1.時態(tài)
時態(tài) 用法 例示
一般現(xiàn)在時 現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與usually, always, seldom, often, frequently, every day 等時間狀語連用 We always care for each other and help each other.
He sometimes stay up till midnight to catch up with others.
主語現(xiàn)在的特征，性格和狀態(tài) She is always ready to help others.
-do you sing? –a little
客觀規(guī)律，正確事實(shí)或科學(xué)真理，格言以及其他不受時間限制的客觀存在 All the living things on the earth depend on the sun.
Our teacher told us the earth goes round the sun.
在由連詞if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however等引起的時間（條件，讓步）狀語從句，需用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。 Even if it rains tomorrow, the sports meet will take place.
However much advice you give him, he will do exactly what he wants.
安排，或計劃要做的動作（有時間狀語）限于begin, come, leave, go, arrive, open, start, stop, close, return 等一類動詞。 The plane takes off at 5:00 a.m.
一般過去時 表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday, in 1996, two years ago ,last month, the day before yesterday, the other day 等表示過去的時間狀語連用。 The Great Wall came into being in 221BC.
過去一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)�；蚍磸�(fù)發(fā)生的行為，常與every day, often, sometimes等時間狀語連用，used to , would常用來表示過去經(jīng)�；蚍磸�(fù)發(fā)生的行為。Would 不接表示認(rèn)識或狀態(tài)的詞，但used to 不受限制。 When I was in the factory, I often worked in the workshop.
We used to get up at five every morning when were at school.
We would ask him for advice when we had trouble with our English.
He used to like football when I was at middle school.
過去發(fā)生的一系列動作 The professor put one finger in his mouth, tasted it, and smiled with satisfaction.
在時間，條件，方式讓步狀語從句中用一般過去時表過去將來時。
He said he would let us know if he got any news.
He promised that he would buy some copies for us when he went there.
I didn’t know you bought the present for me.
語境中的過去時，往往表示“剛剛，剛才，”之意，暗示現(xiàn)在已“不再這樣”
一般將來時 Shall/will +動詞原形1 單純表將來2 不用于條件句中3 表必然的將來4 表意愿，決心 He will be thirty years old next year.
If you will wait here, the manage will be back 10 mins later.
Be going to 1計劃打算干2, 客觀跡象預(yù)示 Look at the clouds, there is going to be a storm.
If you are going to do it, you had better do it well.
Be on the point of /be about to 不與時間狀語連用，但可和when 從句連用
Be to 1 預(yù)定要做 2 表示命令，禁止應(yīng)該3 注定 We are to finish the work before five this year.
No one is to leave the cinema without the police’s police’s permission
瞬間動詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表將來。 Go start, set out, leave , reach, arrive, return, come, move, take off They are moving Nanjing for Guangzhou on Sunday.
祈使句/短語+and/or +主語+will
Work hard and you’ll succeed
A bit more effort, and you will succeed.
將來完成時 表示在將來的一個特定時刻將成為過去的動作或該時刻剛剛結(jié)束的動作 I shall have finished this one before lunch.
I hope we'll have got the instructions (說明書) ready before you come tomorrow.
過去將來時 Was/were going to
Was/were to
Was about to
Was/were + 現(xiàn)在分詞
Was/were on the point of
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 表示現(xiàn)在（說話瞬間）正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作 Look! The boy is dozing off.
表示當(dāng)前一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作。（說話時動作不一定正在進(jìn)行） How are you getting along with your English these days.
表示說話人對主語的行為表贊嘆或厭惡。（常與always, constantly, continually 等副詞連用） The children are always making trouble.
She is always asking the same question.
瞬間動詞表將來
過去進(jìn)行時 表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作。這一特定的過去時間，除有上下文暗示外，一般和時間狀語連用。
表示說話人對主語的行為表贊嘆或厭惡。（常與always, constantly, continually 等副詞連用）
瞬間動詞表將來
描寫故事的背景 It was winter. The north wind has blowing hard and a heavy snow was falling. A poor little girl was walking in the street.
用在復(fù)合句中
He was reading while his wife was cooking.
While he was driving, he was thinking about the matter.
不與時間狀語連用，表示逐漸的發(fā)展 It was getting darker.
現(xiàn)在完成時 對現(xiàn)在的影響或動作與狀態(tài)的持續(xù)
常與有介詞for, during, in within, over 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用 We have discussed the topic (for) the last 3 weeks.
