Brief Statements Based on the Unit
The topic of this unit is about the human being’s 1ife in the future．This unit is made up of warming up，listening，speaking，pre-reading，reading，post-reading，language study and integrating skills．These tasks will be finished in five periods．
In the first period，we’ll do warming up，listening and speaking to improve the student’s listening and speaking abilities．At the same time．a(chǎn)rouse the students’interest in the topic of this unit．
In the second period，we’ll finish the task 0f pre-reading,reading and post-reading．In post-reading，let the students give free rein to their imagination by discussing some questions．We’11 read a passage about 1ife in the future．It will tell us what the human being’s life will be like in the future．In the meanwhile we’ll learn some useful words and expressions．
The third period consists of two parts：Word study and Grammar-Noun Clauses．
Through word study we’ll revise some words and phrases，which are related to the topic of this unit．As to the grammar：Noun clauses,we can master them by doing more practical practice given in the textbook and workbook．
The main purpose of the fourth period is to train the students’reading and writing abilities by reading and writing a short pas-sage about 1ife in the future．
In the last period,we’ll deal with the grammer in this unit-Noun C1auses．
In a word,we can train the students’listening,speaking,reading and writing abilities by doing the exercises the textbook and the workbook provide．
Ⅱ.Teaching Goals
1．Talk about life in the future．
2．Practise making predictions．
3．Learn about Noun Clauses(2)．
4．Write a definition paragraph．
Ⅲ．Teaching Time：Five periods：
Ⅳ．Background Information
1.World in the Future
Scientists think that wonderful things may come true in the future．Future means a time that not yet come．It can be a short time from now or a long time from now．Some of the underwater wonders are almost ready to come true now．Others won’t come true,we think，until a long time from now．Some,of course．may never come true-but
who knows for sure?They may．What are some of the wonders that may come true in the future?
Let’s go back to dry land and take a future journey the other way--up instead of down．
Huge rocket liners take you into space to visit the Moon Camp．You walk around on the moon in s special moon suit．You visit an observatory where a giant telescope looks far into space--farther than anyone has ever been able to see from Earth．You go deep down into one of the moon mines．
After you have visited the moon,you visit the Mars Colony and the Venus Explo-ration Outpost．
Let’s go back to Earth．
In the far，far future，girls-and boys,too--may be playing with dolls that look like the people of the planets visited by our space-man．
To control or run all kinds of toys,boys and girls may learn to use special ccmputers--machines that answer questions and do arithmetic faster than you can think．
Bicycles and perhaps skates may be run by jet power,and a new thing to ride may be a small flying saucer．Imagine a race between them!
There may be telepathy helmets that send thought waves from your brain to that
of your friend miles away．You just think a thought and your friend knows it!You can have secrets with each other that nobody else can turn it on!
There will be other surprises in the future．How would you like to have a robot
playmate?
Having robot playmates may not be so much fun as it seems．But maybe a boy with a wrench and a screwdriver can fix the robot so that it won’t be too perfect!
What about the food of the future? Scientists think that much of it will be artificialmade in factories from such surprising things as coal．1imestone。air and water．
You don’t think that ice-cream or cake or candy or even bread and potatoes made out of these things will taste very good．You may be wrong．These artificial things will be blended so skillfully be food chemists that the food of the future probably wi11 be delicious．It probably will also be healthful be-cause life will be put into it．
Scientists of the future will almost certainly find other ways to make life last longer．They probably will find cures for most diseases．Hospitals will probably have“body banks”that can give you almost any new part you need to keep on living．People of the future may live to be a lot older than 100 years．
Are you wondering whether there’11 be television in the future? There’ll almost certainly be wonderful programs. Television screens probably wi11 be large and flat，hanging on the wall or going across the four walls of a room．People on the screen will look real as if they were right in the room with you．What about highways of the future? Well, a very small child probably will be able to drive a car．Nobody will need to steer．Electric signals will hold each car on the right road to get wherever the“Driver”wants to go．And it probably will be impossible for cars to smash together。Controllers that won’t even have to be touched will make all speeding cars miss each other or will put on the brakes．Driving in a car will be as safe as being at home．
But maybe the most wonderful surprise in the future will be weather control，Cities may have giant plastic domes over them to keep out snow，rain，or storms．
When you plan a picnic in a park。you won't have to worry about rain．It will rain only when the“ weatherman”thinks it is needed to freshen the air inside the city．All other days will be fair and warm．
The future should be a wonderful time in which to live．But the time you are living in now was also“ a wonderful future”to the people who lived 100 years ago．
2。Three Things That Will Change Your Life
Today our lives are changing faster than at any time in history．Here we report on three important changes that will have a big impact on our everyday lives in the future．
The cashless society Cash and bank-notes wi1l disappear almost completely．They will be replaced by smart cards--plastic cards with microchip processors“l(fā)oaded”
with some money．When we pay for goods．the retailer w1l insert our smart card into a payment terminal and money w．1l be transferred from our card to the retailer's card．When all the money is used up，we will be able to“re-load”it by inserting it into a telephone，dialing our bank account and transferring money to the card from the account．1f we want to transfer money from our card to a bank ac-count．we will use the same method．Smart cards will be able to hold several different currencies at the same time．so if we go aboard．we will use our smart cards in the same way．
Interactive telephones Human telephone operators will be sharply replaced by talking computers．These computers will recognize speech．a(chǎn)sk us what information we need，access the information from a database，and convert it to speech．If we want to book a flight or pay a bill by phone，we will interact with a talking computer to do SO．Of course，this won't happen until all the technology is
in place，but when it is we will soon get used to interacting with computers in this way．Human telephone operators will be used only for more complex operations
such as dealing with complaints or solving concrete problems．
Intelligent cars Traffic congestion in cities will be reduced because drivers will use electronic route maps to find the quickest route to their destination and avoid traffic jams．Congestion will also decrease when electronic systems start changing motorists for driving in cities．As soon as motorists have to pay to drive in cities，they will stop Using their cars and use public transport instead．
Speed control systems will be built into cars．These systems will automatically regulate the speed of the car to take account of traffic and weather conditions and prevent accidents．It will be many years before these changes bring results but when they do，there will be a titanic improvement in road safety．
The First Period
Teaching Aims：
1.EnCoLlrage the students to use their imagination to talk about life in the future．
2.Train the students'1istening ability．
3.Improve the students’ speaking ability by practising making predictions．
Teaching Important Points：
1. Train the studcnts'1istening ability．
2. Let the students give free rein to their1 imagination.
Teaching Difficult Points：
1．How do improve the students' listening ability．
2．How to finish the task of speaking.
