中考復習系列一 詞匯
一、中考對詞匯的考查主要集中在以下幾個方面：
1、能正確拼寫大綱詞匯表中的常用單詞；
2、掌握大綱詞匯表中所列全部單詞的詞文，并了解其詞類（詞性）；
3、了解構詞法的基本知識，并根據(jù)此知識判斷常用詞的合成詞與派生詞的詞義和詞類，例如：drive – driver, use – useful；
4、正確理解現(xiàn)行教材課文中出現(xiàn)過的短語與習語；正確使用及辨析其中比較常見的短語和習語；
5、理解詞類轉化，例如：water (n.) – water (v.)
二、詞匯考查點分項說明：
1、掌握大綱詞匯表，了解詞類
1）大綱詞匯表中所列的詞匯基本上為1至6冊課本中所列的四會單詞（即書后單詞表中不帶任何符號的單詞）。要求同學們把所列單詞的詞義完全掌握。在此基礎上，了解其詞類（詞性）。尤其注意要在情景中運用該詞，而不是孤立地去記憶某個單詞。
2） 針對大綱詞匯表中的常用單詞，一定要能做到正確拼寫。該項知識常以單詞拼寫的形式來考查學生，但一般無難題，基本屬于送分題。出題范圍主要是大綱中的一、二級詞匯，也有可能出現(xiàn)非大綱詞匯，但一般為常用詞匯，盡管不在大綱中出現(xiàn)，卻通常在課文中出現(xiàn)過。
請看以下幾道例題：
1. Shanghai is a large c t in China.
2. Adam often helps me a lot. He is my best f nd.
3. I can’t carry the box. It’s too h v .
4. The man is very poor. He had no m n to buy food.
5. ---How often do you play football?
--- Tw a week.
6. My grandparents like growing flowers. They w t the flowers everyday.
7. Summer is the hottest s son in the year.
8. --- Can you sp the word?
--- Yes. T-A-B-L-E, table.
9. He was so excited that he couldn’t f l asleep last night.
10. Everyone had a good time at the party. It was a p_ _ _ s _ _ _ evening.
( Key 1. city 2. friend 3. heavy 4. money 5. twice 6. water 7. season 8. spell 9. fall 10. pleasant )
3） 了解英文的詞類：
英語中的單詞根據(jù)詞義、句法作用和形式特征所作的分類。共有十類：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
詞類 英語名稱（簡稱） 意 義 例 詞
名詞 Nouns (n.) 表示人、事物時間、地點或抽象概念的名稱 John
room
冠詞 Articles (art.) 用于名詞之前，幫助說明名詞的含義 a an
the
數(shù)詞 Numerals (num.) 表示數(shù)量或順序 nine
first
代詞 Pronouns (pron.) 代替名詞、數(shù)詞以避免重復 them
everything
形容詞 Adjectives (adj.) 表示人或事物的屬性或特征 good
interesting
副詞 Adverbs (adv.) 修飾動詞、形容詞、其它副詞或全句，表示行為特征或性狀特征 almost
bravely
動詞 Verbs (v.) 表示動作、狀態(tài)或性質 stand
be
介詞 Prepositions (prep.) 用于名詞或代詞之前，表示名詞、代詞與其它詞之間的關系 near
from
連詞 Conjunction (conj.) 連接單詞、短語、從句或句子 and
but
感嘆詞 Interjection(interj.) 表示說話時的語氣或感情 hello
oh
在上述的十大詞類中，名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、動詞等具有明確的意義，可以在句中獨立充當句子成分，稱為實義詞。介詞、連詞和冠詞只能起聯(lián)系或輔助的作用，都不在句子中擔任任何成分，稱為虛詞。感嘆詞一般不構成句子的一部分，通常作獨立成分。
2、了解構詞法的基本知識
在英語中，一個單詞往往與其它詞在結構上有聯(lián)系，把這些聯(lián)系的規(guī)律總結出來就是構詞法。構詞的方法主要有派生、轉化和合成等三種。
1) 派生法
在一個單詞前或詞尾加上一個詞綴，從而變成一個新詞的方法叫做派生法。加在單詞前的詞綴叫前綴，加在單詞后的詞綴叫后綴。
1．常用前綴
前綴 意義 例詞
un- 不 unknown未知的
unhappy不高興的
dis- 不，否定 dislike不喜歡 discover發(fā)現(xiàn)
re- 再，重復 retell復述
mid- 中 mid-night半夜 mid-term期中
mis- 誤會 misunderstand誤會
bi- 雙 bicycle自行車
il- 不，非 illegal非法的
in- 不，非 informal非正式的
im- 不，非 impossible不可能的
ir- 不，非 irregular不規(guī)則的
inter- 間，相互 international國際的
tele- 遠 telephone電話
2．常用后綴
后綴 意義 例詞
-er 動作者，人 teacher教師
-or 動作者，人 visitor參觀
-ian 人 musician音樂家
-ess 女性 actress女演員
-ese 人，語言 Chinese中國人，漢語
-ese (地方、人)的 Japanese日本（人）的
-hood 身份、狀態(tài) childhood童年
-ity （抽象名詞） ability能力
-th 過程，結果 death死亡
-ness 狀態(tài)、性質 happiness快樂
-ship 狀態(tài)、身份 friendship友誼
-tion 動作、狀態(tài) action行為
-ure 動作、結果 pleasure快樂
-an （地方、人）的 Canadian加拿大人（的）
-ed 有，像 talented有才華的
-en …的 wooden木制的
-ern (表示方向) southern南方的
-ful 充滿 meaningful有意義的
-less 不、無 useless沒用的
-ly …地 carefully細心地
-en 使…變得 weaken削弱、（使）變弱
-fy 使…化 satisfy（使）滿意
-ize,-ise 使…化 modernize（使）現(xiàn)代化
-teen 十幾 thirteen十三
-ty 幾十 thirty三十
-th 第… ninth第九
（二）轉化法
轉化法是指基本不改變單詞的詞形，而將其轉用為另一詞類詞。單詞轉化后的意義常與轉化前的意義有密切的聯(lián)系。
May I have a look ? 我可以看一看嗎？（動詞轉化為名詞）
Let him have a try. 讓他試試。（動詞轉化為名詞）
Can we book the tickets ahead? 我們能提前定票嗎？（名詞轉化為動詞）
The hall can seat thousands of people. 大廳能坐數(shù)千人。（名詞轉化為動詞）
She had to busy herself with housework. 她不得不忙于家務活。（形容詞轉化成動詞）
You’d better empty the bottle first. 你最好把瓶子先倒空。（名詞轉化為動詞）
It’s necessary to know the difference between right and wrong.
有必要知道對錯之間的區(qū)別。（形容詞轉化成名詞）
They often help the poor.
他們經(jīng)常幫助窮人。（形容詞轉化成名詞）
We began to drive north.
我們開始向北行駛。 （名詞轉化成副詞）
There were lots of ups and downs in his life.
他的一生中有許多的起起落落。 （副詞轉化成名詞）
（三）合成法
把兩個或兩個以上的單詞合成為一個單詞，這種構詞法成為合成法。
1．合成形容詞
He is a white-collar clerk. 他是一名白領職員。
He is an open-minded leader. 他是一名思想開明的領導。
What a kind-hearted girl! 多幺好心的女孩！
This is a good-looking a table. 這是一張好看的桌子。
Taking a taxi is time-saving. 乘坐出租車很省時。
He has heard the heart-breaking news. 他已經(jīng)聽說了這個令人心碎的消息。
It’s dangerous to walk on this ice-covered road.
行走在這條被冰覆蓋的路上是很危險的。
How much is the hand-made model? 那個手工制作的模型多少錢？
Chinese people are hard-working. 中國人民是勤勞的。
2．合成名詞
This is our classroom. 這是我們的教室。
Do you often play basketball? 你經(jīng)常打籃球嗎？
Her handwriting is much better than mine. 她的書法比我的要好得多。
The waiting-room is quite crowded. 候車室里相當擁擠。
The water in the swimming-pool is clear, like a blue mirror.