I haven’t seen him in the recent years.
表示反復(fù)或習(xí)慣性的動作，常與
several times, once, twice, 等頻度副詞
連用 I have watched him several times.
He has been to London twice.
用在時間，條件狀語從句中，表示從句動作先于主句動作之前已完成。 I will give my opinion after I have read through the book.
We will set out at once if the rain has stopped
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 表示從過去某一時刻開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，甚至將來。（強(qiáng)調(diào)進(jìn)行的過程） He is ill. he has been lying in bed for three weeks.
She is very tired. she has been typing letters all day.
一直到現(xiàn)在為止的一段時間內(nèi)一再反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動作 All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
過去完成時 表示過去的過去；一直延續(xù)到過去某一點(diǎn)的動作或狀態(tài)。 I received a letter from a friend yesterday. We had not heard from each other since 1990
表示原本打算實(shí)現(xiàn)而未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望或計劃。常用此結(jié)構(gòu)德動詞有hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, intend 等 We had hoped to catch the 9:30 train, but we failed to.
They had expected to get what they needed, but there was nothing there.
用于no sooner… than; hardly… when的句型中 I had no sooner returned than he called.
時態(tài) 比較 過去進(jìn)行時表示在過去某一時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作。一般過去時表示動作的完成 Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.
Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.
現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果或動作已完成
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作在繼續(xù) We have discussed the question with him.
We have been discussing the question with him all evening.
固定句型 By the end of By the end of last term, we had learned 2000 words.
By the end of this term, we will have learned…
It is the first time
It was the first time
It is high time that It is the first time that you have visited our school.
It was the first time that you had visited…
It is high time that you came here.
2． 語態(tài)
主動表被動 及物動詞作不及物用＋副詞 （hardly, easily, badly, nicely, well, smoothly）等時。常用動詞有act, add, bend, close, lock, cut, begin, move, open, read, sell, teach, translate, wash, wear, write 等，主語往往是物而不是人。 The pen write well.
Wood burns easily.
The car drives smoothly.
The case locks easily.
形容詞 ＋不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式與句子主語有動賓關(guān)系時。
要注意如果句中的主語是不定式的邏輯主語時用主動語態(tài)，否則用被動。 The picture is pleasant to look at.
I found his theory hard to understand.
I found my theory hard to be understood.
介詞短語 in sight, on show, on sale, under construction作表語或定語表被動。 The new railway under construction will be completed soon.
Be worth, be missing , in need of , remaining, want/need/require be to blame be to let The teaching method is in need of improving.
There is no remaining money here.
The house is to let
連系動詞：表感覺的 appear, feel, prove, taste ,表變化的 become, come fall, grow, turn,表依舊的continue, lie, remain, stay, stand Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.
某些動詞以物做主語，進(jìn)行時表被動eg. Print, cook, fry, hang, build, make The dinner is cooking.
The book is printing.
The house is building.
被動表主動 Burn, devote, dress, hide, seat, love, wear, tire+oneself +介詞＝be+ed +介詞 He seats himself on the bench.
Affect, amuse, astonish, delight, disappoint, discourage, encourage, excite, frighten, inspire, move, strike, touch, upset, worry等用于 sb+be+ed sth+be + ing 作定語ed+sb ing+sth He was too frightened to move.
不用被動語態(tài) Come about, occur, break out, belong to, happen, succeed, fail, add up to, take place, come into being, cost, set sail for, take part in, give out, come true, lose heart, play a part in
雙重被動式 常用的動詞有wish, expect, advise, mean, believe, suppose, order, allow The book is believed to have been translated into French.
The sports meet was never expected to be put off.
Get, become, go ,come ,feel, grow, seem, look 可以作為系動詞在口語中使用 I grew excited and a little frightened.
He seemed satisfied with my offer
Five soldiers got wounded in the battle.
高考對于進(jìn)行體的�？键c(diǎn)
1． 一個長動作作為背景，被一個短動作打斷，長動作往往用進(jìn)行體，短動作用一般體。
Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.
As he was reading the newspaper, granny fell asleep.
2. 表示動作的未完性，暫時性。
I don’t really work here. I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.
Selecting a mobile phone for a personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.
3. 表示現(xiàn)在或當(dāng)時發(fā)展中或正在進(jìn)行的情況。
I don’t think Jim saw me; he was just staring into space.
I first met Lisa 3 years ago. She was working at a radio shop at that time.