Teaching Methods:
1．Listening-and-answering activity to help the students go through the listening material．
2．Individual，pair or group work to make every student work in class．
Teaching Aids：
1．some pictures
2．a(chǎn) tape recorder
3，a projector
4．the blackboard
Teaching Procedures：
Step I Greetings and Lead-in
T：Good morning／afternoon，everyone.
Ss：Good morning／afternoon，teacher.
T：Sit down，please．Now we're having a class in a bight and spacious class-room with modern equipment such as radios and computers．And we all live a happy life today．We can get whatever we want．Do you know how did people live in the past?
(One student stands up．)
S：When I was a child，my great-grandfather often told me the stories of him in the past. He often got hungry and didn’t have enough money to go to school and had no chance…I think people live a miserable life in the past.
T：Yeah．People lived a hard in the past．With the development of science and technology, people's life has changed a lot．Now we all live happily. What do you imagine life will be like in the future? Today we are going to study Unit 6 Life in the future. (Bb: Unit 6 Life in the future)It will tell us what life will be like in the future.
Step Ⅱ Warming up
T：Now let's first have a discussion about the future of one of the areas in our books．Discuss them in groups of four．After a while，I'1l ask one of you to re-
port the results．
T：Now please discuss some questions．(Show the picture and questions on the screen．)
How will people travel in the future?
Where will they go? Why?
(Give the students another two minutes to discuss．)
T：Who’d like to tell me how people will travel in the future and where they will
go and why?
(One Student puts up his hand．)
T：Oh，Li Jun，you have a try．
S：I think people will travel by using public transport．Electric cars will be
traveling through the streets day and night．Anybody will be able to stop one and take it．They can go wherever they want．
S：I think people will travel by car，which doesn't burn gas，but solar energy．In-
stead of wheels，the car needs a Cushion of air．Thus。it can float in the air．You
can go wherever you want as long as you press a button on the computer in the
car．What's more，it won't cause any pollution．
(And then ask some Students to re-port．)
How wi1l people communicate in the future?
S: People will communicate with each other with computers, which are set in the watches.
Where will people work in the future?
What kind of jobs will they have?
S：People wil1 work at home．The only thing that people do is to control the robots by pressing the buttons on t11e computer and let them work for us．
How will people do business in the future?
What kind of money will they use?
S：By the year 2l00，shops will no longer exist．Computers will have replaced them，and people will order goods from home．Instead of paper money，they will use credit cards．
What languages will people speak in the future?
Will people still speak Chinese and Eng1ish?
S：Instead of any language，people Will use code to talk with each other．If they use a language to communicate，I think t11ey Will speak Chinese．Because our country will be the strongest one．
What will schools be like in the future?
What subjects will people study?
S：Schools will be set up on the Internet．Students can stay at home and use computers to study．We can also down-load some information．We'll study social sciences，natural sciences and so on．Schooling wi11 be much more interesting and effective．
(After discussing all the questions，the teacher says the following．)
T：In spite of all these changes，man in the future will still have a lot in common with us．They wi1l have thoughts and emotions similar to ours．Anyhow，they will be human beings．
Step Ⅲ Listening
T：Now open your books at Page 42．Let's do some Listening．First Part 1．You're going to listen to a letter about Mekanika's life．Listen carefully and pay
attention to the year when she is living，the place where she 1ives,the things that happened to the people on the earth and the reason why she is writing you this letter．Write down what you hear．At last I'll check the answers with you．Is that clear?
Ss：Yes．
T：OK．Let's begin．
(Teacher plays the tape for the first time．Then plays for the second time，during which time teacher may pause for the students to write down the in-formation
．Finally teacher checks the answers in Part l with the whole class．)
T：Next listen to Part 2 and do the two exercises in them．
(Teacher lets the students go through the Exx in Part 2 and then plays the tape for the students．At last check the answers．)
Step Ⅳ Speaking
T：NOW look at the picture in Speaking Part．There are two girls in the picture．One girl is working on the computer．The other is making a phone call．Can you find anything different between them?
Ss：No．They are the same．Maybe they are twins．
T：No，they aren't twins．One of them is cloned．With the development of technology，scientists will be able to clone persons as well as animals．Suppose the year is 2089 and scientists have discovered how to make“doubles”，ex-act copies of a person that can do everything the original can do．Now work in groups of four to discuss the question whether the new techno1ogy should be used．First give your opinion and tell the reason．Write it in your textbooks．After that make up a short dialogue,
using the information in your books and the useful expressions on the blackboard.
(Bb：It would be wonderful if…
It would be bad for…if…
It’s possible/impossible to predict…
No one can predict what／when…
Just imagine if…
We can only guess…)
(Teacher gives the students four minutes to prepare in groups of four and then asks some groups to read their dialogues before the class．)
Sample dialogue：
SA：With the development of science and techno1ogy，the double would be made in the future．I think it would be a good idea to have a double. Because we could use the double to do the things we don't enjoy，for example, we could let the double finish our homework．
SC：I agree with you．I would 1ike to have a double, too，because I don't have time to do all the things I'd like to do．For example，if I didn't have time to watch an exciting football game, I would let the double watch it.
SB：I don't agree with you．I think having a double might be dangerous because you don't know what the double might do．For example，the double might steal what they what they want or kill the person they hate.
SD：Yes，they might do something wrong. What's more，having doubles would make people confused，because no one would know who the double really was or how to treat it．For example, the double wouldn’t have any parents and no one would see to them.
SC：But having a double would be wonderful，because you could let the double do whatever you want them to do．
SA：Having a double would also be good because the double could attend an important meeting instead of you if you were ill．
SD：But I think it would be bad for society if people had doubles because they would make trouble for our society.
Step V Summary and Homework
T：Today we've done some listening and speaking and known how to make pre- dictions．Besides，we've also learnt some useful expressions on the black- board．After class．write down the dialogue you made in your exercise books and preview the reading passage on Page 43．
Step Ⅵ The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard
Unit 6 Life in the future
The First Period
Useful expressions:
It would be wonderful if…
It would be bad for…if…
It's possible／impossible to predict…
No one can predict what／when…
Just imagine if…
We can only guess…
Step Ⅶ Record after Teaching
_____________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
The Second Period
Teaching Aims：
1.Learn and master the following expressions：
in general，catch a glimpse of，keep in touch with，pay attention to，lead to，in store
2．Improve the students' reading ability．
3．Let the students know something about the life in the future．
Teaching Important Points：
1．Improve the students' reading ability．
2．Master the following phrases：
in general, catch a glimpse of, keep in touch with，pay attention to,1ead to, in store
3．Enable the students to understand the text better.