游泳池里的水很清澈，像一面鏡子。
Please look at the blackboard. 請看黑板。
He plants lots of flowers in his green-house. 他在溫室里種了許多花。
They are playing games on the playground. 他們在操場上做游戲。
The get-together will begin at 8:00 pm. 聯(lián)歡會將于晚上八點開始。
He is my brother-in-law. 他是我的姐夫。
I’m not a good-for-nothing. 我并不是一個無用之人。
The plant is called forget-me-not. 這種植物叫含羞草。
3．合成動詞
Please air-dry the paper. 請將紙風干。
He is undergoing great suffering. 他正在遭受巨大的痛楚.。
It’s hard to white-wash the huge wall. 粉刷這面大墻是很難的。
The man was blacklisted. 這個人被列入了黑名單。
4．合成副詞
She lives downstairs. 她住在樓下。
If you look eastwards, you can see the sea. 如果你往東看，能夠看到大海。
3、正確理解現(xiàn)行教材課文中出現(xiàn)過的短語與習語；正確使用及辨析其中比較常見的短語和習語；
1）初中階段比較常見的短語：
同學們應該根據(jù)自己手頭的現(xiàn)行教材，將1至6冊中出現(xiàn)過的常見短語進行歸納總結，對于其中比較容易混淆的短語要弄清楚它們之間的區(qū)別。
2）初中階段比較常見的習語有：
1. too… to
2. so.. that…
3. It’s time for sb. to do sth.
4. both…. and..
5. either…or…
6. neither… nor…
7. not… until…
8. not only… but also…
9. as… as…
10. not as (so)… as…
11. It takes sb. some time to do sth.
12. It’s good (bad) for…
13. as soon as
14. used to do
15. some… others…
16. be angry with…
17. be different from
18. one… the other…
19. take sb. to a place
20. Thank you for doing sth.
21. get ready to do sth.
22. …one of…
23. get on well with …
24. sb. spend… on…
25. buy… for…
26. be interested in…
27. You’d better…
28. ask sb. (not) to do sth.
29. enjoy doing
30. be good at…
4、理解詞類轉化
在英語中，不少詞可以屬于幾個詞類，如water( 水、澆水；名詞和動詞)；work（工作；動詞和名詞），fast（快；形容詞和副詞），since（自從；介詞和連詞）等。
三、鞏固練習
① 根據(jù)句意補全單詞中所缺字母，使補全后的句子通順、合理。
l. What colour is Ann's skirt? It's r____d.
2.We often play g____mes after school.
3.Put your r____ler and your pen in the pencil-box.
4.My parents work f____ ve days a week.
5.There are a lot of cars and buses in the str____t.
6.Don't open the wind ____ . It's cold outside.
7.How do you usually go to school? By b__ k __.
8.There are a lot of flowers in the g __ d ___.
9.Winter comes after a ___ n.
10. Trees turn gr___n in spring.
11. L__sson One is easy.
12. Can you make a c__ke?
13. This box is small. Give me a b__g one.
14. A d__g is running after a cat.
15. We cl___n the classroom every day.
② 根據(jù)句子意思完成單詞，單詞的第一個字母已給出
1.If you are ill , you must go to h_______ .
2.We all know Beijing is the c_______ of China .
3.D________ ,25th is Christmas Day .
4.We can see s________ at night when it's fine .
5.You can come here b_______ 8:00 and 9:00 tomorrow .
6.I hope you have a good time on you j______ .
7.Could you tell me w_______ the nearest post office is ?
③ 根據(jù)句意用括號內所給單詞的適當形式填空
1.There are two ________in the basket. (egg)
2.This is my pencil. That one is ________. (your)
3.Who is _______, Tom, Mike or Jack ? (tall)
4.We live on the ______ floor. (twenty)
5. I can see three _______ on the desk. (pen)
6. This room is _______. It isn't yours. (our)
7. “Can I borrow your ruler?” “Certainly. Here _______ are.” (your)
8. Lin Lin is the ______ in our class. (young)
9. We live on the _______ floor. (seven)
10. Li Lei is _______ than Lin Tao. (old)
11. The Changjiang River is the _______ river in China. (long)
12.Wei Hua gave me two______ yesterday.(book)
13.That pen isn't yours. It's ______ .(her)
14.The ______ lesson is very easy.(six)
15.John is ______ than Sam.(tall)
16.Can you help ______ with my English? (I)
④ 根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子
1、我用了兩個小時修車。
It _______ me two hours _______ _______ the bike.
2、直到媽媽回來時，他才完成作業(yè)。
He ______ finish his homework _______ his mother came back.
3、他和我都不是老師。
______ he _______ I am a teacher.
4、他從小就對數(shù)學感興趣。
He became ________ in maths when he was ________.
5、你最好乘火車。
You'd _______ ______ a train.
6、是時候上車了。
It's time to ______ ______ the bus.
7、珠江是中國的第三最長的河流。
Zhujiang river is _______ _________ __________ __________ in China .
三、鞏固練習參考答案
① 根據(jù)句意補全單詞中所缺字母，使補全后的句子通順、合理。
1. red 2. games 3. ruler 4. five 5. street 6. window 7. bike 8. garden 9. autumn 10. green 11. Lesson 12. cake 13. big 14. dog 15. clean
② 根據(jù)句子意思完成單詞，單詞的第一個字母已給出
1. hospital 2. capital 3. December 4. stars 5. between 6. journey 7. where
③ 根據(jù)句意用括號內所給單詞的適當形式填空
1. eggs 2. yours 3. the tallest 4. twentieth 5. pens 6. ours 7. you 8. youngest 9. seventh 10. older 11. longest 12. books 13. hers 14. sixth 15. taller 16. me
④ 根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子
1. took, to mend/ repair/ fix
2. didn’t, until
3. Neither, nor
4. interested, young
5. better take
6. get on
7. the third longest
中考復習系列二 名詞、代詞和冠詞
一、中考對名詞、代詞和冠詞的知識要求：
對名詞的考查主要集中在：
1、正確識別可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞；
2、掌握可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式的構成；
3、正確判斷某些常用名詞在特定語境中的可數(shù)和不可數(shù)特征性；
4、掌握名詞所有格的基本形式及一般用法。
對代詞的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握人稱代詞主格、賓格形式及其主要用法；
2、掌握名詞性物主代詞與形容詞性物主代詞的形式、區(qū)別及其主要用法；
3、掌握反身代詞的形式、意義及其主要用法；
4、掌握常見不定代詞的一般用法；
5、掌握指示代詞的一般用法，并了解其在上下文中的指代用法；
6、掌握疑問代詞的基本用法。
中考對冠詞的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握定冠詞、不定冠詞及零冠詞的基本使用規(guī)則和常見習慣用法：
2、掌握a與an的基本用法。
二、名詞考察點分項說明：
表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念等名稱的詞，叫做名詞。關于名詞，我們必須掌握名詞的數(shù)和名詞的格。
（一）名詞的數(shù)
1、可數(shù)名詞
1）可數(shù)名詞的的復數(shù)形式
英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式。表示一個人或事物用單數(shù)，表示一個以上的人或事物用復數(shù)。該詞形變化分為規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。
名詞特征 變化規(guī)則 發(fā) 音 例詞
一般單詞 詞尾+s 清輔音后 發(fā)[s] cups, desks, gates,
元音與濁輔音后發(fā)[z] hens, bags, days
以s, sh, ch, x結尾 詞尾+es 發(fā)[iz] classes, watches, boxes
以o結尾 詞尾+es 發(fā)[z] tomatoes, heroes, potatoes
出現(xiàn)較晚的事物，詞尾+s photos, radios, zoos, pianos
以輔音+y結尾 變y為i 加es 發(fā)[iz] stories, babies, cities
