)因?yàn)橐_(kāi)會(huì)。
九、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1.概念:過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yet, already ,just, never, ever, so far, by now, since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn),for + 時(shí)間段,recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ) + have/has + p.p(過(guò)去分詞) + 其它
4.否定形式:主語(yǔ) + have/has + not + p.p(過(guò)去分詞) + 其它
5.一般疑問(wèn)句:have或has放句首。
6.例句:Ive written an article.我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了一篇論文。
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在過(guò)去的幾年,農(nóng)村發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
十、 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1.概念:以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為,或在過(guò)去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。
2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):Before, by the end of last year (term, month),etc.
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ) + had + p.p(過(guò)去分詞) + 其它
4.否定形式:主語(yǔ) + had + not +p.p(過(guò)去分詞) + 其它
5.一般疑問(wèn)句:had放于句首。
6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.當(dāng)我們到車站的時(shí)候,火車已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。
By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.到上個(gè)月底,我們已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí)了四本書(shū)。 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ) + had + p.p(過(guò)去分詞) + 其它
、倏隙ň洌褐髡Z(yǔ) + had + p.p(過(guò)去分詞) + 其它
②否定句:主語(yǔ) + had + not + p.p(過(guò)去分詞) + 其它
、垡话阋蓡(wèn)句:Had +主語(yǔ) + p.p(過(guò)去分詞)+其它
、芴厥庖蓡(wèn)句:特殊疑問(wèn)詞 + 一般疑問(wèn)句
十一、 將來(lái)完成時(shí)
1.概念:在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)
2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):by the time of; by the end of + 時(shí)間短語(yǔ)(將來(lái));by the time + 從句(將來(lái))
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ) + be going to/will/shall + have + p.p(過(guò)去分詞) + 其它
4.例句:By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.到你回來(lái)的時(shí)候,就將發(fā)生巨大的變化。
十二、 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)
1.概念:表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻以前所會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反。
2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):should/would have done sth.
3.例句:I thought youd have left by this time.我想這會(huì)兒你已經(jīng)走了。
He told them he would have finished it by 8 oclock.他告訴他們他會(huì)在8點(diǎn)以前干完。 十三、 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.概念:表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。這一動(dòng)作可能剛剛開(kāi)始,也可能仍在繼續(xù),并可能延續(xù)到將來(lái)。
2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ) + have/has + been + doing + 其它
3.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn),for + 時(shí)間段等。
4.例子:I have been sitting here for an hour.我已經(jīng)在這里坐了一個(gè)小時(shí)。
The children have been watching TV since six oclock.從6點(diǎn)起,孩子們一直看電視。 十四、 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.概念:表示某個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻,還未完成,一直持續(xù)到之后的當(dāng)前才結(jié)束。
2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ) + had + been + doing + 其它
3.例子:She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考試之前一直患重感冒。
Had they been expecting the news for some time他們期待這個(gè)消息有一段時(shí)間了吧?
4.特殊含義:
、偕形赐瓿桑篐e had been writing the novel.他已經(jīng)在寫(xiě)小說(shuō)了。(他沒(méi)寫(xiě)完)
、谄髨D:He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)這個(gè)諺語(yǔ)。(他曾努力學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)它)
、畚吹媒Y(jié)果:We had been studying what our enemy had said.我們一直致力于敵人所說(shuō)的。(但是我們沒(méi)有理解)
、茏罱闆r:He had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一場(chǎng)架。(最近)
、莘磸(fù)動(dòng)作:He had been asking me the same question.他一直問(wèn)我相同的問(wèn)題。(屢次)
、耷榫w:What had he been doing?他做了什么?(不耐煩)
十五、 將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.概念:表示動(dòng)作從某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間。是否繼續(xù)下去,要視上下文而定。
2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):shall/will have been doing
3.例子:I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底,我將在這個(gè)工廠工作20年了。
If we dont hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there. 咱們?nèi)绮豢煲稽c(diǎn)兒,等我們到了那兒,店門(mén)就會(huì)關(guān)了。
十六、 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.概念:表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)看至未來(lái)某時(shí)以前會(huì)一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
4
2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):should/would + have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞
3.例子:He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.他告訴我,到年底時(shí),他就在那住了30年了。 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
一、 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法:
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:is / am / are + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
Our classroom is cleaned every day. 我們教室每天都被打掃。
I am asked to study hard. 我被告知要努力學(xué)習(xí)。
Knives are used for cutting things. 刀是用來(lái)切東西的。
2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:was / were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
A new shop was built last year. 去年修了一座新商店。
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 恐龍蛋被放置了很久很久。
3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:will+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