Teaching Difficult Point：
How to make the students understand the reading passage better．
Teaching Methods：
1．Discussion before reading to make students become interested in what they will learn．
2．Scaning the text to get a general idea of the text．
3．Careful reading to get the detailed information in the text．
4．Individual，pair or group work to make every student work in class．
Teaching Aids：
1．a(chǎn) multimedia
2．a(chǎn) tape recorder
3．the blackboard
Teaching Procedures：
Step I Greetings and Lead-in
Greet the whole class as usual．
T：Do you like watching plays?
Ss：Yes．
T：Now I'll show you three plays．Watch carefully. After that I'll ask you a
question．
(Teacher shows the plays．After that，teacher says the following．)
T：What differences have you found in these plays? Who’d like to answer this question? Any volunteers?
S：I think the ways that people work are different．In the first play，some people are working by hand．In the second play．some people are working with machines while some people are giving orders to robots to work for them in the last one．
T: Yes．Our society is developing very fast, so our life has also changed a lot．
With the development of science and technology, our life now is quite dif-ferent from that in the past．Do you want to know what life wi11 be like in the future?
Ss：Yes．
T：Today we are going to read a passage about life in the future．
Step Ⅱ Pre-reading
T：Now first let's learn some new words on Page 110．
(Teach the words and explain them to the students．Then ask the students to read after the tape．At last teacher says the following．)
T：OK．Now I want you to discuss four questions. Look at the screen．
(Teacher uses the multimedia to show the questions on the screen．)
1．How will people shop in the future?
2．How will people travel in the future?
3．What will schools be like in the future?
4．What will the future be like in genera1?
(Teacher gives the students four minutes to discuss and then collects their answers．Finally ask them to read the text to find out the answers to the questions．)
Step Ⅲ Reading
T：OK．Please open your books at Page 43．Read the passage quickly to find out in which paragraph you can find the answers to the questions discussed just now．
(Teacher gives the students enough time to read the text and then collects their answers．)
Suggested answers：
1．How will people shop in the future?
Paragraph 3
People can do online shopping(on the Internet)and they can go to a pleasant mall using smart cards．
2．How will people travel／in the future?
Paragraph 2
We'll travel by car／taxi／bus／train that burns new fuels and uses new engines that will let us travel without worrying about whether we are polluting the environment
3．What will schools be like in the future?
Paragraph 5
In the future，there may be more“ schools on the air ”and “e-schools”．We can study at home by watching educators on TV or on a computer screen．
4．What will the future be like in general?
Paragraph 1
In general，the future will be brighter and our life will be more convenient．
T：Now read the passage again and then answer the questions on the screen．This time，you should read slowly and carefully．
(Show the following questions on the screen．)
1．What will happen in the field of health and medicine in the future?
2．Can you explain the meaning of e-learning?
3．Why is it important to be lifelong learners?
4．What should we do to make sure we will have a bright future?
(Teacher gives the students five minutes to read the text carefully．Finally ask some students to answer the questions on the screen．They can have a discussion in pairs if necessary．)
T：Now，who can answer the first question? Guo Li，would you like to have a try?
S：People in the future will be able to enjoy a longer and healthier life and re- main active even in old age。People wi1l pay more attention to the importance of a healthy diet and an active life．Some new diseases such as SARS，smallpox have already been defeated by new medicines．
T：Good．Please sit down. Now, let’s answer the second question. Who wants to have a try?
S：Let me try. “E-learning” means to learn on the Internet. That is to say, we can study by watching educators on TV or on a computer screen, whenever we have time and wherever we are．
T：Do you agree with his／her answer?
Ss：Yes．
T：OK．Now，who has got the answer to the third question?
S：I have．Because knowledge is changing all the time，it is important and necessary to be lifelong learners．
T：That's right．Anybody volunteers to answer the 1ast question?
S：We should try to learn to accept change and appreciate what is new and differ- net．And we should learn more knowledge to fit in with the needs of the society．
Step Ⅳ Explanation
T：Now you have known the general idea of the passage．But you should also pay attention to some useful phrases．Let's look at their usages．
(Show the following on the screen．)
1．In general，boys like playing football more than girls．
2．I caught a glimpse of a high building from the window of a train．
3．Mr. Wang kept in touch with his old friends by mobilephone．
4．You should pay more attention to your pronunciation.
5．Hard work leads to success．
6．I have some good news in store for you.
(Bb：in general，catch a glimpse of, keep in touch with, pay attention to，lead to，in store)
(Teacher explains the underlined phrases．Then ask some students to translate these sentences into Chinese．One student，one sentence．)
S：1．一般來說．男孩比女孩更喜歡踢足球。
S：2．透過火車車窗，我瞥見一座高樓。
S：3．王先生用手機同他的老朋友保持聯(lián)系。
S：4．你應多注意你的發(fā)音。
S：5．努力就會成功。
S：6．我有一些好消息要告訴你。
Step V Listening and Discussion
T：Now listen to the tape and follow it in a low voice．Pay attention to your pronunciation and intonation．
(Teacher plays the tape．After that, teacher gives the students a few minutes to read the text aloud．At last ask the students to have a discussion．)
T:OK．Now look at the screen．I give you several minutes to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the following things：future transportation，smart cards，online shopping and e-schools．
Then fill in the table on the screen．
(Show the screen．)
advantages disadvantages
future
transportation
smart cards
online shopping
e-schools
(Students begin to have a discussion and after a while teacher asks some students to fill in the table．)
Suggested answers:
Step Ⅵ Summary and Homework
T:Today we've read a passage about life in the future．We’ve learned what will
happen in the fields of transportation，business, health and medicine and education and knowledge in the future．At the same time．we've also learned some useful phrases．After class，read the passage again and again until you can recite it．Besides，don't forget to preview “Word study and Grammar” in the next period．
Well,that’s all for today．Class is over．
Step Ⅶ The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard
Unit 6 Life in the future
The Second Period
Useful phrases:
in general catch a glimpse of
lead to keep in touch with
in store pay attention to
Step Ⅷ Record after Teaching
__________________________________________
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
The Third Period
Teaching Aims：
1．Review the words and expressions learned in the last two periods．
2．Learn and master the Noun Clause used as the Subject．Object and Predicative．
Teaching Important Points：
1．How to guess the missing word according to the given sentence．
2．How to master the usages of the Noun Clause used as the Subject，Object and Predicative．
Teaching Difficult Points：
1．The choice of the connectives．
2．The word order in the Noun Clauses used as the Subject。Object and Predicative．
Teaching Methods：
1．Review method to consolidate the words and expressions learned in the last two pe-riods．
2. Explanation and inductive methods to make the students master the usages of the Noun Clauses used as the Subject，Object and Predicative．
3．Individual or pair work to make every student work in class．
Teaching Aids：
l. a projector
2．the blackboard
Teaching Procedures：
Step I Greetings and Revision
Greet the whole class as usual.