以元音+y結尾 詞尾+s 發(fā)[z] boys, keys, days
以f或fe結尾 變f或fe為v加es 發(fā)[vz] leaves, knives, lives
例外：roofs, proofs, handkerchiefs
2）、有些名詞的復數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，如：
變化 例詞
元音發(fā)生變化 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet
tooth-teeth, mouse-mice
詞尾發(fā)生變化 child-children
單、復數(shù)同形 sheep-sheep, deer-deer, fish-fish, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese--Japanese
復合詞中主要詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù) looker-on-lookers-on, new-comer-new-comers, grand-child-grand-children
復合詞中無主體詞在最后，加s grown-up-grown-ups，stand-by-stand-bys
由man 或woman 構成的復合詞前后兩詞皆變?yōu)閺蛿?shù) woman-teacher-women-teachers,
man-doctor-men-doctors
以 is結尾的外來詞，變is為es basis-bases, crisis-crises, emphasis-emphases,
3）、常以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(褲子) glasses(眼鏡) ,這些名詞作主語時，同學們應特別注意它們的謂語，用復數(shù)。
4）、有些名詞看似復數(shù)形式，實際上是單數(shù)。這一點是同學不易掌握的，應特別加以記憶。如：news(消息)，maths (數(shù)學)，physics(物理)
2、不可數(shù)名詞
不可數(shù)名詞通常是物質名詞和集合名詞。物質名詞無法分為個體的事物，通常不能與不定冠詞連用，自身不能表示具體的數(shù)量，如water, coffee, time, money, bread, work,等；抽象名詞表示的是可感覺卻觸摸不到的性質、動作、狀態(tài)、感情等抽象的概念，如kindness。
1)、不可數(shù)名詞無復數(shù)，作主語時常看成單數(shù)。
2）、常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, some, any等來修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
3）、有些名詞既能用作可數(shù)名詞，又可作不可數(shù)名詞，但意義不同
單 詞 意 義
不可數(shù)名詞 可數(shù)名詞
dress 女服（統(tǒng)稱） a dress 一件女服
fish 魚肉 a fish 一條魚
glass 玻璃 a glass 一個玻璃杯
tin 錫 a tin 一聽罐頭
paper 紙 a paper 一張報紙
（二）名詞的所有格
名詞的所有格表示名詞的所有關系，意思為“…的”。名詞所有格的構成方法是：
1、在名詞后加“ 's”。如：Lily’s, Mary’s等。
2、以-s或-es 結尾的復數(shù)名詞只加“’”， 如：Teachers' Day , two weeks' holiday，而不以s結尾的復數(shù)名詞的所有格，仍按慣例加's 。如：Children's Day。
3、表示一件東西為多人共有，只需在最后一個人的名字后加“’s”。若表示各自所有，則需在每個名字后都加“’s”，如：
Lily and Lucy’s computer. 莉莉和露茜的電腦。（兩人共有），
lily’s and Lucy’s computers. 莉莉和露茜的電腦。（并不共有），
4）、名詞所有格可以用來表示地點。
如：my uncle's 我叔叔家。
5）、表示無生命東西的名詞所有格，一般以“of +名詞”的結構來表示。如：
如：the end of the year 歲末，the colour of the flower 花的顏色
三、代詞考察點分項說明：
代詞是為了避免重復而用來代替該詞的詞。英語是一種不喜歡重復的語言，當文中第二次提到同一個名詞時，一般都要用相應的代詞來代替。
英語代詞可分為八大類：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、不定代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、關系代詞、和連接代詞八種。
�。ㄒ唬┤朔Q代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞：（見下表）
人稱代詞 主格 I you he she it we they you
賓格 me you him her it us them you
物主代詞 形容詞性 my your his her its our their your
名詞性 mine yours his hers its ours theirs yours
反身代詞 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves themselves yourselves
1、表示“我”、“你”“他（她、它）”、“我們”、“你們”、“他（她、它）們”的詞，稱為人稱代詞。人稱代詞有人稱、數(shù)和格的變化。其變化形式如下：
單 數(shù) 復 數(shù)
主 格 賓 格 主 格 賓 格
第一人稱 I我 me we我們 Us
第二人稱 you你 you you你們 you
第三人稱 he他 him
them
she她 her
it它 it
2、表示所有關系的代詞叫作物主代詞，也叫代詞所有格。物主代詞分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞。形容詞性物主代詞在句中只能作定語，相當于一個形容詞；名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語、主語和賓語，相當于一個名詞。
3、自身代詞是表示“××自己”的代詞，也稱為反身代詞。其形式有：
單數(shù) 復數(shù)
第一人稱 myself我自己 ourselves我們自己
第二人稱 yourself你自己 yourselves你們自己
第三人稱 himself他自己, herself她自己, itself它自己
（二）、few, a few, little, a little的用法：
含 義 語 氣 修飾或代替的名詞
few 很少幾個 否定 復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
a few 有幾個 肯定 復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
little 很少，不多 否定 不可數(shù)名詞
a little 有一點 肯定 不可數(shù)名詞
（三）、常見不定代詞的一般用法：
1、由some, any, no, every構成的復合不定代詞，如果有形容詞修飾，該形容詞必須后置。
There is nothing wrong with the radio.這收音機沒有毛病。
I have something important to tell you.我有重要事情告訴你。
2、both / all / none
all的意思是“全體”，“所有”可代表或修飾三個以上的人或物;both指“兩者都”; none “沒有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介詞of。
3、every / each
every＋單數(shù)名詞 “每一個” 強調共性，作定語,形式上為單數(shù)。each “每一個” 強調個性，作定語、主語、賓語和同位語，常與of連用。
4、both / either / neither
both “（兩者）都” ,作主語時，看作復數(shù)；作定語時，后跟名詞復數(shù)。
either “兩者中任何一個” ,作主語時，謂語用第三人稱單數(shù);作定語時，后跟名詞單數(shù)。
neither “(兩者)都不”,含有否定意義，用法同either。
5. another / the other / the others/ others
another +單數(shù)名詞, “另一個”
one … the other “一個……，另一個……”
the other +復數(shù)名詞 = the others “其他的人或物” （指確定范圍內剩下的全部）
others “別人”
（四）指示代詞的一般用法：
表示“這個”、“那個”、“這些”、“那些”等，指示意義的代詞稱為指示代詞。指示代詞有this, that, these, those, such, same等。
1、This, that, these those的用法：
This(these)常用來指在時間或空間上較近的事物， these是this的復數(shù)形式；that(those)常指在時間或空間上較遠的事物，those是that的復數(shù)形式。
2、such和same的用法：
such常在句中作主語、定語和表語，表示“這樣”。 same可用作主語、表語、賓語和定語，意為“同樣的”，same前必須加定冠詞the。
I have never seen such a good place.我從未見過這么好的地方。
I never heard such stories as he told.我從未聽過他講的那樣的故事。
We are in the same factory. 我們在同一家工廠。
I’ll do the same as you.我將與你做同樣的事情。
（五）疑問代詞的基本用法：
疑問代詞是指 5個“wh”,：who（誰）, whose（誰的）, whom（誰）,what（什么）, which哪個）
1、who在句中通常用作主語和表語，whom作賓語。在口語中，常用who代替whom，但是若前面有介詞，還是用whom.
Who is the girl in red? 那個穿紅衣服的女孩是誰？
Whom are you waiting for? 你們在等誰？
With whom did they play basketball? 他們和誰一起打籃球？
2、which常表示在一定范圍之內的選擇，what則沒有這種限制，如：
Which do you prefer, orange juice or coke? 橘汁和可樂，你喜歡哪個？
Which of them come from Canada? 他們中誰來自加拿大？
What do you like to do in your spare time? 你在業(yè)余時間都做什么？
四、冠詞考察點分項說明：
在英語中，有一類詞是漢語中沒有的，那就是冠詞。冠詞常位于名詞之前，用來修飾名詞并幫助說明名詞的含義。冠詞是一種虛詞，不能單獨使用，必須與名詞連用，置于名詞之前。冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an）與冠詞（the）兩種。
而定冠詞用于特定的單數(shù)或復數(shù)名詞之前，表示特定的人或事物，相當于“這個”、“那個”、“這些”、“那些”。
（一）、不定冠詞
不定冠詞主用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表示“一個”或“一類�！�
1、a用于以輔音“音素”開頭的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。
2、在月份、星期及morning, afternoon, evening, night, day等名詞前有修飾詞時，一律用a。
Smith arrived in Beijing on a rainy day. 史密斯在一個下雨天到達了北京。
He died in a cold February. 他死于寒冷的二月。
3、不定冠詞an常用于元音發(fā)音開頭的詞前。
如：an apple, an hour, an honest boy, an English car.
