一、單元考點(diǎn)提示
1、單詞
A as,at/in/on,like,president,news,death,consider
B tired,well,consider,suggest,need,worry,stop,interest,
不定代詞的修飾語
2、短語
A fight against,used to,no more than,become interested in,be against,set up,of one’s own,be free to do sth.,break away from,break out,join up,call for,for the second time
B get along/get along with,be kind to,make fun of,anything else,tell a lie,at all,形容詞比較級表示最高級含義
3、句型結(jié)構(gòu)
1.so+adj.(adv.)
2.so+adj.+a(n)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
3.so+adj.(少數(shù)表示量的形容詞)+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)(或不可數(shù)名詞)
4.spend time/money on sth.
5.spend time in doing sth.
6.seem為連系動詞,其基本句型和用法
二、考點(diǎn)精析與拓展
I.單詞和詞組
1、break 小結(jié)
break 一詞常用搭配有:
(1)break out(戰(zhàn)爭、火災(zāi)、爭吵、瘟疫等)爆發(fā)
A big fire broke out in the city last week.
(2)break away from 脫離
A carriage(車廂)broke away from the train.
(3)break the law 違反法律
Who breaks the law will be punished by the law.
(4)break in 破門而入;打斷
He broke in to say that he was not interested in what I was talking about.
(5)break down 損壞;中斷
Her fridge has broken down for a long time.
(6)break off 打斷;結(jié)束;暫停
They were arguing(爭論)but broke off when someone came into the room.
(7)break into闖入;侵入
Thieves broke into my house when I was out.
2.consider用法小結(jié)
consider是個(gè)很常用的動詞,其意義不同,句型結(jié)構(gòu)也不同。我們在學(xué)習(xí)中要特別注意。
(1)作“仔細(xì)考慮、深思熟慮”解,consider可作不及物動詞或及物動詞。
作及動詞時(shí),后可接名詞、代詞、動名詞作賓語,不能接動詞不定式,但可以接疑問詞+不定式,相當(dāng)于賓語從句。例如:
Consider carefully before you decide.
你要慎重考慮后再做決定。
They considered your suggestion.他們仔細(xì)考慮了你的建議。
He is considering studying abroad.他在考慮出國留學(xué)。
We are considering how to help them.我們在考慮如何幫助他們。
(2)作“將……視為、認(rèn)為、以為”解。
①可用consider+名詞+(to be)名詞(形容詞)或consider+名詞+as+名詞(形容詞)結(jié)構(gòu),但當(dāng)不定式為行為動詞時(shí),不能省略,不可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。這樣用時(shí)相當(dāng)于that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。例如:
He considers himself(to be)clever(=as clever).=He considers that he is clever.他認(rèn)為自己很聰明。
I consider him(to be)my closest friend(as my closest friend).=I consider(that)he is my closest friend.我把他視為我最親密的朋友。
He is considered to have invented the first computer.他被認(rèn)為是最早發(fā)明計(jì)算機(jī)的人。
②還可用于consider+it(形式賓語)+形容詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
I consider it wrong for students to smoke.我認(rèn)為學(xué)生抽煙是不對的。
3.fight against;fight for
fight with,fight against意為“為反對……而戰(zhàn)、與……作斗爭”,against 后面接的是反對的對象,如:
They are fighting against their enemy.他們在與敵人作戰(zhàn)。
Political leaders fought against slavery.政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們?yōu)榱朔磳ε`制度而斗爭。
fight for 意為“為爭取……而斗爭、因?yàn)椤蚣堋。如?/p>
Two dogs fight for a bone,and a third runs away with it.兩只狗為搶一塊骨頭而打架,另一只狗把骨頭叼走了。
fight with意為“同……(一起并肩)作戰(zhàn)、與……作戰(zhàn)”,它含有兩重意思,試比較:
They fought with the Italian in the last war.他們在最后的這次戰(zhàn)爭中是與意大利人作戰(zhàn)。
They fought with the Italian against France in that war.在那次戰(zhàn)爭中,他們和意大利聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)反對法國。
4.no more than;not more than;no more...than;not more...than
no more than 意為“僅僅、只不過”,相當(dāng)于only。它與數(shù)字連用時(shí),意為“僅僅至多”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“少”,帶有說話者的感情色彩。如:
I am no more than a teacher.我只是個(gè)教師而已。
There were no more than two hospitals in this city before liberation.解放前,這座城市里只有兩家醫(yī)院(表示很少)
not more than 后面接數(shù)詞時(shí),表示“不超過、最多”的意思。用來說明情況,并含有“少”之意,也不帶有說話者的主觀色彩。如:
There are not more than ten minutes left.最多只剩下10分鐘了。(表示客觀事實(shí))
“no more+形容詞(副詞)原級+than”意為“兩者同樣不”,前面和后面同時(shí)否定,帶有感情色彩。如:
This tool is no more useful than that one.