T：Yesterday we learnt a passage about life in the future．Who can tell me what the future will be 1ike?
S：Let me try．In the future, we will travel by car，taxi，bus or train that won't pollute the air any more．We’ll buy things on the Internet instead of in the shop．
And we’ll be able to enjoy a longer and healthier life…
Step Ⅱ Word Study
T：Very good．In the text．we also learnt some important words and expressions．Now let’s have a dictation．Take out a piece of paper and write them down on it．
(Teacher dictates the words and expressions learnt in the last two periods.
Including forcast，trend．Urban consumer，tiny，customer, cash，regularly．effort，and physician．After that，let the students hand them in．)
T：OK．Now look at Language Study on Page 45．First look at Ex．I in Word study．Read the sentences and find a word from what we dicatated just now to complete each. You are given five minutes to do it．Read first and then complete the sentences according to the meaning of them．Is that clear?
Ss：Yes．
T：OK．First do it by yourselves．Then discuss them in pairs．After a while，I’ll ask some of you to say you’re answers and give the Chinese meaning of each sentence．
(After a while，teacher checks their answers and corrects the mistake if any．Teacher can give some explanations．)
Suggested answers：
1．forecast 你聽天氣預報了嗎? 明天天氣會怎么樣?
2．trend 在中國許多地方使用信用卡已成為一種趨勢。
3．urban 許多人想在都市工作而在農(nóng)村生活。
4．consumers 根據(jù)中國法律，被廠家欺騙的顧客可以得到兩倍賠償。
5．customers 因特網(wǎng)有助于廠家和顧客保持聯(lián)系。
6．tiny 計算機越來越小，有一天我們會在脖子或手腕上帶上計算機。
7．cash 旅游時帶許多現(xiàn)金是不好的，你最好用銀行卡。
8．regularly 這兩位女孩以前定期見面,但自從其中一個搬到另一個省后．她們就不能見面了。
9. physician 內科醫(yī)師就是給病人看病開藥方的醫(yī)生。
lO.efforts 學習外語需要付出很大努力。
T：Well done．Now look at Ex2．Choose the correct phrase to fill in each blank．First look at the phrases in the box．Let’s revise the meanings of them together．(Students say the Chinese meanings of the phrases together．) Now you're given three minutes to finish it．
(After a while，teacher checks their answers.)
Suggested answers：
In general, in store, keep in touch with, lead to, paying no attention to
T：Now read this passage again and try to continue the story．Write an ending to the story．After a while，I'll ask some of you to read out your story．
(After a while，ask some students to read out their own ending to the story．)
Step Ⅲ Grammar
T：Thank you for your stories．Now please look at the sentences on the blackboard．
(While the students are preparing their stories，the teacher writes the following sentences on the black-board and underlines the clauses with coloured chalk．)
(Bb：1．Who bought the book is un-known?
2．They know that the habit may kill them．
3．All I can say is that he has always been good to me．)
T：Who can tell me the function of the clause in each sentence? Any volunteers? OK．Wang Li，please．
S：In the first sentence，“who-clause” is used as the Subject．“That-clause” in the second sentence is an object clause while in the last sentence “that-clause” is a predicative clause．
T：Is what she said right?
Ss：Yes．
T：Very good．In the Object Clause“that”is optional and can be omitted．But in the Predicative and Subject Clauses，“that”is necessary and can not be omitted．You must remember that．Are you clear?
Ss：Yes．
T：OK．Look at the sentences on the screen and tell which part the Noun Clause act as．
(Show the following on the screen．)
1．What life will be like in the future is difficult ot predict．
2．They are careful about what they eat and exercise regularly．
3．The schools of the future will proba-bly be quite different from what they are today．
4．We can not be sure whether our dreams will come true，but we can at least be hopeful that…
5．If we learn to accept change and appreciate what is new and different, we will be well-prepared for whatever the future may have in store．
(Teacher asks the students to do it one by one．)
S1：“What life will be like in the future” is used as the subject．
S2：“What they eat and exercise regularly” is the object of preposition“about”．
S3：“What they are today” is the object of preposition “from”．
S4：“Whether our dreams will come true” is used as the predicative．
S5：“What is new and different” is used as the object of verb “appreciate” and
“whatever the future may have in store” serves as the object of preposition “for”
Step Ⅳ Practice
T：OK．Look at Part 2 on Page 46．Use the expressions in the right box to change your questions about the future in the left box into Noun Clauses．You may do like this．
e.g．How we should use modern technology is a big issue．But you should pay attention to the word order in the Notm Clause．Normal word order is used in it. Do you understand?
Ss：Yes．
(Give the students three minutes to practise and then ask some of the students to read out their sentences．
One student, one sentence．)
Suggested answers：
1.I can’t imagine what the advantages of e-schools are．
2．Scientists have(not)found answers to the question why there is no life on the moon.
3．The problem is how we should use modern technology．
4．We cannot be sure when we’ll be able to travel in space．
5．They are worried about whether robots will be smarter than people．
6．We cannot be sure whether the future will be better．
T：Now let’s do the exercise in Part 3．The main purpose of this exercise is to
help you understand the differences between a Noun Clause and an Attributive C1ause．Who’d like to tell me the differences between them?
S：I’d Iike to try．A Noun Clause is used as a subject，object，predicative or op-
positive in the main clause．An Attributive Clause serves as an attribute to
some noun or pronoun in the main clause，and it is often placed after this noun or pronoun．The Attributive Clause is introduced by the relative pronouns and the relative adverbs．
T：Very good．Sit down please．Now please read the sentences in Part 3 first．Then identify the type of clause in the sentences．If it is a Noun C1ause，write“NC”；if it is an Attributive C1ause，write“AC”．Are you clear?
Ss：Yes．
T：Now you are given three minutes to prepare it．
(Three minutes 1ater，ask five students to say their answers one by one．)
Suggested answers!