注意： a useful dictionary
（二）定冠詞
定冠詞用于特定的單數(shù)或復數(shù)名詞之前，表示特定的人或事物，相當于“這個”、“那個”、“這些”、“那些”。
定冠詞的常見用法有：
1、用來指獨一無二的物體：
The sun rose at six o'clock. 太陽在六點升起。
2、用于再次提及的名詞前。
There is a cow under the tree. The cow is yellow.樹下有一頭牛，牛是黃色的。
3、用來指說話者雙方心目中都知道的特定的人或事物。
This is the book you wanted. 這就是你要的那本書。
4、用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，泛指一類。
The horse is an animal.馬是動物。
5、用于序數(shù)詞前、表示方位的名詞和形容詞最高級前。
如：the first, the best , in the south等
6、在復數(shù)姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，�？闯蓮蛿�(shù)。
如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
布朗一家人今年夏天將要去上海渡假。
五、鞏固練習
（一）選擇填空
1. Does Mr. Brown like Chinese .
A. food B. foods C. any food D. some food
2. There a dictionary and two notebooks on the desk.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
3. The old man has two .
A. son-in-law B. sons-in-law
C. son-in-laws D. sons-in-laws
4. We should keep clean.
A. toothes B. tooths C. our tooths D. our teeth
5. Lucy has been to many times this year.
A. his uncle B. his uncles C. uncle’s D. her uncle’s
6. didn’t visit the farm.
A. One of the boy B. One of the boys
C. One of boy D. One of boys
7. No news good news.
A. is B. seems C. are D. has
8. This is table.
A. his teacher’s Mary’s B. his teacher, Mary’s
C. his teacher’s Mary D. his teacher, Mary
9. After climbing 2 hours, we had rest.
A. a few minute’s B. few minutes
C. a few minutes’ D. few minutes
10. These are my ______ .
A. box B. a box C. boxes D. the boxes
（二）、用適當?shù)拇~填空
1. My father did not want of the two shirts and asked to be shown .
2. is Tom like? Oh, he’s short and fat.
3. Her parents are workers.
Her classmates are from peasants’ families.
4. Mother told the boys,“Please help to some fruit.”
5. All these are fine books. You can read of them.
6. They are learning from .
7. Lucy dances better than girl in the school.
Jim jumps higher than boys in his class.
8. He lent me a few books, but of them is easy enough for me.
He lent me a few books, and of them are easy enough for me.
二、用適當?shù)墓谠~填空（不填處用“×”表示）
⒈ by train.
⒉ Huanghe River
⒊ for while
⒋ go out for walk
⒌ at foot of
⒍ half hour
⒎ Mr. Smith came here just now
⒏ There is old man in the village. Old man is seventy.
⒐ earth turns round sun.
⒑ We often have lunch at home.
⒒ I wish you happy life.
⒓ harder you study, better you get the marks.
⒔ man with book in his hand is our new class teacher.
⒕ It was raining again! What day!
⒖ Who is going to take place of Mr. Smith next term ?
六、鞏固練習參考答案
（一）選擇填空
1 A 2A 3 B 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. C
（二）、用適當?shù)拇~填空
1. either, another
2. what
3. both; all
4. yourselves
5. any
6. each other
7. any other; any of the other
8. none, all
（三）、用適當?shù)墓谠~填空（不填處用“×”表示）
1. ×
2. the
3. a
4. a
5. the
6. an
7. A
8. an, The
9. The, the
10. ×
11. a
12. The, the
13. The, a
14. a
15. the
中考復習系列三 數(shù)詞、形容詞和副詞
一、中考對數(shù)詞和形容詞知識要求：
中考對數(shù)詞的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握1-100的基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的構成及其主要用法；
2、掌握年、月、日、時的基本表達方式及其與之相應的介詞搭配；
3、掌握日常交際活動中涉及到的數(shù)字的表達方法；
4、了解數(shù)詞的某些特殊用法。
中考對形容詞和副詞的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握比較級和最高級的一般構成規(guī)則；
2、掌握比較級和最高級的不規(guī)則變化形式；
3、掌握比較級和最高級的基本句型及其用法；
4、掌握形容詞做表語和定語的用法；
5、掌握常用副詞在句中的位置，并了解其意義。
二、數(shù)詞考察點分項說明：
數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩類，表示數(shù)量多少的數(shù)詞是基數(shù)詞，如one（一），two（二），seven（七）等，表示順序次第的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞，如the first（第一），the second（第二），the seventh（第七）。
在對數(shù)詞進行復習的時候，同學們首先要會讀會寫所有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞，以及與數(shù)詞有關的時間表達法。對數(shù)詞的考查，中考常采用單選題及聽力題。
（一）、序數(shù)詞一般由基數(shù)詞加-th構成，100以內的基本的序數(shù)詞如下：
（二）、序數(shù)詞的構成及用法：
1、以下幾個序數(shù)詞較為特殊：
first（第一） second（第二） third（第三） fifth（第五）
eighth（第八） ninth（第九） twelfth（第十二）
2、以-ty結尾的基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞的構成方法是：先將十位整數(shù)的基數(shù)詞尾的-ty變成-ti，然后再加-eth.
如：twenty twentieth （第二十）
eighty eightieth （第八十）
3、基數(shù)詞“幾十幾”變成序數(shù)詞時，僅將個位數(shù)變成序數(shù)詞，十位不變。
如：thirty-two thirty-second （第三十二）
seventy-five seventy-fifth （第七十五）
4、序數(shù)詞的縮寫形式，在阿拉伯數(shù)字后加上序數(shù)詞的最后兩個字母構成。
如：fifth 5th second 2nd
5、序數(shù)詞前通常要用定冠詞the。
6、hundred, thousand, million, billion等詞在構成具體的數(shù)字時用單數(shù)形式。 只有在表達籠統(tǒng)的多數(shù)時才加s，構成復數(shù)形式，前面不能加具體的數(shù)字。
如：three hundred seats 三百個座位
hundreds of 數(shù)以百計的，成百上千的 thousands of 數(shù)以千計的，成千上萬的
millions of 數(shù)百萬的 billions of數(shù)十億的
（三）與數(shù)詞有關的時間表達法：
1、鐘點表示法：
�、� 順讀法
如：1:15 one fifteen 3:30 three thirty
�、� 倒讀法(用past / to表示)
如： 1:15 a quarter past one
3:30 half past three
7:56 four to eight
③表示鐘點只用基數(shù)詞，并且鐘點前用介詞at。
2、日期表示法：
�、� 英語中日期的排列順序是：星期、月、日、年
如： 2003年3月17日，星期一
Monday, March the 17th, 2003.
② 在具體某一天前用介詞on
3、世紀、年代表示法
（在）90年代 (in) the nineties
（在）19世紀 (in) the nineteenth century
（在）18世紀30年代 (in) 1730s或1730’s
（四）、基數(shù)詞常和一些計量類名詞“單數(shù)”用“一”連在一起，構成復合形容詞，修飾名詞。
如： a twelve-year-old boy 一個十二歲的男孩 a five-mile race 一次五英里的賽跑
三、形容詞和副詞考察點分項說明：
形容詞用于修飾名詞和代詞，表示人和事物的性質和特征。副詞既可修飾動詞，又可修飾形容詞，其它副詞，甚至整個句子。
（一）形容詞和副詞級的變化：
大多數(shù)的形容詞、副詞都有三個等級：
原級：
比較級： 比較...，更...一些
最高級： 最...