這件工具與那件工具一樣沒有用。(兩者都沒有用)
“not more+形容詞(副詞)原級+than”意為“A不比B更……”。這是比較級的正規(guī)用法,表示比較的事實(shí),兩者都肯定。如:
This tool is not more useful than one.這樣工具不及那件工具有用。(兩者都有用)
5.shoot sb./sth;shoot at sb./sth.
在shoot sb./sth.中,shoot為及物動詞,除了shoot the arrow(射箭)外,其賓語多為射擊的對象,即人或動物等。Shoot意為“打中、打死、槍決”。而在shoot at sb./sth.中,shoot為不及物動詞,at表示動作的方向或目標(biāo),打中與否不得而知。試比較:
He shoot the bear.他打中了那只熊。
He shoot at the bear.他朝那只熊射擊。
三者均有“最后、終于”的含義。
finally常用于動詞之前,表示人們長期以來期待的某事最后實(shí)現(xiàn)了,也可指一系列事物或論點(diǎn)的順序。例如:
After putting it off three times,we finally managed to have a holiday in Greece.經(jīng)過三次延期之后,我們終于在希臘度了一次假。
They talked about it for hours.Finally,they decided not to go.他們談?wù)摿藥讉(gè)小時(shí),最后決定不去。
at last 有時(shí)可與finally互換,但往往用于一番拖延或曲折之后,語氣更強(qiáng)烈。例如:
When at last they found him, he was almost dead.當(dāng)人們最終找到他時(shí),他已經(jīng)奄奄一息了。
James has passed his exams at last.詹姆斯終于通過了考試。
in the end指經(jīng)過許多變化、困難的捉摸不定的情況之后,某事才發(fā)生。例如:
We made five different plans for our holiday, but in the end we had a summer camp again.我們制訂了五種不同的度假方案,但最后我們還是選定了再來一次夏令營活動。
7.when,where 引導(dǎo)定語從句
關(guān)系副詞when和where用來引導(dǎo)定語從句,分別在從句中作時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語。學(xué)習(xí)和使用關(guān)系副詞when和 where時(shí),應(yīng)注意以下要點(diǎn)。
(1)關(guān)系副詞 when在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語,關(guān)系副詞where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語;
他們分別替代前面表時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的先行詞,因此定語從句中不能再出現(xiàn)先行語所表示的時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)狀語,否則會犯語義重復(fù)的錯(cuò)誤;同時(shí) when和where不能省略。例如:
It’s about a time when there were black slaves in North America.他描述的是那樣一個(gè)時(shí)期,在那時(shí)美國北方還有黑奴存在。
The planet where we live looks a big round blue ball from space.我們所生活的這個(gè)星球,從太空上看就像一個(gè)很大的藍(lán)色圓球。
(2)通?捎谩敖樵~+which”的形式來替代when或where.當(dāng)介詞未直接置于引導(dǎo)詞前時(shí),也可用關(guān)系代詞that替代which。例如:
It also keeps a record of the date on which/when they will travel.它(計(jì)算機(jī))還把他們旅行的日期也記錄下來。
They were held in Greece-the counrty in which/where the games were born.它們(第一屆奧運(yùn)會)是在奧運(yùn)會的發(fā)源地希臘舉行的。
但有時(shí)when, where不能或不宜與“介詞+which”互換。例如:
The temperature at which ice changes into water is zero degree centigrade.(at which不能換用where)冰變成水的溫度是攝氏零度。
You may come any time when you are convenient.(when不宜換用at/on/in which等,因這里any time所表示的時(shí)間概念不明確)你可以在方便的任何時(shí)候來。
(3)when,where引導(dǎo)的定語從句與狀語從句的區(qū)別:
引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),when和where在意義上是先行詞的同位語,即他們表示的是同一概念;而引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí),他們與其前面的名詞之前沒有這種關(guān)系,因此這時(shí)的when和where不能換成“介詞+which”。例如:
Please make notes where you don’t understand.(狀語從句)請?jiān)谀悴欢牡胤阶錾嫌浱枴?/p>
I’ll always think of those terrible days when I come back to the city.(狀語從句)每當(dāng)我回到這個(gè)城市,總會想起那些可怕的日子。
(4)當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí),要根據(jù)他們在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞謥泶_定引導(dǎo)詞該用when,where還是which或that.
