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      2. Unit 16 Social and personal

        發(fā)布時間:2016-1-15 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版

        【知識點(diǎn)】

        Ⅰ. 單詞和詞組

         四會:preparation , affect , show sb around , so long as ,

         三會:have a gift for , easy-going , fun-loving , tourism , workmate

        Ⅱ. 交際英語

         Apologies , regrets and responses

         1. I'm sorry …

         2. I apologize …

         3. Please excuse me …

         4. I'm afraid …

         5. I shouldn't …

         6. I ought to do …

         7. What a shame !

         8. That's nothing . / Never mind . / It's not important . / It doesn't matter .

        / That's all right . / That's OK .

         9. Don't worry .

         10. Forget it .

        Ⅲ. 語法學(xué)習(xí)

         復(fù)習(xí)被動語態(tài)的用法。注意現(xiàn)在完成時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、一般過去時、一般將來時的被動語態(tài)。

        【單元詞匯總結(jié)】

         1. take a part-time job 兼職

         take a full-time job 全職

         2. be on one's / the way to a lecture在去聽報告的途中

         注意:on one's / the way to doing即將

         He is on the way to becoming a doctor .

         3. ask sb for directions = ask sb the way問路

         4. go in the direction of朝……方向去,如:

         I saw her go in the direction of the bus stop .

         5. have a gift for在……方面有天賦

         As far as I know , she has a gift for music .

         6. make … lively and interesting

         You are supposed to make your speech lively and interesting , which is of great

        importance .

         7. at lunchtime在中飯時

         注意類似詞組:at dawn在黎明時,at supper在吃晚飯時,at work在上班,等。

         8. start one's own business開始經(jīng)營自己的行業(yè)

         9. offer guide services to tourists向游客們提供導(dǎo)游服務(wù)

         10. lead / live an active life積極地生活。如:

         To my great disappointment , he didn't lead an active life .

         11. in a difficult position = in trouble碰到麻煩

         12. have nothing to lose不會有任何情況

         13. catch sb stealing當(dāng)場抓住某人偷東西。如:

         Later , the salesgirl was caught stealing the goods .

         14. in my personal opinion在我個人看來

         15. play a trick on作弄某人。如:

         It's impolite for them to play tricks on the foreigners .

         16. call in the police叫來警察

         17. turn out better結(jié)果會更好些

         18. set up a company建立一個公司 19. warn sb about / of sth提醒某人當(dāng)心…… 。warn sb against sth = warn sb not to do sth 。

         20. in the course of 在……期間

         He fell sick in the course of the discussion .

         21. write a reply to sb = write a letter of reply to sb給某人回信

         22. have a great / happy weekend= have a good time at weekend過個非常愉快的周末

        【詞語辨析】

        1. 辨析example與instance:

          這兩個詞都表示例子。example例子,實(shí)例,普通用語,主要指在同類事物中具有代表性、典型性的例子,能簡明扼要地說明問題。example在教學(xué)中用得相當(dāng)多,如:in the following example.在下例中/in the above example在上例中/Further examples are needed.需要進(jìn)一步舉例說明。instance例子,事例,實(shí)例,與example 極為接近,?梢越粨Q使用。但instance多指事實(shí),諸如過去的某事件或例外的事實(shí)等,不像example那樣強(qiáng)調(diào)代表性、典型性。沒有通例的意思,只是舉出一孤立事實(shí)說明問題。for instance也是常用語,僅指舉例說明,for example卻是從諸多事物中選出一例,說明一般。如:I can't think of an instance when mother was unfair.我想不出一件事例能說明母親不公平。

        2. 辨析hard與hardly:

          這一對詞語在詞義差異甚大。hard 是常用語,含義較多,在句子中可充當(dāng)形容詞或副詞。注意hard在下列句子中的詞性及含義:This material is so hard that it can be used for cutting steel.這種材料很硬,可以用來削切鋼材。(形容詞:硬的)/Though he finished his work, yet he found it hard.他雖完成了工作,但覺得很難。(形容詞:困難的)/This problem demands a lot of hard thinking. 這個問題可傷腦筋了。(形容詞:努力的)/The chemist tried very hard to make his analysis accurate.那化學(xué)家設(shè)法使他的分析準(zhǔn)確。(副詞:努力地)/It was a winter night. It was raining hard.那是個冬天的夜晚,雨下得很大。(副詞:猛烈地)/hardly 簡直沒法(不能),幾乎不,副詞。scarcely和barely是它的同義詞。例:It is hardly possible that such a thing could have happened.發(fā)生這樣的事不太可能。hardly也作剛剛,恰好解。例:He had hardly gone out when he was called back.他剛走出門就被叫了回來。

        【語法-被動語態(tài)】

        一、被動語態(tài)的基本用法

          當(dāng)謂語表示一個動作時,主語和它可以有兩種不同 關(guān)系;主動關(guān)系或被動關(guān)系。

          在表示主動關(guān)系時(即主語為動作的執(zhí)行者時),謂語的形式稱為主動語態(tài)(the Active Voice)。在表示被動 關(guān)系時(即主語為動作的承受者時),謂語要用另一種形 式,稱為被動語態(tài)(the Passive Voice)。在被動結(jié)構(gòu)的句 子中,動作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引起的短語表示。

