Useful expressions
1. one another 互相、彼此
Liz and I have known one another for years. | They often stay at one another's houses. 對比: They were holding each other's hands. | We had a lot to tell each other about our trip.
2. take … for example 以… 為例
Take nodding the head for example. 以點(diǎn)頭為例吧。Take water for example , it is made up of two gases──hydrogen and oxygen .以水為例，它是由氫和氧兩種氣體組成的。對比: Let’s take Lei Feng as a good example for all of us to follow .讓我們把雷鋒當(dāng)作我們大家學(xué)習(xí)的好榜樣。
3. do research on … 對…做研究
He has done a great deal of research on that subject. 他對那個(gè)課題做了大量研究。Scientists have done some research on "Touch" in different countries. 科學(xué)家已經(jīng)對不同國家里的“接觸”情況進(jìn)行了一些研究。
4. follow the custom 遵守習(xí)俗
Foreigners should follow these customs when they are visiting these countries. 外國人在訪問這些國家的時(shí)候，必須遵守這些習(xí)慣。掌握下面follow的意思: You should follow the rules of the lab when you are doing experiments. 做實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)你們應(yīng)該遵守實(shí)驗(yàn)室的規(guī)則。 Follow his suggestions, and you'll be successful sooner or later. 遵循他的建議，你遲早會成功的。
5. keep away 遠(yuǎn)離、不許靠近
Children should be kept away from the river. 小孩子應(yīng)該遠(yuǎn)離這條河。You'd better keep away (from me). I have a bad cold.我患了重感冒，你最好不要靠近我。The Arab who is friendly will stand close to his friend, but the Englishman will move back in order to keep a certain distance away. 表示友好的阿拉伯人會站得離他的朋友很近，而英國人則會往后退，以保持一定的距離。
Sentence patterns
It's a pleasure to meet you. 很高興認(rèn)識您。In France, it is the custom to shake hands with people in the office every morning. 在法國，每天早上跟辦公室里的人握手是一種習(xí)慣。
it 在這里的雖然占著主語的位置但卻好像沒有實(shí)際內(nèi)容，實(shí)際充當(dāng)主語的是to后的成份。為了避免頭重腳輕情況出現(xiàn)，英文中出現(xiàn)了形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)，它的構(gòu)成一般是這樣的：It is /was + 名詞/形容詞 + (for/of sb) to do sth 如：It is the duty for us to help each other. 幫助別人對我們來說是一種責(zé)任。 It is very difficult to learn English well. 學(xué)好英語很難。
Language tips
1. You must be Dr Yang. 你一定是楊博士吧。
must 在這里表示猜測。如：It's already ten o'clock. My mother must be angry. 已經(jīng)十點(diǎn)鐘了，我媽媽一定生氣了。We thought the teacher must be joking. 我們以為老師一定是在開玩笑。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚肯定下雨了，因?yàn)榈厣蠞竦摹?/p>
2. No, thanks. I can manage it myself. 不，謝謝。我可以自己提。
manage在本句中指“設(shè)法對付”: It's heavy, but I can manage it. 它很重，但我能對付得了。 The bear can manage to live through the winter without eating anything. 熊一冬天不吃東西也能活下來。又manage與try的辨異: manage常指“想方設(shè)法而成功地做成某事”，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。try常指“試圖或努力做某事，成功與否不清楚”。如：He managed to get the housework done with very little help .在沒有多少幫助的情況下，他把家務(wù)活干完了。He tried to get the housework done with very little help .他企圖在沒有多少幫助的情況下，把家務(wù)活干完。
3. Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others we make ourselves understood not just by words. 當(dāng)我們和別人談話的時(shí)候，我們可能沒有意識到我們并不僅僅通過詞語表達(dá)自己的意思。
短語 make sb./sth.do/done 意思是：使某人或某事被...。make sb/sth do，賓語與動詞之間是主動關(guān)系。make sb/sth done 賓語與動詞之間是被動關(guān)系。如：He makes me clean the table.
他讓我擦桌子。（我主動進(jìn)行清理工作）I tried my best, but I couldn’t make my view known. 我盡了最大努力，但未能使我的觀點(diǎn)被知道（被別人知道）。I had to shout to make myself heard above the music.
掌握realize的用法: Do you realize that you're an hour late? None of us realised the danger we were in. Tim didn't realize his mistake until the next day.
4. Nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement. 點(diǎn)頭表示贊成，而搖頭表示不贊成。
這里的while是連詞，連接兩個(gè)并列分句，表示對比，相當(dāng)于我們漢語的“而”。當(dāng)然它表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)折含義不如but強(qiáng)烈。如：I like music, while he enjoys sports. 我喜歡音樂，而他喜歡運(yùn)動。對比: They arrived while we were having dinner.