先行詞在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)用when或where,作主、賓、表語時(shí)則要用which或that.請看下面的比例句:
Tibet is a place where generations of Tibetan people have been living.(作地點(diǎn)狀語)西藏是藏族人民世代居住的地方。
Tibet is a beautiful and mystical place which people from all of the world look forward to visiting.(作賓語)西藏是一個(gè)美麗而神奇的地方,全世界的人都盼望去看看。
Galileo lived at a time the human spirit was walking after a thousand years of sheep.(作時(shí)間狀語)伽利略生活的時(shí)代是人類靈魂經(jīng)過了千年之后正在蘇醒的時(shí)代。
3.used to ;would; be used to
(1)used to 表示“過去慣!保艾F(xiàn)在不做了”,指過去的習(xí)慣或狀態(tài),to 為不定式符號,后跟動詞原形。有兩點(diǎn)須注意:
①否定式。used to do sth.的否定式有兩種形式:
used not (usedn’t)to do sth.
didn’t use to do sth.例如:
He didn’t use to (usedn’t to)like country music,but now
he is getting interested.
②疑問式。used to do sth.的疑問式也有兩種形式。其簡短回答中的to通常不予省略,但動詞原形常被省略。
Did + sb.(主語)+ use to do sth.?
Used + sb.(主語)+ to do sth.?
Did he use to play basketball?
Used he to play basketball?
(2)would(可以)是will的過去式,也可表示習(xí)慣動作。
①would用于過去將來時(shí)。
過去將來時(shí)的基本形式是:would+動詞原形,在英國英語中,主語是第一人稱時(shí),would可換做should,第二、三人稱用would。
I thought I would make lots of new friends.我曾認(rèn)為我會交上許多新朋友。
②would表示過去習(xí)慣的動作。
“would + 動詞原形”表示過去的習(xí)慣動作,與used to 同義,但與used to 有別。Used to do表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),同時(shí)隱含有“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有所改變”的意思,而“would+do sth.” 可以用來表示“過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生”,但不表示“過去存在的狀態(tài)”。
She used to say“No pains,no gains”。
她過去常說:“不勞而獲”。(used to可以換為would)
I used to live in the countryside.我過去住在農(nóng)村。(此句的used to不可用would換用)
(3)be used to具有雙重含義:
①be used to是use sth.to do sth的被動形式,意為“被用來干某事”,to為不定式符號。例如:Rice may be used to make wine.
②be used to表示“習(xí)慣于……,”be可以換為get或become,表示“開始、變得習(xí)慣于……”,to 為介詞,其后接名詞、代詞或動詞作賓語。例如:
I’m used to English food.
4.pattern;model;example
pattern“型、式樣、圖樣”可指供模仿的某物原型或精心設(shè)計(jì)出的圖樣或模型,也可指榜樣。如:
Can you use the sentence pattern?他會用這個(gè)句型嗎?
