第一章 名詞性從句
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。 名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱(chēng)為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
一． 主語(yǔ)從句
主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較
It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如：
a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那場(chǎng)電影真可惜。
b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我對(duì)你成功與否不感興趣。
c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）
d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗戶(hù)。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）
2. 用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)
(1) It is ＋ 名詞 ＋ 從句
It is a fact that … 事實(shí)是…
It is an honor that …非常榮幸
It is common knowledge that …是常識(shí)
(2) It is ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 從句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) It is ＋ 不及物動(dòng)詞 ＋ 從句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It ＋ 過(guò)去分詞 ＋ 從句
It is reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道…
It has been proved that… 已證實(shí)…
It is said that… 據(jù)說(shuō)…
3. 主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況：
（1）if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。
（2）It is said /reported…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：
正確表達(dá)：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.
錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.
（3）It happens/occurs…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：
正確表達(dá)：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：
正確表達(dá)：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.
（5）含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：
正確表達(dá)：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Is that will rain in the evening likely?
4. what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別
what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語(yǔ)．賓語(yǔ)．表語(yǔ)，而that 則不然。例如：
a) What you said yesterday is right.
b) That she is still alive is a consolation
二．賓語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 (及物動(dòng)詞) 或介詞之后。
1. 作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)
(1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(that 通�？梢允÷�), 例如：
I heard that be joined the army. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)他參軍了。
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，例如：
a) She did not know what had happened. 她不知道發(fā)生了什么。
b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。
(3) 動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她對(duì)我說(shuō)她會(huì)接受我的邀請(qǐng)。
2. 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。
3. 作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。
注意：that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語(yǔ)：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類(lèi)詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
4. it 可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)
it 不僅可以作為形式主語(yǔ)，還可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)而真正的賓語(yǔ)that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)她下個(gè)朋就會(huì)結(jié)婚了。
5. 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動(dòng)詞
這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類(lèi)詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：
正確表達(dá)：I admire their winning the match.
錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：I admire that they won the match.
6. 不可用that從句作直接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞
有些動(dòng)詞不可用于“動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見(jiàn)的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
正確表達(dá)：He impressed the manager as an honest man.
錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.
7. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移
若主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上，從句謂語(yǔ)用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。
三. 表語(yǔ)從句
表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，放在系動(dòng)詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)從句”。可以接表語(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that�？墒÷�。另外，常用的還有the reason is that… 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四. 同位語(yǔ)從句
同位語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語(yǔ)的名詞性從句。
1. 同位語(yǔ)從句的功能
同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)f(shuō)明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2. 同位語(yǔ)在句子中的位置
同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開(kāi)。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
3. 同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
(1) 定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)），而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。
(2) 定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。）（同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分）
高一英語(yǔ)名詞性從句專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)
1．____he does has nothing to do with me.
A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If
2. The manager came over and asked the customer how____
A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about
C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about
3. Energy is ____makes thing work..
A. what B. something C. anything D. that
4. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
5. This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.
A. there B. in which C. where D. when
6. They have no idea at all____.
A. where he has gone B. where did he go
C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone
7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.
A. that B. which C. of which D. of that
8. The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.
A. that ;had to leave B. that; should leave
C. /; must leave D. when; should leave
9. ___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether
10. The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.
A. that B. which C. whether D. if
11. Is _____he said really true?
A. that B. what C. why D. whether
12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.
A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where
13. It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.
A. while B. if C. that D. for
14. ???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.
A. Whether B. This C. who D. If
15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.
A. What B. That C. Whether D. If
16. ____you don’t like him is none of my business.
A. What B. That C. Who D. How
17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.
A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what
18. ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.
A. What B. It C. All that D. That
19. It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.
A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped
20. ____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
Keys:
1-5 ABABC 6-10 AABAC 11-15 BBCAB 16-20 BCBAA