1、一般構成規(guī)律：
詞的特征 變 化 例 詞
原 級 比較級 最高級
一般單音節(jié)詞 直接加-er, -est strong
high stronger
higher strongest
highest
以e結尾的詞 加-r, -st wide
nice wider
nicer widest
nicest
以單個輔音字母（非r）結尾的單音節(jié)詞 雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加-er, -est fat
thin fatter
thinner fattest
thinnest
以輔音字母+y結尾的雙音節(jié)詞 變y為i，再加-er,-est heavy
happy heavier
happier heaviest
happiest
少數(shù)以-er, -ow結尾的雙音節(jié)詞 直接加-er; -est clever
narrow cleverer
narrower cleverest
narrowest
多數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞
多音節(jié)詞和
源于分詞的形容詞 在原級前加more, most stupid
difficult
tired more stupid
more difficult
more tired most stupid
most difficult
most tired
2、常見的不規(guī)則變化：
原 級 比較級 最高級
good well better best
bad badly ill worse worst
many much more most
little less least
far farther
further farthest
furthest
old older
elder oldest
eldest
3、常見的比較級和最高級的基本句型及其用法：
原級的用法：
①肯定句型：
as + 形容詞（副詞）原級 + as … 意思是 “與……一樣”
The boy is as clever as his brother. 這個男孩和他的哥哥一樣聰明。
Lucy writes as carefully as Lily. 露茜寫得和莉莉一樣認真。
②否定句型：
not so/as + 形容詞（副詞）原級 +as… 意思是“不如……“
Monkeys are not as strong as elephants. 猴子不如大象強壯。
He is not so good a man as you. 他沒有你好。
比較級的用法：
1、比較級+than
Peter is wiser than Sam.彼得比山姆聰明。
The car is more beautiful than that one. 這來輛車比那一輛漂亮。
2、形容詞比較級前可用much, even, still, any, far, four times, a little等修飾。
Peter is much wiser than Sam.彼得比山姆聰明的多。
The room is a little brighter than that one. 這間房子比那間稍微亮一點。
3、比較級+and+比較級 意思是“越來越…...”
It rains harder and harder.雨下得越來越大。
4、The+比較級，the+比較級 意思是“越…...就越…...”
The harder you study, the faster you make progress. 你學習越努力，進步就越快。
5、比較級+than any other+單數(shù)名詞. 意思是“比其它的任何一個……都更……”（這種情況其實是用比較級的形式表達最高級的意思。）
He is more stupid than any other student in his class. 在他班里他比其它任何學生都更愚蠢。
She is taller than any other girl in the team. 她比隊里的其余任何一個女孩都要高。
最高級的用法：
1、有范圍修飾的用最高級，如:in, of, among或用從句修飾的句子中。
This is the most expensive of all the watches.在所有這些表中這塊最貴。
2、序數(shù)詞+最高級+名詞 表示“第幾個最……的”
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黃河是中國的第二大河流。
The park is the third largest one in Beijing. 這個公園是北京第三大公園。
3、one of the+最高級+復數(shù)名詞 表示“是最……之一”
America is one of the richest countries in the world.美國是世界上最富有的國家之一。
One of the most beautiful places in Beijing is the Summer Palace.
北京最美麗的地方之一是頤和園。
4、形容詞最高級前一定要用the，而副詞最高級前可省略。
The elephant is the heaviest in the zoo.大象是這個動物園里最重的動物。
She came (the) earliest of all the students.所有學生中她來得最早。
（二）、常用副詞在句中的位置：
1、時間副詞、地點副詞和方式副詞一般置于句末。
They met in China last year. 他們去年在中國見面了。
It’s raining hard outside. 外面雨下得很大。
The students are reading English loudly. 學生們在大聲朗讀英語。
2、強調時間時，時間副詞可置于句首。
Last year they met in China.
3、時間副詞和地點副詞前一定不要加介詞。
She is on her way home. 她正在回家的路上。
4、頻度副詞在句中的位置有兩種：
（1）實義動詞之前：
I usually play football on Friday afternoon.我通常周五下午踢足球。
I seldom watch TV.我很少看電視。
（2）be動詞、情態(tài)動詞和第一助動詞之后
Mr. Green is always busy.格林先生一直很忙。
I have never seen him before.以前我從未見過他。
四、鞏固練習
一、單項選擇
1. of the apples in the fruit bowl are soft and sweet.
A. Two-third B. Second-third
C. Two-thirds D. Second-thirds
2. Where are they going to have the meeting? In .
A. 204 Room B. Room 204
C. the room 204 D. the Room 204
3. What is the time? It’s (4:25).
A. four twenty-five B. four past twenty-five
C. twenty-five to four D. four twenty five
4. Please give us .
A. two glasses of waters B. two glass of water
C. two glasses water D. two glasses of water
5. Light is faster than an ordinary plane.
A. two million time B. millions of time
C. three millions times D. millions of times
6. There are seasons in a year. The season is spring.
A. four, one B. fourth, first C. fourth, one D. four, first
7. She has a baby.
A. ten-months-old B. ten months-old
C. ten-months-olds D. ten-month-old
8. It took them to finish the work last year.
A. two and a half months B. two month and a half
C. a half and two months D. two months and half
9. What’s the date today? It’s .
A. July five B. July the five
C. July fifty D. July the fifth
10. There are in the room.
A. four box of oranges B. four boxes of orange
C. four box oranges D. four boxes of oranges
11. I don’t feel very today.
A. good B. better C. nice D. well
12. He didn’t go there with me, she didn’t .
A. too B. either C. neither D. also
13. Our hall is theirs.
A. twice as large as B. twice so large as
C. as twice large as D. twice more than
14. John did in the exam, Tom did even .
A. bad, worse B. more bad, more worse
C. badly, worst D. badly, worse
15. Your mother won’t be angry with you, will she? I hope .
A. so B. it C. not D. no
16. The villagers had rain this year than last year.
A. less B. least C. little D. lesser
17. She is than Mary.
A. older two years B. old two years
C. two years old D. two years older
18. He says that he will pay a price for the house.
A. tall B. taller C. high D. highest
19. They have held three meetings this week .
A. alone B. lonely C. ever D. just
20. How do you go to the South Lake?
A. often B. long C. soon D. fast
21. This is really a news.
A. surpring B. surprised C. be surprised D. surprise
22. Don’t make noise. Please keep .
A. quite B. quietly C. quiet D. more quietly
23. He bought from a shop.
A. an old black wood round table B. a round old black wood table
C. an old round black wood table D. a round black wood old table
24. aren’t so happy as .
A. The rich/poor B. Rich/the poor
C. Rich/poor D. The rich/the poor
25. Can you finish the work with money and people?
A. less…less B. little…few
C. fewer…fewer D. less…fewer
26. Do you have money to buy the colour TV set?
A. a little B. few C. enough D. many
27. I like green but Li Lei prefers blue.
A. shallow, deep B. think, thick
C. light, dark D. white, black
28. See you . See you.
A. late B. later C. latest D. last
29. He spoke fast that we could understand him.
A. too, not hardly B. so, not hardly
C. too, hardly D. so, hardly
30. I didn’t go , I went .
A. anywhere, upstairs B. nowhere, to upstairs
C. to somewhere, upstairs D. to anywhere, upstairs
二、改錯（下列各句中有一處有誤，請找出錯誤處，將其序號填入題前括號內并改正。）
( ) 1. He doesn’t feel like anything. Please give him delicious something to eat.
A B C D
( ) 2. I found a quite big mouse in the kitchen the day before yesterday.
A B C D
( ) 3. He plans to stay here for another more week.
A B C D
( ) 4. Paris is the most beautiful than any other city in the world.
A B C D
( ) 5. Is it more difficult to learn Chinese than learning Japanese?
A B C D
( ) 6. Her older brother is two years older than she.
A B C D
( ) 7. The population of Henan is larger than Hunan.
A B C D
( ) 8. Tom got here earlier about ten minutes them his brother.
A B C D
( ) 9. I’m taller of the two boys.
A B C D
( ) 10. Are your trousers so new as hers?