5. But not all body language means the same thing in different countries. 但是，并不是所有的體態(tài)在不同的國家里都表示相同的意思。這是部分否定，全部否定應(yīng)怎么說？
6. Men do not kiss each other in either China or English-speaking countries. 在中國或在講英語的國家里，男人們見面時(shí)彼此不親吻。
either... or... 表示“(兩者之中)…或… (之一)” 如：You may stay either in a hotel or in a private house. 你可以住在飯店或私人的家里。I want to visit either Paris or London. 我想去巴黎或者倫敦游覽一下。Either you or I am wrong.不是你錯(cuò)就是我錯(cuò)。
注意：either...or…多為“兩者之中的其中之一”的選擇，但有時(shí)也可表示三者之中的選擇。如：You can have either milk, orange juice or cola.牛奶、橙汁、可樂三種之中，你可以挑任何一種喜歡的來喝。
7. French people kiss each other hello and goodbye more often than British people. 法國人在問候和告別時(shí)相互親吻多于英國人。
kiss (sb) goodbye/ hello 與某人親吻問好或告別。如：They kissed goodbye when they departed.
他們互相吻別。 He kissed me hello when we met. 見面時(shí)，他親吻我表示問好。 英文中這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)并不少見，除了kiss (sb) goodbye/hello 之外還有 wave sb goodbye 揮手道別。
8. Generally, people from English-speaking countries do not touch each other very much. 一般說來，講英語國家的人互相之間沒有太多的身體接觸。 “一般說來”還可譯為 generally speaking
9. 區(qū)別custom與habit
custom主要是群體性的不斷演變而成的習(xí)慣，代表一個(gè)國家或者地區(qū)的傳統(tǒng)，即“習(xí)俗、風(fēng)俗”。habit是指一個(gè)動作反復(fù)發(fā)生，習(xí)慣成自然。如：Social customs are greatly different from country to country .各個(gè)國家的社會風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣很不相同。Biting his fingers is his habit .咬手指是他的習(xí)慣�？捎迷谝黄穑篢heir customs and habits are different from ours .他們的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣與我們的不同。
10. In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person. 在亞洲一部分地區(qū)，坐著時(shí)不允許把腳朝著別人。
這里出現(xiàn)了“with+復(fù)合賓語”的結(jié)構(gòu)，由with + 名詞+-ing”形式組成，在句中做伴隨狀語，進(jìn)一步說明sit的姿勢。如：I lay on the grass, with my eyes looking at the stars in the sky. 我躺在地上，眼睛望著天空的星星。point at指向，對準(zhǔn): He pointed his gun at the thief .他把槍對準(zhǔn)了小偷。
11. It is good manners for an Arab to stand close to his friend when they are talking. 對阿拉伯人來說，和朋友談話時(shí)站得很近，是有禮貌的。
manners 這里是“禮貌”的意思，當(dāng)這個(gè)意思講時(shí)它總是以復(fù)數(shù)的形式出現(xiàn)。如：It's bad manners to speak with your mouth full. 說話時(shí)嘴里塞滿東西是不禮貌的。have good manners有禮貌，have no manners沒禮貌
12. City people in Britain and the United States stand closer than those who live in the country. 英國和美國的城里人又比那些住在鄉(xiāng)村的人站得更近。
我們常用that代替前面所提到的名詞單數(shù), 用those代替復(fù)數(shù): The weather here is much warmer than that of Beijing. In my opinion the finest wines are those from France. 依我看來，最好的酒是法國出產(chǎn)的酒。
13. Using body language in a correct way will help communicate with people and make the stay in a foreign country easy and comfortable. 正確地運(yùn)用體態(tài)語有助于人們進(jìn)行交際，而且會使人們在外國逗留時(shí)感到輕松又愉快。
本句是動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)做主語，又如: Reading a lot helps (to) improve English. 大量閱讀對提高英語水平有幫助。make sb/sth + 形容詞, 表示“使...成...”，如：His gift made her very happy. 他的禮物令她非常快樂。Please make yourself comfortable. 請自便。
Grammar
復(fù)習(xí)和掌握動詞不定式的用法
They don't like to be too close to one another. 作賓語
They will move back to keep a certain distance away. 作狀語
Would you like me to do something for you? 作賓語補(bǔ)足語
Have you got anything to say? 作后置定語
It is a pleasure to meet you. 作主語
Waving one's hand is to say “Goodbye”. 作表語
I don't know how to communicate with foreigners. 與疑問詞連用
Language record
In this unit I have learned to say in English:
Useful Expressions:
教你怎樣使用打字機(jī) 向周圍的人傳遞信息
點(diǎn)頭 被作為……接受或認(rèn)可
以……為例 吻別
說英語的國家 對……進(jìn)行研究
對著，指向…… 遵守這些習(xí)俗
保持一定的距離 住在鄉(xiāng)下
Sentences:
1.我們并不僅限于用語言來讓人明白自己的意思。
2.在法國，每天早晨在辦公室和人握手是一種習(xí)俗。
3.阿拉伯人同朋友談話時(shí)，和他站得很近，這是表示有禮貌。
4.正確使用參考書，有助于提高你的學(xué)習(xí)。
5.世上無難事，只怕有心人。
6.由一個(gè)男孩帶路，他們很容易找到了那個(gè)村子。