作者:祖瑞
【龍龍】應(yīng)用文基本上都是材料作文,在競(jìng)賽中占的比重很大,能給我們?cè)敿?xì)講講嗎?
【競(jìng)賽先鋒】常見的應(yīng)用文有:書信 (含E-mail)、日記、賀卡、便條、通知、發(fā)言稿、自我介紹等等。
下面我就以2002全國(guó)中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)能力競(jìng)賽初賽B)為例給大家講講。
Do you ever read the advice column in a magazine or newspaper?Suppose you work for a newspaper and your name is Kit. Please write 60-80 words to help the angry Dad.
Dear Kit,
My son is a middle school student. He gets home at about six o'clock and starts talking to his friends on the phone. If I don't stop him, he will talk for three or four hours. His mum and I can't use the phone, and he isn't doing his homework. If I don't let him do that, he's angry, we're angry-everyone is unhappy. What can we do with him?
Mad Dad
【龍龍】我知道這是Kit寫給Mad Dad關(guān)于如何解決兒子放學(xué)后與朋友打電話聊天的事,假如我是Kit,我會(huì)寫道:
Dear Mad Dad,
I think you need to talk with your son about his place in the family. You can make rules for him. If your son agrees, he'll probably follow them. He may know it's very important to save time. Because he's a student, work (study) must come first.
You may discuss this with his friends' parents.
I also think you can get your son his own telephone number-and make him pay for it himself.
【競(jìng)賽先鋒】 Very good! 但書信一定要注意格式和正文的書寫。
1. 信封格式:左上角寫寄信人姓名、地址(從小到大),正中稍偏右處寫收信人姓名及地址。
2. 信頭及信內(nèi)地址:一般指收信人和寫信人,自上而下右上角是寫信人地址和寫信日期,隔一行的靠左頂格是收信人地址,一般可省略。
3. 稱呼語(yǔ):比收信人地址低一行,頂格書寫,最常用的是Dear, 當(dāng)然我們還可以用Mr, Dr, Prof等加姓稱呼。
4. 正文:一般信件與漢語(yǔ)一樣每段可留有一定空格,而商業(yè)信件、公函等則多采用每段都頂格形式,只是段與段之間空一行。正文的內(nèi)容通常依寫信目的而定,可以包括諸多方面,語(yǔ)言要求符合書信特點(diǎn),更要注意雙方的"身份",即準(zhǔn)確得體,行文應(yīng)流暢。
5. 結(jié)束語(yǔ)及簽名:在信快完成時(shí),常寫一些祝愿的話,簽名時(shí)多用Yours;Yours sincerely, Love等下面加自己的姓名。
【龍龍】 我常發(fā)E-mail,它比書信更簡(jiǎn)化,發(fā)送、接收更快捷,它省去了收、發(fā)人的地址及日期,余下的與書信基本相同。
【競(jìng)賽先鋒】看來你了解的還真不少,下面我就簡(jiǎn)單的把余下的幾種寫作要點(diǎn)說一下。
日記一般記當(dāng)天最有意義、感受最深、最值得回味或吸取教訓(xùn)的事。可敘事,可明理,亦可夾敘夾議。我們要注意格式、人稱及時(shí)態(tài)。
賀卡通常是在歡慶節(jié)日,值得慶賀等特殊日對(duì)親朋好友,師長(zhǎng)等表達(dá)祝賀的一種形式,其結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,明了;其語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔,明快。賀卡通常由稱呼、賀詞、簽名三部分組成。稱呼,一般在賀卡左上方或正下方,常用Dear或To。賀詞,一些常見的固定用語(yǔ),一般根據(jù)不同的事情,不同的節(jié)日表達(dá)相應(yīng)的祝愿話語(yǔ),常見用語(yǔ)有:Happy +節(jié)日,With Best Wishes for+節(jié)日; May / Congratulations,I hope等等。簽名,一般在右下角或正下方,可在姓名前加From,亦可直接簽名。
通知要簡(jiǎn)明扼要寫明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、落款及寫通知時(shí)間,其格式與漢語(yǔ)相同。通知可分為書面通知和口頭通知,口頭通知有別于書面通知,它通常是面對(duì)面或通過廣播向大家發(fā)布,用第一人稱,說話時(shí)先來開場(chǎng)白,如:Be quite, boys and girls ! I've got something important to tell you. 等,內(nèi)容說完后應(yīng)說句:Thank you.
便條是簡(jiǎn)化的書信,其內(nèi)容大都是提供要求、信息,其特點(diǎn)是語(yǔ)言直截了當(dāng)、簡(jiǎn)明易懂,其形式有請(qǐng)假條、留言條、電話記錄等。 這在生活中較為多見。