A B C D
五、鞏固練習答案
一、單項選擇
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. D
6. D 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. D
11. D 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. C
16. A 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. A
21. A 22. C 23. C 24. D 25. D
26. C 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. A
二、改錯
1. C，改為something delicious
2. B，改為quite a或者a very
3. D，改為one more week或者another week
4. A，改為more
5. D，改為to learn
6. A，改為Her elder brother
7. D，改為than that of Hunan
8. B，改為about ten minutes earlier
9. B，改為the taller
10. C，改為as
中考復習系列四 動詞（上）
一、中考對動詞的知識要求：
中考對動詞的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握動詞的現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞四種形式的構成規(guī)則；
2、掌握動詞六種時態(tài)的基本結構，主要用法及區(qū)別（一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、過去進行時、現(xiàn)在進行時和現(xiàn)在完成時）
3、掌握系動詞be, look, feel, smell, get, become, turn, keep等的基本用法；
4、了解過去將來時、過去完成時態(tài)的基本用法；
5、掌握助動詞be, do, have, shall, will的基本用法；
6、掌握情態(tài)動詞can, must, need, may等基本句型結構及主要用法；
7、了解一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時三種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的結構形式及其基本用法；
8、了解含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的構成形式及其基本用法；
9、掌握句子主謂一致的基本原則；
10、掌握動詞不定式作賓語、狀語的基本用法；
11、了解動詞不定式作主語、定語、表語的基本用法。
二、動詞考察點分項說明：
�。ㄒ唬⒄莆談釉~的現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞四種形式的構成規(guī)則；
1、動詞現(xiàn)在時的第三人稱單數(shù)的構成：
動 詞 特 征 變 化 例 詞
一般動詞 詞尾加-s look- looks find- finds
以s, x, ch, sh或o結尾 詞尾加-es watch- watches, push- pushes
以“輔音字母+y”結尾 變y為i再加-es fly- flies, apply- applies
2、動詞的過去式及過去分詞的構成：
�、� 規(guī)則動詞的變化：
規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞的構成方法是相同的。
動 詞 特 征 變 化 例 詞
一般動詞 詞尾加-ed look- looked, looked
以e結尾 詞尾加-d live- lived, lived
以“輔音字母+Y”結尾 變y為i，再加-ed carry-carried, carried
以重讀閉音節(jié)或r音節(jié)結尾，且末尾只有一個輔音字母 雙寫該輔音字母，再加-ed stop- stopped, stopped
② 不規(guī)則動詞的變化。（略）
3、動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞的構成：
動 詞 特 征 變 化 例 詞
一般動詞 直接加-ing look-looking watch- watching
以e結尾 去e加-ing come- coming move- moving
以重讀閉音節(jié)或r音節(jié)結尾，且末尾只有一個輔音字母 先雙寫該輔音字母，再加-ing swim- swimming
run- running
以ie結尾且為重讀開音節(jié) 變ie加y再加ing die-dying lie-lying
�。ǘ⒄莆談釉~六種時態(tài)的基本結構，主要用法及區(qū)別（一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、過去進行時、現(xiàn)在進行時和現(xiàn)在完成時）
1、一般現(xiàn)在時
① 一般現(xiàn)在時常用來表示現(xiàn)在習慣或經(jīng)常反復發(fā)生的動作，與always, usually, often, sometimes, every day (week, month)等連用；表示現(xiàn)在的事實或狀態(tài)；表示主語所具有的特征，性格和能力；以及表示客觀事實或普遍其理。
�、谝话悻F(xiàn)在時的構成：
一般現(xiàn)在時通常以動詞原形表示，但當主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時，動詞原形后需加-s或-es。
She likes biology very much. 她非常喜歡生物。
They often go to school by bike.他們通常騎車上學。
2、一般過去時
①一般過去時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示過去時間的副詞如：yesterday, last week, two hours ago等連用；表示過去一段時間經(jīng)�；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作，這時可與頻度副詞often, usually, always等連用；表示過去發(fā)生的一連串動作，以及在時間和條件狀語從句中，用一般過去時表示過去將來的動作。
②一般過去時的構成：一般過去時由動詞的過去式構成。
We met each other on the street yesterday. 我們昨天在街上碰見了。
She often went swimming last year. 她去年經(jīng)常去游泳。
They moved the chairs to the table, sat down and began to have supper.
他們把椅子搬到桌邊，坐下開始吃飯。
Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.瑪麗告訴我如果下雨她就呆在家里。
3、一般將來時
�、� 一般將來時表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來的時間狀語如next month, tomorrow, in a week, soon等連用。
�、谝话銓頃r的構成：
�。�1） 一般將來時由“助動詞will/shall+動詞原形”構成。其中shall主要用于主語是第一人稱（I和we）的疑問句中。
�。�2） 也可以用“be going to+動詞原形”這個結構來表示根據(jù)目前跡象很有可能發(fā)生的某件事情，或是打算、計劃、以及決定要做某件事情等。
They will have a class meeting next Tuesday. 他們下周二將舉行班會。
We shall meet at the school gate. 我們將在學校大門口見。
It is going to rain. 要下雨了。
4、現(xiàn)在進行時
① 現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在正在進行或發(fā)生的動作，常與now, at present, at this, moment等連用；或與these days, this week/month等連用，表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。有時還與always, continually, forever等詞連用，表示反復出現(xiàn)的動作，代替一般現(xiàn)在時，表達說話人強烈的感情。如贊揚、不滿、討厭等。如：
He is always asking such silly questions.他老是提這類愚蠢的問題。
② 現(xiàn)在進行時的構成：
現(xiàn)在進行時由“be (am/is/are)+V-ing”構成。
They are watching TV now. 他們正在看電視。
The dog is enjoying his meal. 小狗正在吃飯。
5、過去進行時
① 過去進行時的用法與現(xiàn)在進行時用法相同，只不過參照的時間基準點不同。
過去進行表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作。一般和特定的時間狀語或狀語從句連用。如：then, at that time, at eight yesterday, this time yesterday, when he came in等。
�、� 過去進行時的構成與現(xiàn)在進行時類似，只不過把be (am, is, are)變?yōu)檫^去式（was, were）
They were watching TV at that time. 他們那會正在看電視。
The dog was enjoying his meal at this time yesterday. 小狗昨天這個時候正在吃飯。
6、現(xiàn)在完成時
�、� 表示動作已經(jīng)完成，但后果或影響仍在，常與already, just, yet等副詞連用；或是表示過去發(fā)生的動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，常與for或since引導的一段時間狀語連用。
�、� 現(xiàn)在完成時由助動詞“have/has+過去分詞”構成。
He has already come back.他已經(jīng)回來了。
He has lived here for three years.他在此住了兩年了。
（三）、掌握系動詞be, look, feel, smell, get, become, turn, keep等的基本用法；
常見的連系動詞有：become, turn, get, grow, keep, feel, look, seem, smell, fall等。它們后面常接形容詞，構成系表結構。
Please keep the classroom clean. 請保持教室的干凈。
The bread looks very fresh. 這些面包看上去很新鮮。
（四）、了解過去將來時、過去完成時態(tài)的基本用法；
① 過去將來時表示從過去某一時點看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時和一般將來時的構成相同，只是把will, shall變?yōu)檫^去式would, should，把助動詞be的過去式變?yōu)檫^去式was或were而已。如：
They were going to have a meeting.他們曾打算開會。
�、谶^去完成時表示在過去某一時刻或動作之前已完成的行為或存在的狀態(tài)。與現(xiàn)在完成的用法相同，只不過作為衡量基準點的時間點不同，現(xiàn)在完成時以現(xiàn)在作為衡量的基準點，而過去完成時則以過去某個時刻作為基準點。它表示在過去某一時刻或動作之前完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”，常by, before引導的時間狀語連用。如：
By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself.
到愛迪生10歲時，他已給自己建了一個實驗室。
She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她說她已在那所醫(yī)院工作20年了。
（五）、掌握助動詞be, do, have, shall, will的基本用法；
助動詞是“輔助性”動詞，一般沒有詞義，不能單獨作謂語，但可用來幫助構成謂語，表示不同的時態(tài)，語態(tài)，和數(shù)的變化。
常見的助動詞有：
�。�1）be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been) 與現(xiàn)在分詞結合，構成各種進行時態(tài)；或與過去分詞結合構成被動語態(tài)。
I’m looking for my pen. 我正在找我的筆。（現(xiàn)在進行時）
These cups are made in China. 這些杯子是中國制造的。（被動語態(tài)）
�。�2）have (has, had, having)與過去分詞結合，構成完成時。
They have known each other for twenty years.
他們互相認識有二十年了。（現(xiàn)在完成時）
He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.