She is a pattern for us.她是我們學(xué)習(xí)的典范。
model“模型、模范”,指供模仿或值得信效的人或物。如:
Have you seen his model ship?你看見過他的船模嗎?
example “例子、榜樣”,主要指人及其行為和活動被他人信效。如:
Example is better than precept.身教重于言教。
5.Recently;lately
兩者均可表示“近來、最近”,但用法不同。
recently 是書面語,常被quite,just,but, very,only等詞所修飾,以加強(qiáng)語氣。主要用于肯定句中。如:
He’s only recently begun billogy. 他只是最近才開始學(xué)生物。
I didn’t know it until quite recently.我一直到最近才知道。
Lately常用于口語,指與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的一段時(shí)間,常見于否定句或疑問句中。如:
I haven’t seen him lately.我近來沒有看到他。
6.reply;answer
reply和answer均可解作“回答、答道”,但用法有別。reply用做不及物動詞時(shí),可用reply to sb./sth.;作及物動詞后跟直接引語或賓語從句,但不能直接跟人或物作賓語。如:
Please reply to my question.請回答我的問題。
He replied that he knew the news.他回答說他知道這消息。
answer 用作及物動詞,可直接跟名詞或代詞作賓語,而reply應(yīng)加to才可接名詞或代詞。如:
He answered the examination paper quite well.他考卷答得很好。
fail to reply to a question/letter未能回答問題/回信
7.because;because of
二者均表示“因?yàn)椤,區(qū)別是:
because是從屬連詞引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句;而because of是一個(gè)合成介詞,其后接名詞、代詞、動名詞或what從句組成介詞短語。如:
I went back not because of the rain,but because I was tired.我回去不是因?yàn)橄掠,而是因(yàn)槲依哿恕?/p>
Her face turned red because of what he said.他的話使她臉紅了。
8.suggest+賓語從句
suggest 在此意為“建議”,后面的賓語從句的謂語用了虛擬語氣,其結(jié)構(gòu)是:should do或do,否定形式為:should not do或not do.如:
I suggested that LiMing (should)be sent to the south.
我建議把李明派往南方。
I suggested that he (should)not do it today.我建議他今天先不要做。
suggest只有作“建議”解時(shí),后面才可以跟“should(not)+動詞原形”的形式,當(dāng)suggest作“表明”解時(shí)不可以用此結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
His smile suggested that he was quite satisfied with our work.他的微笑表示他對我們的工作很滿意。
同時(shí),即使是suggest作“建議”解,在現(xiàn)代英語中,謂語也可以用其他形式。
I suggest that you don’t ask him home for the vacation.我建議你假期不要邀他回家去。(句中用don’t ask,而沒有用should not ask或not ask)
I suggest that Robert might go to Beijing and have a talk with Mr Wu.我建議羅伯特去北京同吳先生談一談。(句中用might go而沒有用should go 或go)
9.like 用法小結(jié)
(1)like 用做動詞(及物)通常表示一般的“喜歡”,為口語用詞,詞意沒有l(wèi)ove感情強(qiáng)烈,反義詞為hate。
①like + n.(pron.)
Does Li Ming like bananas?李明喜歡吃香蕉嗎?
Do you like it?你喜歡它嗎?
②like + v.-ing(動名詞)
Do you like working in China?你喜歡在中國工作嗎?
③like + to + v.(不定式)
I like to keep busy.我喜歡生活得緊張。
④would like(=would love)后接名詞、代詞或不定式,多用于有禮貌地提出要求,意為“想要、愿意”。
Would you like something to drink?你想喝點(diǎn)什么嗎?
I’d like two sweaters for my daughter.我要給我女兒買兩件運(yùn)動衫。
Would you like to come?你愿意來嗎?
⑤How do you like...?(=What do you think of...?)此句型用于詢問對方對某人(物)的看法,意為“你覺得 ……怎么樣?”
How do you like China?你覺得中國怎么樣?