1．NC 2．NC 3．AC 4．AC 5．NC
T：Well done．Now look at Part 4．Re-write the sentences so that they be-come the type of noun clauses in brackets．If you have any problem，you can look at the example．
(Teacher gives them four minutes to finish it．After that, ask the students to read out their sentences．)
Suggested answers：
1．We must make sure what is needed to open an online store．
2．How we can develop transportation without polluting the environment is still a problem．
3．We don’t know when we’ll have the medicine that can cure any disease．
4．All I want to know is whose book you are reading．
5．Why it is important for us to become lifelong learners is being discussed．
That is why it is important for us to be-come lifelong learners．He has told me why it is important for us to become lifelong learners．
Step V Summary and Homework
T：OK．Today we’ve reviewed the words and phrases we learned in the last two periods．We’ve also learned the Noun Clauses as the Subject，Object and Predicative．You should pay attention to the word order in the Noun Clause and the differences between a Noun Clause and an Attributive Clause．After class，review the content we learnt，especially the Attributive Clause and the Noun Clause as the Subject，Objectand Predicative．Time is up．That’s all for today．
Step Ⅵ The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard
Unit 6 Life in the future
The Third Period
Grammar：the Noun Clause
1．Who bought the book is unknown．
the Subject Clause
2．They know that the habit may kill them.
the Object Clause
3．All I can say is
that he has always been good to me.
the Predicative Clause
Step Ⅶ Record after Teaching
____________________________________
The Fourth Period
Teaching Aims：
1．Review the useful expressions learnt in this unit by doing some exercises．
2．Do some exercises to consolidate the Noun Clause．
3．Do some reading and writing practice to improve the students’integrating skills．
Teaching Important Points：
1．Help the students master the Noun Clause better．
2．Help the students learn to write a defini-tion paragraph．
3．Improve the students’integrating skills．
Teaching Diffcult POint：
How to improve the students’integrating skills.
Teaching Methods：
1．Revision method to help the students mas-ter the useful expressions and the Noun Clause better．
2．Asking-and-answering activity to go through the reading material．
3．Individual，pair or group work to make ev-ery student work in class．
Teaching Aids：
1．a(chǎn) projector
2．a(chǎn) tape recorder
3．the blackboard
Teaching Procedures：
Step I Greetings
Greet the whole class as usual.
Step Ⅱ Revision
T：Yesterday we learned grammar--the Noun Clause．First look at the screen，please．
(Show the following on the screen．)
1．What life will be 1ike in the future is the topic for today’s class discussion．
2．Can you imagine what life will be like in the future?
3．One of the questions that few people can give answer to is what life will be
like in the future．
T：Study the sentences and find out what kind of Noun Clause the underlined part in each sentence is．
(The students prepare for a couple of minutes．Then the teacher may ask some student to say their answers．)
Suggested answers：
1．Subject Clause
2．Object Clause
3．Predicative Clause
T：Good．But generally speaking，it is hard for you to choose connectiyes in- troducing the Noun Clause．Only when you know the functions of the connectives can you use the Noun Clause as the Subject,Object，Predi-cative and Appositive freely．Now let’s do some exercises to consolidate what you have learnt．
(Show the following on the screen．)
Fill in the blanks with suitable connec-tives．
1．_______composition is the best is known to us a11.
2．He wondered________he was not al-lowed to go out alone．
3．______is to take Li Ming’s place is being discussed．
4．I got very angry with______he said．
5．My idea is_________we should ger more people to finish the work．
6．I wonder_________it is true or not．
7．The problem is___________we could help smokers kick their habit．
8．The news__________we had won in the match excited all．
9．We have no idea_________she was born．
10．That’s________we decided to put the meeting off.
Suggested answers：
1．Whose 2．why 3．Who 4．what 5．that 6．whether 7．how 8．that 9．when／where lO．why
T：In this unit，we’ve also learned some useful expressions．Do you remember them?Now let’s do an exercise to re-vise them．please look at the screen．
(Show the following on the screen．)
Complete the sentences，using the ex-pressions learnt in this unit．
1．_______his work has been good，but this essay is terrible．
2．You should________your friend by let-ter．
3．Please_________what I am saying．
4．He always keeps several baskets of apples________．
5．The misprint________great confusion．
6．He_______her before she vanished(消失)into the crowd．
7．His dream of being a famous singer________at last．
Suggested answers：
1．In general 2．keep in touch with
3．pay attention to 4．in store
5．led to 6．caught a glimpse of
7．came true
T：In this unit，we’ve also read a passage about life in the future．Now please
think out some words you can use to describe life in the future．
(After a while，ask some students to say out the words．)
Step Ⅲ Reading and Writing
T：OK．As we know，people’s life has
been changing．It’s getting better and better．What do you think life in the 3lst
century will be like?will it be the same as that today?
Ss：No．We think life in the 3lst century will be very different from that in this century．We’ll live more easily than today．We’ll have a machine do what we want them to．The only thing we need to do is to press the buttons on the computer．
T：OK．Thank you．Today we’re going to read a letter about the way people will
live more than one thousand years lat-er and we can know what the life in the 3lst century will be like．First let me explain some phrases to you：keep sb．Company,a bit and clear up．
(Show the following on the screen．)
1.keep sb．company：remain with sb．so that he is not alone．
e.g.He stayed at home to keep his wife company．
I’ll stay here and keep you company．
2．a(chǎn) bit：rather
e.g．He is feeling a bit tired．
The book costs a bit much．
3．clear up：put in order／make sth．Tidy
e.g．Clear up your desk before you leave the classroom．
Would you please clear up the cup-board?
(Bb：keep sb．Company,a bit，clear up)
T：Now open your books at Page 47．Look at Reading and Writing．Here is a letter from Mekanika．Now you’re given four minutes to read it．Then answer some questions under the letter．
(The students begin to read．After a while．teacher checks their compre-hension．)
T：Who’d like to tell me what you would use an e-friend for，if you had one?
(One students stands up．)
S：Let me try．If I had an e-friend．I would let him help me with what I couldn't do，keep me company,talk with me and help me with my homework．
(Another student begins to give the answer．)
S：I think I would have the e-friend help me take notes when I was listening to a lecture and play chess with me．Fur-thermor，I would let my e-friend help me if I was in trouble．
T：Thank you．Now the second question：Why is it sometimes difficult for Mek-anika to know what is real and what is an image?Any volunteer?
S：Because the world and people are imi-tated so well that we can see them，hear them，touch them，talk to them and feel them．They are just like the real world and real people．
T：OK．The last question：How is our 1ife different from the way people lived one thousand years ago?