他十歲時就已經(jīng)為自己建了一個化學實驗室。（過去完成時）
�。�3）do (does, did) 助動詞do后只能跟動詞原形，與not及其他動詞結合構成否定句，或置于主語之前構成疑問句。
He does not speak English.他不說英語。
When did he come back? 他什么時候回來的？
�。�4）will (would), shall (should) will能用于一般將來時的任何人稱后；would是will的過去時，能用于過去將來時；兩者后面都接動詞原形。
The plane will arrive in ten minutes. 飛機十分中后將要到達。
I was sure we would win.我確信用我們會贏。
shall與should這兩個助動詞本身沒有詞義，shall只能用于一般將來時的第一人稱后；should是shall的過去時，只能用于過去將來時的第一人稱后；兩者后面都接動詞原形。
We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow. 我們明天將在校門口見。
I told them that I should do the work alone. 我告訴他們我將獨自做那項工作。
三、鞏固練習
1. His father any washing in the morning.
A. doesn’t do B. doesn’t C. doesn’t does D. doesn’t does
2. I 1000 English words by the end of last term.
A. have learned B. had learned C. would learn D. was learning
3. How long you the bicycle?
A. have…bought B. have…h(huán)ad
C. did…buy D. do…buy
4. my brother knows London very well. He there many times.
A. has been B. has gone C. was D. went
5. The children want to know if Miss Green free tomorrow.
A. is B. is going to C. will D. will be
6. Listen, the music nice.
A. sounds B. is sounding C. is sound D. was sounding
7. He early every morning from now on.
A. gets up B. does get up C. does gets up D. will get up
8. Our teacher told us that light faster than sound.
A. travelled B. travels C. was travelled D. had travelled
9. Mr. Brown is not at home. He to the library.
A. has gone B. has been C. had been D. had gone
10. He said he would go to the cinema with us if he free.
A. is B. were C. was D. will be
11. Tom _____ his homework after breakfast.
A. don’t B. doesn’t C. don’t do D. doesn’t do
12. Jenny _____a letter to her mother three days ago.
A. wrote B. writes C. write D. has written
13. He ______ with us yesterday morning.
A. doesn’t go swimming B. goes swimming
C. didn’t go swimming D. went to swimming
14. There ______a basketball match on our school the day after tomorrow.
A. will have B. will be C. is going to have D. would have
15. ______ you ______ us a talk this afternoon?
A. Are, giving B. Are, given C. Will, give D. Were, going to give
16. Look! Li Lei _____ Jim with his Chinese.
A. is helping B. has helped C. is going to help D. would help
17. Don’t make any noise. The baby ______ .
A. has slept B. is slept C. will sleep D. is sleeping
18. The students of Class 3 _____a football game now. Let’s go and watch.
A. are having B. will have C. is having D. will be had
19. How many English songs ____ you _____ by the end of last term?
A. have, learned B. did, learn C. had, learned D. were, learned
20. My mother _____ breakfast while I ______ my face this morning.
A. cooked, was cooking B. was cooking, was washing
C. was cooking D. would cook, was washing
二、用下列動詞的適當形式填空
1. He told me that he (visit) the Summer Palace the next day.
2. -Who has borrowed the dictionary? I want to use it.
-Miss Li. She (keep) it for a week.
3. The old men (die) last summer. He (die) for eight months.
4. Father (cook) when I got home.
5. Mr. Smith told us he (show) the guests around the factory.
6. In winter when your clothes (wash), it is not easy to get them dry.
7. - the twins (return) yet?
-Yes. They (have) a rest in the room now.
8. It (rain) but it (stop) now.
9. All the children (keep) quiet though their teacher was not there.
10. The boy (read) a story book now.
四、鞏固練習參考答案
（一）單項選擇
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. D
6. A 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. C
11. D 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. C
16. A 17.D 18. A 19. C 20. B
（二）、用下列動詞的適當形式填空
1. would visit
2. has kept
3. died, has been dead
4. was cooking
5. would show或者had shown
6. are washed
7. Have…returned; are having
8. rained…h(huán)as stopped
9. kept
10. is reading
復習 五 動詞（下）
（六）掌握情態(tài)動詞can, must, need, may等基本句型結構及主要用法
�、� 情態(tài)動詞在英文中是“輔助性”動詞，用來表示說話人的語氣或情態(tài)，包括請求、命令、允諾、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、義務、能力等。情態(tài)動詞本身有詞義，但詞義不完全，不能單獨用作謂語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，且后面只跟動詞原形。
�、� 情態(tài)動詞的種類：
原 形 過去式 詞 義
can could 能
may might 可以（或許）
must must(had to) 必須（不得不）
will would 愿意
shall should 應該
need needed 需要
dare dared 敢于
�、� can的用法
（1）表示體力或腦力方面的“能力”，也能表示根據(jù)客觀條件能做某事的“能力”。
The boy can swim very well.
Who can answer this question?
�。�2）表示允許
The students can leave after the meeting.
When can I get the news?
�。�3）表示推測
It can be wrong.
Who can your new teacher next term?
④could的用法
�。�1）can的過去式，表示過去有能力及過去的可能性。
They could run very fast when they were young.
Could you speak English at that time?
�。�2）表示客氣地請求或委婉地陳述意見。
Could I borrow your bike?
Could you listen to me carefully?
�。�3）表示驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度
How could that be?
She couldn’t know me.
�、� must的用法
（1）．表示義務，命令或必要
You must finish it before 5 o’clock.
Must I hand it in now?
（2）．表示肯定的推測：一定
She must be a pretty girl.
You must be wrong.
�、� need的用法
(1) 表示“需要，必須”，主要用于否定句和疑問句中。
We need to pay more attention.
Need I call him for you?
（2）need引導的疑問句，肯定回答時多用must，否定回答時用needn’t。
Need he come? 他必須來嗎？
Yes, he must.是的，必須來。
No, he needn’t.不，他不必來。
�、� may的用法
（1）表示請求、許可、可以
May I ask you some questions?
May we start now?
�。�2）表示推測說話人的猜測，認為某一事情“或許”或“可能”發(fā)生。
He may be 25 years old.
We may come back in three days.
�。�3）may用于感嘆句中可以表示祝愿或愿望。
May you success!
May you have a nice trip！
�、� should的用法
should意思是“應該”，表示勸告或建議（=ought to）
Who should I meet this afternoon?
You should pack you bag quickly.
（七）了解一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時三種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的結構形式及其基本用法
被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。一般說來，只有需要動作對象的及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。漢語往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來表示被動意義。被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞（p.p.）”構成。被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)變化只改變be的形式，過去分詞部分不變。疑問式和否定式的變化亦如此。
1．一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)（am/ is/ are +done）
English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的許多人都說英語。
Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都舉行班會。
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 學生們每天都打掃教室。
2．一般過去時的被動語態(tài)(was/ were +done)
The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那個男孩打碎了。
He was saved at last. 他最終獲救了。
My bike was stolen. 我的自行車被偷了。
3．一般將來時的被動語態(tài)(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一個演講。
A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一條新馬路。
I think thousands of people will be helped. 我認為將有數(shù)千人得到幫助。
（八）了解含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的構成形式及其基本用法
情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)結構為：情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞; 其時態(tài)及句型的變化僅由情態(tài)動詞完成，“be+過去分詞”部分不變。如：
Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石頭制造。
Tables could be made of stone at that time.那時桌子可由石頭制造。（一般過去時）
Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石頭制造嗎？（疑問句）
（九）掌握句子主謂一致的基本原則（此處略。見第七期）
（十）動詞不定式的基本用法
動詞不定式在句子中可充當主語、賓語、表語和賓語補足語和狀語（包括目的狀語，結果狀語和原因狀語。）
1）作主語
To dance with you makes me happy.和你跳舞令我高興。
It is difficult to drive in the mountains. (=To drive in the mountains is difficult.)
在山里開車很困難。
2）作賓語
�、� 后接不定式作賓語的及物動詞多是表示“意愿”、“企圖”等的動詞，如：
hope, want, wish, desire, like, decide, try，promise, refuse.