(2)like 用做介詞,意為“像……一樣”,反義詞為unlike。
①like 后接名詞、代詞或動名詞作賓語。
Don’t throw it like that .別那樣扔它。
They’re round,like the moon.它們是圓的,像月亮一樣。
Walking on the moon is just like flying .在月球上行走就像飛一樣。
②look like意為“看起來像……一樣”。
It looks like a chicken.它看起來像一只雞。
③feel like+v-ing意為“想……”。
I had a little,but I don’t feel like eating.我吃了一點(diǎn),可我不想吃。
④What’s the weather like...?(=How’s the weather like...?)此句型用來詢問天氣情況,意為“……天氣怎么樣?”。
What’s the weather like in Australia now?現(xiàn)在澳大利亞天氣情況怎么樣?
II 句型
1.As a child….:As/When he was a child…,小的時(shí)候,該句型中的as為連詞,意為“在……的時(shí)候”,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。當(dāng)從句與主句主語一致,且從句謂語為be時(shí),可將從句主語及be省略。
①Even as(he was)a student,Professor Smith showed great interest in maths.甚至上學(xué)的時(shí)候,史密斯教授對數(shù)學(xué)就很感興趣。
②As(he was)a boy,he liked playing table tennis with the grown-ups.小時(shí)候,他就喜歡和大人們打乒乓球。
2.(1)used to do sth.過去(常常)做某事。意謂著“現(xiàn)在不做了”。
①As a boy,I used to swim in this river.小時(shí)候常在這條河里游泳。
②He used to come to see me once a month.他過去每月來看我一次。
(2)be/get used to sth./doing sth. 習(xí)慣于(做)某事。
①I’m used to the life/living here now.現(xiàn)在我習(xí)慣了這里的生活/生活在這里。
②He used to get up very late,but now he is used to getting up very early.他過去常起床很晚,但現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣了早起了。
(3)be used to do sth.被用來做某事。
Bamboo can be used to make paper.竹子能用來造紙。
3.do all sb.can to do sth.:do what sb.can to do sth.盡某人的所能做某事
all 后面為that 所引導(dǎo)的定語從句,that在從句中作賓語已被省略;can后面為避免重復(fù)省略了do;后面的to do sth.為不定式(短語)作目的狀語。all(that)sb.can(do)相當(dāng)于賓語從句what sb.can(do)。
①I’ll do all I can to help you.我將盡力幫助你。
②He did all he could to improve his spoken English. 他盡了最大努力來提高英語口語水平。
4.no more than:only僅僅;只有。具有感情色彩,強(qiáng)調(diào)“少”。與no less than 相對。
Not more than:less than;at most不到;至多。說明客觀事實(shí)。與not less than相對。
①He has no more than 20 yuan.他只有20元錢。(強(qiáng)調(diào)錢“少”)
He has not more than 20 yuan.他有不到20元錢。(說明客觀事實(shí))
②No less than 50 people attended the meeting.參加會議的人不少于50多個(gè)。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“多”)
Not less than 50 people attended the meeting.參加會議的有50多人。(說明客觀事實(shí))
注意:no用于比較級之前總含有感情色彩;not用來否定比較級則只說明客觀事實(shí)。
①you are no taller than I.你并不比我高。(我們兩人都矮)
you are not taller than I.你不如我高。
②This question is no more diffcult than that one.這個(gè)問題并水比那個(gè)(容易的)問題難。
This question is not more diffcult than that one.這個(gè)問題不如那個(gè)問題難。
5.In 1860,Abraham Lincoln was elected president….1860年林肯被選為總統(tǒng)。
president/chairman/head/captain/director/mornitor等表示頭銜、職位的名詞,在用作同位語、補(bǔ)語或表語時(shí),前面通常不加冠詞。
6.suggest vt.建議;提議。有三種常用句式(但不能說suggest sb.to do sth.)。
(1)suggest sth.
①Who suggested the plan?誰提出的這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃?
②She suggested Shanghai for their meeting.他提議在上海會面。
(2)suggest doing sth.(不能接不定式)
①He suggested going for a swim in the river after lunch.他提議午飯后去河里游泳。
②I suggest talking with him as soon as possible.我建議盡快和他談。
(3)suggest than……此時(shí)的賓語從句通常用虛擬語氣,即謂語用“should+原形”,should可以省略。
①I suggested (that)Jane(should)start at once.我建議簡馬上出發(fā)。
②I suggested Jack not wear the sweater.我建議杰克不要穿背心。
③We suggested he be punished.我們提議懲罰他。
注意:suggest當(dāng)“表明;暗示”講時(shí)后面的賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。
①The smile on her face suggested she was very happy.臉上的微笑說明她很高興。
②His silence suggested that he didn’t agree with us.沉默不語表明他不同意我們的意見。
7.向別人提建議時(shí)常用的句型。
①Why don’t you do sth.……?你怎不……?