S：Now life is much easier and more con-venient than in the past．We can keep in touch with each other by cellphone or by computer instead of by writing letters．
S：We can travel by car instead of on foot．We can buy things on the Inter-net．We can also get the latest infor-mation by surfing the Internet．
…
Step Ⅳ Listening and Reading Aloud
T：Now let’s listen to the tape．When I play it for the first time，just listen carefully．When I play it for the second time，please listen and repeat．Then read the passage aloud．Pay attention to your intonation．Are you clear?
S：Yes．
(Play the tape for the students to lis-ten．Then when the students read the passage．the teacher goes among them and corrects their mistakes in pronun-ciation，intonation and stress．)
Step V Writing
T：We have known what the life will be in the year 3044．Imagine that you have come back from a trip to the future．You visited the year 4367 and you saw a wonderful invention called a Mogray．Now work with your partner and decide what a Mogray is，what it looks like and what it is used for．
(Teacher asks the students to discuss the questions．And then collect their
answers．After that，the teacher says the following．)
T：Now you know what it is like．Please write a paragraph about what a Mogray is．Before writing，you have to complete the outline on the screen．
(Show the following on the screen．)
What can a Mogray
Be used for? What does a Mogray
look like?
How does it work?
(Teacher asks the students to write the outline in their exercise books．Students may have various answers．)
T：OK．You have finished your outline．Please use it to write your paragraph．
(Teacher may let the students hand them in after class,if time is limited．)
One possible version：
Life in the year 4367 is quite differ-ent from life in the 21st century．We will
still do many things we do today，but we do them differently．For example，we can
use a Mogary to help us．A Mogary is an intelligent robot，which looks exactly like a human being．It can be used in many fields．such as at home，in the factory or in nature．
The Mogray can be easily and con-veniently used at home．If you want to travel，you can turn it into all kinds of transport that you like，such as a plane，a car or a train，which use the solar energy without pollution．When it is too cold or
too hot，the head of the Mogray can be used as an air-conditioner,which can keep a proper temperature．There are all kinds of recipes in its head．It can cook all kinds of healthy and delicious food for yoi if you press the buttons on it．When you are bored，it can read some books for you，which are stored in its brain．It can also play chess with you or communicate with you．It has thoughts similar to yours,Your life will be rich and colorful with a Mogray companying you．
It can be used in many fields．In a word，the earth will become even more beautiful with the help of it．
Step Ⅵ Summary and Homework
T：Today，we’ve learned a passage about the life in the year 3044．At the same time，we wrote a passage about the life in the year 4367．What’s more，we’ve revised the Noun Clause and the useful expressions in this unit．such as in general,keep in touch with，in store…(Write them on the blackboard．After class，you should master them further by revising what we’ve learnt in this unit．Don’t forget to prepare for the next unit．That’s all for today．Class is over．)
Step Ⅶ The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard
Unit 6 Life in the future
The Fourth Period
Useful expressions：
keep sb．company a bit
clear up in general
keep in touch with in store
pay attention to lead to
catch a glimpse of come true
Step Ⅷ Record after Teaching
_________________________________
_________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
The Fifth Period
Teaching Aims：
Summarize the usages of the Noun Clauses.
Teaching Important Points：
1．Let students master the functions of the Noun Clauses．
2．Let students know how to choose the con-nectives and the differences among the
connectives．
3．Let students correctly use the word order in the Noun Clauses．
Teaching Difficult Points：
1．The choice of the connectives．
2．The differences between“that”and“what”．
3．The differences between“if”and“wheth-er”．
Teaching Methods：
1．Review method to master what students learnt before．
2．Explanation and comparative methods to master the important and difficult points．
3．Practice method to make students use the Noun Clauses correctly．
Teaching Aids：
1．a(chǎn) computer and a courseware
2．a(chǎn) projector
Teaching Procedures：
Step I Greetings
Greet the whole class as usual．
Step Ⅱ Revision
T：Today we’ll review the Noun Clauses．
(Bb：The Noun Clauses)First let’s do some exercises．
(Teacher shows the exercise on the screen．)
Choose the best answers．
1．___________they are leaving for Paris has not been decided yet．
A．When B．Where
C．That D．Why
2．Go and get your coat．It’s_________you left it．
A．there B．where
C．there where D．where there
3．Last night we heard the news_________the British Prime Minister was on a three-day visit to China．
A．which B．what
C．whatever D．that
4．It is generally considered unwise to give a child________he or she wants．
A．however B．whichever
C．whenever D．whatever
T：Please look at the screen．I’ll ask some of vou to tell me the answers one by one．Any volunteers?
S1：The first answer is A．
S2：The second answer is B．
S3：The third answer is D．
S4：The last answer is D．
T：Well done!Sit down，please．Who can tell me what clauses they are?
S5：…
Suggested answers：
l.the Subject Clause
2．the Predicative C1ause
3．the Appositive Clause
4．the Obiect Clause
Step Ⅲ Explanation and Summary
T：As we all know，the Noun Clauses can be classified into the Subject C1ause,the Predicative Clause，the Object Clause and the Appositive Clause ac-cording to the function of each clause in the main clause．
(Bb：the Subject Clause．the Predica-tive Clause，the Object Clause and the Appositive Clause)
T：Now look at the sentences on the screen．
I．the Subject Clause
1．Whether he has enough time to finish the work is still a question．
2．It is still a question whether he has enough time to finish the work.
3. Who did that is unknown to all.
Ⅱ.the Predicative Clause
1. The question is who can do the experlment.
2．He looked as if he was going to cry．
3．The reason for his lateness was that he got up late．
4．That was because he got up late．
Ⅲ．the Object Clause
1．I didn’t know that Pierce Brosnan is from Ireland.
2．I find it hard that I learn English well．
Ⅳ．the Appositive Clause
1．Some senior officials eat chicken in public in order to remove the Chi-nese citizen’s fear that it is not safe to eat chicken．
2．Word has come from his sister that she will arrive on Friday．
T：Attention，please．1．In order to keep the sentence balanced．We often use“it”as the formal subject,which re-places the real subject．For example,the No．2 sentence in the column of the Subject．2．“As if”“as though”and“be-cause”can also be used to introduce the Predicative Clause．For example,the No．2 and the No．4 sentences in the column of the Predicative Clause．3．In the sentence if the verb is“make／find／think／believe…”,we can“it”as the formal object,which replaces the real object．We put the real object behind the Object complement．That is to say，
Sub．+find／make／think／believe…+it+Object Complement+that clause．For example，I thought it strange that he failed to call me．Now we have known about the usages and the func-tions of the Noun Clauses．But we must pay attention to the conneetives introducing the Noun Clauses．Now please look at the diagram on the screen．You’d better remember them．
(Teacher shows the diagram on the screen．)
T：Attention,please.