I want to talk with her.我想和她談談。
She has decided to go.她已決定要走。
�、� 在feel, find, think, consider, made等動詞后如果是不定式作賓語，而補語是形容詞，則通常用it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語即不定式移至形容詞之后。如：
I find it impossible to forget her.我發(fā)現(xiàn)忘掉她是不可能的。
He thought it necessary to take an umbrella.他認為帶把傘是必要的。
3）作表語
Her wish is to be a teacher.他的愿望是成為一名教師。
Your duty is to clean the classroom.你的任務是打掃教室。
4）作賓語補足語
He wants me to come earlier.他想要我來得更早些。
The policeman ordered them to turn around.警察命令他們轉過身。
5）作目的狀語：
She opened the window to let some fresh air in.她打開窗子好讓新鮮空氣進來。
I went there to see her yesterday.昨天我去那兒看她了。
6）作結果狀語：
He is too tired to go any further.他太累了，不能再走了。
He is not old enough to join the army.他年齡太小，不能參軍。
7）作原因狀語：
不定式跟在表示“喜、怒、哀、樂”的形容詞之后，可以表示引起這些情感的原因。
I’m sorry to trouble you.真抱歉給你帶來麻煩。
I’m glad to see you.見到你真高興。
二、鞏固練習
一、單項選擇
1. He had his lunch already.
A. will B. would C. has D. have
2. Mary speak English before she left for England.
A. can B. was able to C. could D. had been able to
3. I your help. I can do it myself.
A. needn’t B. don’t need to C. need D. don’t need
4. some more tea now?
A. Do you like B. Will you like
C. Would you like D. Should you like
5. - you the book to the library?
-Yes, I borrowed another one a moment ago.
A. Do, return B. Are, returning
C. Will, return D. Have, returned
6. Don’t go to see him. He changed his mind
A. is B. was C. will D. has
7. -How many times your uncle been to Beijing?
-Twice.
A. has B. have C. does D. did
8. My boy, you talk to your father like that.
A. won’t B. hasn’t to C. shouldn’t D. has to
9. give me a cup of water, Mary?
A. Shall you please B. Will you please
C. Please you D. Please do you
10. I work out the maths problem yesterday, but I can work it out now.
A. can’t B. couldn’t C. may not D. needn’t
11. Since you are very tired, you do it today.
A. needn’t B. don’t need C. needn’t to D. not need
12. Li Li get up at 7:30.
A. used to B. used C. was used to D. uses to
13. You answer this question.
A. haven’t to B. don’t have to C. don’t need D. needn’t to
14. It was a cold night. An old man under a chair in the park.
A. is lying B. was lying C. has lying D. will lie
15. You go with us at once.
A. need B. should C. would D. could
16. -_____I watch TV after dinner, Mum?
-No, you .
A. May; mustn’t B. May; don’t
C. May; won’t D. Must; mustn’t
17. Oh, sorry. I you in Shanghai.
A. don’t know…are B. didn’t know…were
C. don’t know…were D. haven’t known…are
18. The PRC in 1949.
A. was found B. found C. was founded D. founded
19. -Is Xiao Li in the classroom?
-No, he there. I saw him in the reading room just now.
A. can’t be B. mustn’t be C. is D. needn’t
20. -Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow?
- .
A. Yes, we shall B. Yes, you shall
C. Yes, you will D. All right
21. Nobody _____ do it. Let me _____ .
A. can, try B. can’t, to try C. can, to try D. can’t, trying
22. “ _____ you like ______ bananas to eat?” “ Yes, please.”
A. Would, some B. Will, any C. Could, any D. Can, some
23. “ Can you answer this question in English?” “ Sorry, I _____.”
A. needn’t B. may not C. can’t D. mustn’t
24. “ _____ I borrow your dictionary?” “ Certainly, here you are.”
A. Must B. May C. Need D. Shall
25. I _____ see the words on the blackboard. _____ you write a bit clearly?
A. mustn’t, Can B. don’t, will C. can’t, Can D. needn’t, Could
26. It’s a sunny day today. You ______ take a raincoat with you.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. can
27. I’ve looked for my pen everywhere, but I ______ find it.
A. couldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. didn’t
28. “ ____ I speak to Ann?” “ Speaking.”
A. Must B. May C. Need D. Shall
29. The science book ______ good care of.
A. must be take B. must take C. must be taken D. must to be taken
30. The stars _____ in the daytime.
A. can’t be see B. can’t see C. can’t be saw D. can’t be seen
二、用方框內的情態(tài)動詞填空（每詞只用一次）
need, needn’t, can, can’t, shall, shouldn’t
may, must, mustn’t, have to, would
1. I show him the way, I?
2. Can you answer this question in French? No, I .
3. May I keep the book for three weeks? No, you .
4. Nobody live without air or water.
5. You not worry. Everything will be all right.
6. - I have some chocolates now?
-No, you mustn’t.
7. Children be left alone.
8. I finish my homework before I go to bed.
9. we go out for a walk? That’s a good idea.
10. you like some fish?
三、把下列句子改為被動語態(tài)
1. I saw the boy run yesterday.
2. He told me that he would come back soon.
3. You can find a lot of differences between the two languages.
4. Do you water your flowers every day?
5. The wind blew down the big tree last night.
6. I think that he is right.
7. He had not thrown the bad food.
8. Mother was not mending the trousers.
9. They would not take him to Beijing.
10. Nobody knew me in this town at that time.
四、用不定式完成下列各句
1. （把英語學好）isn’t easy.
2. This is the room .（�。�
3. He made the children .（哭）
The baby is often heard .（哭）
4. Can you tell me .（如何去那所學校）
5. There are quite marry books .（讀）
6. Don’t stop （休息）before you finish doing your homework.
7. Mother wants me .（將來成為一位教師）
8. We have planned （去打籃球）tomorrow.
9. The students was made .（再打掃一遍教室）
10. It’s important （友善）and helpful.
三、鞏固練習參考答案
一、單項選擇
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. D
6. D 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. B
11. A 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. B
16. A 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. D
21. A 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. C
26. C 27. B 28. B 29. C 30. D
二、用方框內的情態(tài)動詞填空
1. needn’t, must
2. can’t
3. mustn’t
4. can
5. need
6. May
7. shouldn’t
8. have to
9. shall
10. would
三、把下列句子改為被動語態(tài)
1. The boy was seen to run by me yesterday.
2. I was told that he would come back soon.
3. A lot of differences can be found by you between the two languages.
4. Are your flowers watered every day?
5. The big tree was blown down last night.
6. It is thought that he is right.
7. The bad food had not been thrown.
8. The trousers were not being mended by my mother.
9. He would not be taken to Beijing.
10. I was known by nobody in this town at that time.
四、用不定式完成下列各句
1. To learn English well
2. to live in
3. cry; to cry
4. how to get to that school
5. to read
6. to have a rest
7. to become a teacher in the future
8. to play basketball
9. to clean the classroom again
10. to be kind
中考復習系列六 介詞和連詞
一、中考對介詞和連詞的知識要求：
中考對介詞的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握常用介詞及其詞組的主要用法和意義；
2、掌握常用動詞、形容詞與介詞、副詞的固定搭配及其意義。
中考對連詞的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握并列連詞and, but, or, so等的主要用法；
2、掌握常用的從屬連詞的基本用法 ( when, after, because, as soon as…)
二、介詞考察點分項說明：
介詞在英文中是一種虛詞。介詞不能單獨使用，一般也無句子重音。常常放在名詞或代詞之前，與之一起構成介詞短語，共同充當句子成分。很多介詞從詞義上往往看不出是介詞。如：against的意思是“反對”，在漢語里是動詞，在英語里卻是介詞。
（一）表示時間的介詞：
1．a(chǎn)t, in ，on
(1) at表示“在某一時刻、某一時點”
（2）in表示“在某月、季節(jié)、年、世紀”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。
in September in winter in 1999 in the 20th century
in the morning/afternoon/evening
(3)on表示“在具體某一天或某天的上、下午”。泛指上、下午、晚上、夜間時用in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night；但若指具體某一天的上述時段時，則一律用on。
on Monday on April 1st
On the afternoon of May 23.
2．from, since, for
(1) from表示“等時間的起點”。
You can come anytime from Monday to Friday. 周一至周五你什幺時間來都行。
The exam will start from 9:00am. 考試將從上午九點開始。
(2) since表示“自從……以來（直到現(xiàn)在）”
He has been away from home since 1973. 他自從1973年就離開了家鄉(xiāng)。
We have known each other since ten years ago.我們十年前就認識了。
(3) for 與since表示一段時間，但for與時間段連用，而since與時間點連用。
for two hours since last week
3．a(chǎn)fter, in, within
(1) after表示“在……之后”，是before的反義詞。
We’ll hold a party after dinner. 晚餐后我們將舉辦晚會。
He got a cancer and died after a year. 他患了癌癥，一年后去世了
(2) within