②Why not do sth.?(上句的省略)為什么不……?
③You’d better do sth.你最好是……。
例如:
①Why don’t you ask them to help you?你怎么不叫他們幫助你呢?
②Why not/don’t you go for a walk with them?為什么不和他們一塊去散步呢?
③You’d better go to see a doctor this afternoon.你最好下午去看醫(yī)生。
8.What do you think I should do?你認(rèn)為我該怎么辦?
其中的do you think看作插入語,相當(dāng)于what should I do,do you think?
①I think Tom is the best student in our class.我認(rèn)為湯姆是我們班最好的學(xué)生。劃線Tom 提問則得:Who do you think is the best student in our class?你認(rèn)為誰是我們最好的學(xué)生?
(不能說:Do you think who is the best student in our class?)
②What do you think is going to happen next?你認(rèn)為下一步要發(fā)生什么事。
③Which way do you think is better?你認(rèn)為哪個(gè)方法較好呢?
三、經(jīng)典名題導(dǎo)解
題1(上海 2000)
-Excuse me,may I ask you some questions?
-Sorry.I’m too busy and haven’t even a minute to______.
A.spend B.spare C.share D.stop
分析:B。spare為“抽出時(shí)間”的意思,其他詞意均不符合本題。
題2(NMET 1993)
Charles Babbage is generally considered_______ the first computer.
A.to invent B.inventing
C.to have invented D.having invented
分析:C。is considered to(=is thought to...)被認(rèn)為……,句中的consider不作“考慮”講,所以排除B,D兩選項(xiàng)。Invent的動作發(fā)生在過去,即is considered之前,所以應(yīng)用完成時(shí)。
題3(NMET 2000)
It was an exciting moment for these tooball fans this year,______for the first time in years their team won the world cup.
A.that B.while C.which D.when
分析:D。分析該題句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以看到前后句意完整,而后句意為“數(shù)年里是今年頭次贏得世界杯”。this year在后句中作狀語,所有應(yīng)選擇表時(shí)間的關(guān)系副詞when。
題4(上海 2000)
Our English teacher______our buying a good English-Chinese dictionary.
A.asked B.ordered C.suggested D.required
分析:C。ask,order,require后面接不定式,suggest后面接動名詞。
題5 Readers can_______ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.
A.get over B.get in C.get along D.get through
分析:C。get over difficulty 克服困難;get in(= arrive)進(jìn)入、到達(dá);get along(=make progress)進(jìn)展、進(jìn)行;get through完成、通過。從題意及這四個(gè)動詞短語的意義可知,正確答案為C。
題6 Most of the artists_______to the party were from South Africa.
A.invited B.to invite
C.being invited D.had been invited
分析:A。句子的謂語部分為“were from South Africa”;invite作后置定語,修飾the artists,且表被動。因invite為終止性動作動詞,故應(yīng)選擇A。
題7 (NMET 2002)
It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ________.
A.it what to do with B.what to do it with
C.what to do with it D.to do what with it
分析:C。該題考查“疑問句+不定式”短語用法,動詞短語do with,多與what連用構(gòu)成特殊疑問,What do you do with it?其中it作介詞with的賓語,do也是一個(gè)及物動詞,它的賓語就是疑問詞what引導(dǎo)的從句。在本題是what to do with it 作knows的賓語。
題8 (NMET 1997)
-Alice ,why didn’t you come yesterday?
-I_______, but I had an unexpected visitor.
A.had B.would C.was going to D.did
分析:C。從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)看,A項(xiàng)不符合語法邏輯。D項(xiàng)不符合邏輯。B項(xiàng)后加have,表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬,則是對的。