1．In the Noun Clauses，we must use the normal word order-Connective
+Subject+Verb．That is to say,there is no inversion．
e.g．Whether he left is unknown．
That’s why he fell i11．
Can you make sure where Alice has left the gold ring?
The fact that he hadn’t said any-thing surprised everyone．
(Teacher writes the four sentences on the blackboard．)
2．Don’t use double connectives in the Noun Clauses．
3．The subordinate conjunction“wheth-er”can introduce all the Noun Clau-ses，while the subordinate conjunc-tion“if”can only introduce an Ob-ject Clause used as the object of a verb．For example，we can’t say“It all depends on if they will support us”．We should say“It all depends on whether they will support us”．
4．The subordinate conjunction“that”has no meaning and doesn’t act as any omponent in the Noun Clau-ses．When“that”is introducing a Noun Clause as the object of a verb(believe，consider，hear，know，say，understand etc)，it can be omitted．
5．The conjunctive pronoun“what”means“the thing that／all that”in the Noun Clauses．“what”intro-duces a Noun Clause．At the same time it can be used as the subject，the object or the predicative in the Noun Clause.You must pay atten-tion to the differences between“that”and“what”．Now let’s look at these sentences on the screen．
That she was closed made us very happy．
What he did quite surprises us．
This is what interests me most．
The reason was that he had never seen her before．
Stcp Ⅳ Practice and Consolidation
T：Now you have known something about the Noun Clauses．Let’s do some exer-cises so that we can use them correctly and freely．Please look at the screen．
I．Correct the following sentences
1．The news which our team had won pleased everyone．
2．I don’t doubt whether he can work out the problem．
3．I have been worrying about if I have hurt her feeling．
4．I don’t know that he wants．
5．The reason why he didn’t come is because he was ill.
6．Who walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold．
7．I think important that we learn English well．
8．It’s not certain that the sports meet will be held．
9．This is the suggestion which we have a trip the day after tomor-row．
lO．China is a great socialist country is well known．
Suggested answers：
1．which→that 2．whether→that
3．if→whether 4．that→what
5．because→that 6．Who→Whoever
7．important→it important
8．that→whether
9．which→that
10．China→That China
Ⅱ．Choose the best answers
1．The photographs will show you_________.
A．what does our village look like
B．what our village looks like
C．how does our village look like
D．how our village looks like
2．I still remember________this used to be a quiet place．
A．when B．how
C．where D．what
3．________he said at the meeting as-tonished everybody present．
A．What B．That
C．The fact D．The matter
4．一Do you remember_________he came?
一Yes,I do．He came by car．
A．how B．when
C．that D．if
5．Sara hopes to become a friend of___________shares her interests．
A．a(chǎn)nyone B．whomever
C．whoever D．no matter who
6．________we can't get seems better than_________we have．
A．What；what B．What；that
C．That；that D．That；what
7．It’s generally considered unwise to give a child_________he or she wants．
A．however B．whatever
C．whichever D．whenever
8．Someone is ringing the doorbell．Go and see________．
A．who is he B．who he is
C．who is it D．who it is
9．_________she couldn't understand was________fewer and fewer students showed interests in her lessons．
A．What；why
B．That；what
C．What；because
D．Why；that
lO．These wild flowers are so special that I would do________I can to save them．
A．whatever B．that
C．which D．whichever
11．Eat___________cake you like and leave the others for_________comes in late．
A.any；who
B.every；whoever
C.whichever；whoever
D.either；whoever
12．_________he told you is not true．Don’t believe it．
A．That B．What
C.If D.When
13．What a pity_________is that you didn’t arrive．
A．that B．this
C．there D．it
14．_________he accepts or refuses the present is none of your business．
A．That B．If
C．Whether D．Which
15．His grandfather was among the first to settle in___________is now a famous
holiday center．
A．what B．which
C．when D．that
Suggestcd answers：
1.B 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.A 11.C 12.B 13.D 14C 15.A
Step V Homework
T：In this class，we have done lots of ex-ercises about the Noun Clauses．Now I’ll give you some more exercises．Do them after class．
(Teacher shows the following on the screen．)
Complete the following sentences：
1．Do you still remember________(何時何地見到那位著名的歌唱家嗎)?
2．_________(無論是誰最后離開教室)
ought to turn off the light．
3．_________(明天是否下雪)makes no difference to me．
4．This is__________(他出生的地方)．
5．She expressed the hope_______(她將再來中國)．
6．___________(你不喜歡她)is none of my business．
7.One of them held the view_________(書中所說的是對的)
8．The question is_________(這本書是否值得看)．
9.She always do_________(她老師讓她做的)．
1O.They want to make it clear to the public_________(他們在做著一件重要的必不可少的工作)．
Suggested answers：
1．when and where you met the famous singer
2．Whoever leaves the classroom last
3．Whether it will snow or not tomorrow
4．where he was born
5．that she would come to China again
6．That you don’t like her
7．that what the book said was right．
8．whether the book is worth reading
9．what her teacher tells her to do
10．that they are doing an important and necessary job
Step Ⅵ The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard
Unit 6 Life in the future
The Fifth Period
Grammar：Noun Clauses
I．the subject Clause
Whether he left is unknown．
Ⅱ．the Predicative Clause
That’s whv he fell i11．
Ⅲ．the Object clause
Can you make sure where Alice has left the gold ring?
Ⅳ．the Appositive clause
The fact that the hadn't said any-thing surprised everyone.