         1.被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

         被動語態(tài)由助動詞be加過去分詞構(gòu)成,時態(tài)通過 be表現(xiàn)出來。

         1)一般現(xiàn)在時

         You're wanted on the phone.有人給你打電話。

         2)一般過去時

         The book was finished last week. 這書是上周寫完 的。

         3)一般將來時

         You'll be allowed to go out tomorrow. 明天讓你出去。

         4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時和過去進(jìn)行時

         The building is being built. 這幢樓正在建設(shè)之中。

         The bikes were being repaired. 那時正在修自行車。

         5)現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時

         This book has been translated into English. 這本 書已被譯成英語。

         The car had been repaired. 這時汽車已修完了。

         2.被動語態(tài)主要的用法

         1)我們不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰(這時 都不帶由by引起的短語)。

         The book is written for teachers. 這種書是為教師寫的。

         2)動作的承受者是談話的中心(這時可帶有by引起的短語)。

         The shop is run by a young man.這家商店是由一個年輕人經(jīng)營的。

         3)出于禮貌措辭等方面的考慮不愿說出動作的執(zhí)行者 是誰。

         It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here.一般認(rèn)為在這兒吸煙是不妥當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

         4)被動結(jié)構(gòu)能使句子得到更好的安排。

         Liu Dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.劉德華在臺上出現(xiàn),觀眾給予了熱烈的掌聲。

         5)在漢語中被動結(jié)構(gòu)的句子是很多的,有些帶有"被"、 "受"、"由"等詞,譯成英語時較易想到用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。

         他被選為我班班長。He was elected monitor of our class.

         但在更多情況下卻不帶這類標(biāo)記,這種情況值得特別注意。

         運(yùn)動會什么時候開? When will the sports meet be held?

        二、被動語態(tài)的特殊形式小結(jié)

        一)介詞形式,被動意義

         This new railway is still under construction . 這條新鐵路仍在建設(shè)中。

         本句中的under construction "正在建設(shè)中"。介詞under構(gòu)成的短語,如果它的賓語是表示動作的名詞,通常含有被動意義,意為"在……過程中"。它可改換為被動語態(tài)。但介詞結(jié)構(gòu)使句子言簡意賅,避免過多地使用被動語態(tài)。這種介詞短語在句中常作表語,也可作補(bǔ)足語或定語。例如:

         Your suggestion is still under discussion . 你的建議正在討論中。

         He is said to be under arrest for stealing . 據(jù)說他由于偷竊被捕了。

         The house under repair is our classroom building . 正在修建的房屋是我們的教學(xué)樓。

         常見的這類under短語還有:

         under attack在進(jìn)攻中,under arrest在關(guān)押中,under consideration在考慮中,

         under construction在建設(shè)中,under contact在聯(lián)系中,under discussion在討論中,

         under examination在審查中,under investigation在調(diào)查中,under repair在修理中,

         under review在審議中 under treatment在醫(yī)治中,under trial在受審中

        二)主動形式被動意義

        (一) 不定式主動形式表被動意義

          1 . 當(dāng)不定式用在作表語的形容詞后,在句中作狀語,而句中的主語又是不定式的邏輯賓語時,通常用不定式主動形式表示被動意義。如上述句1句2。能帶主動語態(tài)的不定式而表達(dá)被動意義的形容詞常見的有:easy、difficult、heavy、hard、nice、bitter、dangerous、light、interesting、important、expensive、fit、comfortable、pleasant、impossible等。其句型為S + link v + adj . + infinitive ( 主動語態(tài) ) ,類似這種貌似主動實(shí)為被動的系表結(jié)構(gòu)的又如以下例句。

          Habits are easy to make but hard to break . ( Habits是to make、to break的邏輯賓語 ) 。

          The water is fit to drink .

          The picture is pleasant to look at .

          2 . 當(dāng)不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是動詞的賓語,而句子的主語也是不定式的邏輯主語時。例如:

        Mathilde only has a small cold room to live in . ( Mathilde是to live in的邏輯主語 )

        He bought some magazines to read . ( He是to read的邏輯主語 )

          3 . 當(dāng)不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞,是及物動詞的直接賓語,而間接賓語是不定式的邏輯主語時。例如:

        Mother always gives her little daughter some picture books to read . ( Her little daughter是to read的邏輯主語 )

          The teacher gave the students some paper to write on . ( The students是to write

        on的邏輯主語 )

        (二) 在動詞want、need、require等后面常用動名詞表示被動含義,等于不定式的被動形式。再如:

          The bike needs ( wants ) repairing ( = to be repaired ) . 自行車需要修理了。

        (三) worth后跟動名詞主動形式表示被動,但是不跟不定式的被動。再如:

          This novel is well worth reading。這本小說很值得閱讀。

        (四) 有些動詞不及物動詞,只有主動形式,常視為主動表被動。如:

          1 . take place、happen、break out等。

          A big fire happened / took place / broke out last night .

          2 . 感官動詞 ( taste ; feel ; smell ; sound ; look ) 用主動形式表示被意思。

          How sweet the music sounds !

          Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth .

          3 . write、read、sell、keep、prove、weigh、number、drink、wear、pay、wash、open常用主動形式表被動意義。請看下面句子:

          The book sells well. ( 這本書銷路很好。 )

          The door will not open. ( 這扇門就是打不開。 )

          This dress washes better. ( 這衣服較耐洗。 )

          The sign reads as follows . ( 這牌子告示如下。

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