A new hospital will be built in our city. 我們城市將要修建一家新醫(yī)院。
Many more trees will be planted next year. 明年會(huì)種更多的樹(shù)。
4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:am / is / are + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now. 王叔叔正在修理我的自行車。
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them. 他們?cè)谀抢锓N植的樹(shù)木。
5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:has / have + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
This book has been translated into many languages. 這本書(shū)被翻譯成多種文字。
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 在許多國(guó)家有許多人造衛(wèi)星被送上了太空。
6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:was/were + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital.當(dāng)他的父母趕到醫(yī)院的時(shí)候這個(gè)男孩正在做手術(shù)。
The new road was being made.這條新路正在修筑。
7.過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:had + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came. 在老師來(lái)之前,教室尚未打掃。The tickets had been sold out before I came to the cinema.在門(mén)票被銷售一空前我趕到了電影院。
8.將來(lái)完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:shall/will + have done
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 屆時(shí),他們結(jié)婚將滿20周年。
The project will have been completed before May.該項(xiàng)目將在五月前完成。
9.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
Young trees must be watered often. 小樹(shù)需要經(jīng)常澆水。
Your mistakes should be corrected right now. 你應(yīng)該現(xiàn)在就改正你的錯(cuò)誤。
The door may be locked inside. 這扇門(mén)可以反鎖。
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 你的家庭作業(yè)可以明天交。
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):
概念:常常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):Always(總是), usually(通常), often(常常), sometimes(有時(shí)分), every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays ,etc.
基本結(jié)構(gòu):
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)
肯定句 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞單三+其他
否定句 主語(yǔ)+doesn"t+動(dòng)詞原形+其他
一般疑答句 Does+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他
肯定回答 Yes,主語(yǔ)+does
否定回答 No,主語(yǔ)+doesn"t
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)
肯定句 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他
否定句 主語(yǔ)+don"t+動(dòng)詞原形+其他
一般疑答句 Do+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他
例句:
I never get up early on Sundays.
特殊疑答句 特殊疑答詞(when,where,who,how ,etc.)+一般疑答句
2、一般過(guò)去時(shí):
概念:過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或形態(tài);過(guò)去習(xí)慣性、常常性的動(dòng)作、行為。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
基本結(jié)構(gòu):
主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+其他
否定形式did+not+do+其他;
一般疑答句did+主語(yǔ)+do+其他?
例句:
I went to Italy .I visited museums and sat in public gardens
3、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):
概念:表示現(xiàn)階段或說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):now, at this time(在這一刻), these days, etc.
基本結(jié)構(gòu):am/is/are+doing
否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.
一般疑答句:把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。
4、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí):
概念: (1)表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。
(2) 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行時(shí),另一個(gè)動(dòng)作突然發(fā)生了。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):at this time yesterday, at that time(在那一刻)或以when、while引導(dǎo)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等。
基本結(jié)構(gòu):was/were+doing
否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
一般疑答句:把was或were放于句首。
While與when
(1)用while連接(while只接doing)
例:My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework.(可以持續(xù)動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)一致)
(2)when表示(when可以接doing或did,when后動(dòng)作時(shí)間長(zhǎng),用doing,時(shí)間短,用did)
例:I was doing my homework when my mother came in.(間接表達(dá)了具體時(shí)間)
例句:
I was having breakfast when the telephone rang
5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
概念:過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或后果,或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)啟始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或形態(tài)。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):recently, lately, since(自從)…,for(長(zhǎng)達(dá))…,in the past few years, etc.
基本結(jié)構(gòu):
主語(yǔ)+have/has+過(guò)去分詞(done)
①肯定句:主語(yǔ)+have/has+過(guò)去分詞+其他.
、诜穸ň:主語(yǔ)+have/has+not+過(guò)去分詞+其他.
、垡话阋纱鹁:Have/Has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他.
、芴厥庖纱鹁:特殊疑答詞或詞組+一般疑答句(have/has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他)?
例句:
I have just received a letter from my brother.
6、過(guò)去完成時(shí):
概念:以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在彼以后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為,或在過(guò)去某動(dòng)作之后完成的行為,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): after,when, as soon as(一...就...), until, before,
by the end of(到…為止) last year(term, month…),etc.
基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞(done)
、倏隙ň:主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞+其他.
、诜穸ň:主語(yǔ)+had+not+過(guò)去分詞+其他.
、垡话阋纱鹁:Had+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他?
肯定回答:Yes,主語(yǔ)+had.
否定回答:No,主語(yǔ)+had not .
例句:
The children ran away after they had broken the window.
As soon as the sun had set we returned to our hotel.
I had not understood the problem until he explained it .