Step Ⅶ Record after Teaching
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
[高二]Unit 6 Life in the future要點綜述
Unit 6 Life in the future I. Reading
1 What life will be like in the future (將來的生活會是什么樣) is difficult to predict(主動形式表被動).
in future= from now on=從今往后，從現(xiàn)在開始
2 make predictions/ forecasts about對…進行預測 make a weather forecast for tomorrow預報明天的天氣
3 catch/ get/ have a (brief)glimpse很快地看一眼，匆匆一瞥 catch/ get/ have a sight of看到
4 be contemporary with與…屬于同一時代 contemporary events當代事件contemporary styles現(xiàn)代風格
5 emergy-saving節(jié)約能源的 paper-making造紙的 English- speaking說英語的 meat-eating食肉的
6 at speed很快地, 高速地 at a safe speed以安全的速度 at a speed of forty miles an hour 以每小時40英里的速度
at full/ top speed以全/高速 with all speed以全/高速 with… speed更強調速度之快 speed up（使）加速
7 ensure sb. from/ against danger保護某人免受危險
8 reform oneself 改過自新 a reform in teaching methods教法改革
9 (不可與一段時間連用) get in/ into touch with與…取得聯(lián)系 lose touch with與…失去聯(lián)系
(可與一段時間連用) be in touch with與…有聯(lián)系be out of touch with與…無聯(lián)系keep in touch with與…保持聯(lián)系
10 the crowd 人群 crowd into涌入，擠入 be crowded with充滿/擠滿了
11 remain 1）保持不變，仍是（連系動詞，相當于stay/ be still，后面可接形容詞，名詞，分詞，介詞短語）
remain/ stay/ keep open/ closed仍然開/關著 remain/ stay a problem仍是個問題 remain/ stay the same 保持不變
remain/ stay siting仍然坐著 remain/ stay unfinished 仍然沒完成 remain/ stay in great poverty仍然很窮
2）剩下（不及物動詞，不可用被動）Few houses remained/ were left after the earthquake.
Much work remained to be done.還有許多工作要做 remain to be seen（留待）以后才知曉
3）（人）逗留 remain/ stay at home remain/ stay in hospital
12 deal with 1）對付，處理（常與 how連用，do with與 what連用）
How shall we deal with the problem？What shall we do with the problem？
What is the best way of dealing with the problem?
2）論述，涉及The book deals with Asian problems．這書本論述了亞洲問題。
3）與……打交道We have dealt with the company for 10 years．我們同這家公司打了十年的交道。
13 with隨著with the development of with age 隨年齡
14 on the air廣播中/ 放映（的），被廣播/ 放映（的） speak on the air在廣播中/電視上講話
in the air 1) =in the sky在空中/天上2)（口語）（謠言等）在流傳中/傳播中3）（口語）（計劃等）為決定的
by air= by plane
15 way方法 ,其前的介詞in�？墒÷�。I think you are putting it together( in) the wrong way.我認為你把它裝錯了。
當way后面跟有定語從句時，常用that代替 in which，而且that也可省略
The way ___________ I worked out the problem was not the one _____________ my teacher told me.
I worked out the problem in the way ___________ he taught me.
that的特殊用法還有This is the last/ first time (that) I’ll give you a lesson.
16 come true（不可用被動）/ turn into reality/ be realized實現(xiàn)，成為現(xiàn)實
17 in store貯藏著；準備著；就要來到 have/ hold/ keep sth. in store貯藏/準備著某物
18 cure sb. of治好某人的…病; 改掉某人的…惡習 a cure for…的一種治療方法
19 We saw a light in the distance在遠處 （我們看到遠處有盞燈） The picture looks better at a distance.從遠處
20 require/ need/ want doing 需要被 The wall requires/ needs/ wants repairing.
require sb. to do sth. / require (that) sb. (should) do sth.要求某人做某事
II．Integrating skills
1 be different from 與/和……不同 His thought（n.想法）was different from yours.
do sth. differently from sb.做某事與/和某人不同 He thought（vi.想、思考）differently from you.
tell the difference in… between A and B說出/辨別 A和B在……方面的區(qū)別/差異
tell the difference between three words 說出/辨別這三個單詞的區(qū)別/差異
2 keep sb company與某人做伴
3 have someone to talk to有人可以交談（不定式短語作后置定語）
have(使役動詞) someone talk叫某人談談 have(使役動詞) someone talk to him叫某人與他交談 have sb. do sth.
4連系動詞不能用進行時態(tài)(feel “感覺”可用進行時態(tài), “摸起來”不能用進行時態(tài))和被動語態(tài)。
（1） 感官系動詞，表示感官，知覺 look, smell, sound, taste, feel, seem, appear
（2） 持續(xù)系動詞，表示保持某種狀態(tài) keep, remain, stay, rest, lie, stand
（3） 變化系動詞，表示由一種狀態(tài)轉為另一種狀態(tài) become, grow, get, go, turn, fall ,come, run.
（4） 狀態(tài)系動詞，用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞
（5） 像系動詞，用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look,
（6） 終止系動詞，表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, trun out, 表達"證實"，"變成"之意，
連系動詞常用形容詞作表語，有些可用名詞作表語，有些可用介詞短語作表語。
The story sounds true/ interesting. The story sounds (like) a true one.
有些詞既是連系動詞也是實義動詞如 smell (聞起來，聞) taste(嘗起來，品嘗)
He looked(看起來) angry/ sad/ happy. He looked（看著）angrily/ sadly/ happily at me.
5 after all 1)畢竟,終究（用于句末,表后來情況有變化）2) 別忘了（用于句首或句末,解釋或強調自己前面的觀點）
She said she wasn’t going to come, but she turned up(露面，到來) after all.
Don’t be too hard on her. After all, she is only a child.
above all最重要的是 first of all首先（first的強調形式） in all總計，總共
at all ①.用于否定句 not…at all“根本不，一點兒也不 ”（注意有時not隱藏在no中。no= not a/ any）
If not, they would have no wood at all. = If not, they would not have any wood at all.
He has no friend at all. = He doesn’t have a friend at all.
There was nothing to worry about at all.= There was not anything to worry about at all.
We were not tired at all.= We were not a bit tired.
That’s OK=That’s all right=You’re welcome= It’s a/my pleasure= Don’t mention it= Not at all.不用謝
②用于肯定句譯成“竟然，到底”。這類肯定句往往帶有不肯定的意味, 表說話人的某種情緒，可起強調作用
I am surprised that you came at all.我很奇怪你竟然會來。 It took him quite some time to find the lost child at all.
③用于疑問句譯成“究竟”。加強語氣。 Did you speak at all ?
④用于條件句譯成“既然，如果真的” Do it well if you do it at all. He’ll come before dinner if he comes at all.
6 tell 辨別；斷定；清楚地知道,常與 can，be able to連用
I can't tell which is which.我分不清哪個是哪個。 Who can tell what will happen? 誰能預知會發(fā)生什么事情呢
tell A from B把A和B區(qū)分開來 Can you tell her from her twin sister?你能區(qū)分她和她的孿生姐姐嗎？
tell red from green tell right from wrong
tell the difference in… between A and B說出/辨別 A和B在……方面的區(qū)別/差異
撒謊tell lies 講真話tell the truth 講/說笑話 tell jokes 講故事tell stories
7 clean up打掃，清理 clear up整理，收拾；（情形）好轉（如天氣轉晴，病情好轉，關系好轉或和解）
8 some day有一天（將來） one day有一天（過去或將來）