目標(biāo)導(dǎo)引
1.單元詞匯及短語
allow, festival, celebrate, get together, greet, in common, believe in, as well as, light, share one’s hope, spend, in other words, care about, play tricks on, take in, host.
2.單元句型
1) We must do as much as we can to make our community better and more beautiful.
2) There seems to be no other choice.
3) So that 引導(dǎo)目的的狀語從句
4) It’s your turn to create a festival.
核心知識
重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語
(1)allow v 準(zhǔn)許,允許
1) 不允許“在某處做某事”,應(yīng)說Smoking is not allowed here. 不應(yīng)說It is not allowed to smoke here.
2) allow doing sth . 是允許做某事。
eg . They should not allow taking the books out of the reading room.
他們不應(yīng)允許把書帶出閱覽室。
3) allow sb . to do sth . 允許某人做某事。
eg . Who allows you to do that ?
誰允許你那樣做的?
allow 后只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語,不接不定式;但接不定式做賓補(bǔ)。
試題:
1)Everyone does not allow ______ here.
A. to smoke B. smoke
C. smoked D. smoking
2)How many days are you allowed _______?
A. to smoke B. smoke
C. smoked D. smoking
答案 1)D 2)A
(2)get together 聚會
get together for a friendly chat 聚在一起閑話家常
get together with sb. to discuss a problem 與某人聚在一起討論問題
構(gòu)成詞組get sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事
get down to 開始認(rèn)真注意
get in 到達(dá)
get on 上車
get off 下車
get over 克服困難
get out 出去
試題:改錯(cuò)
1)My teacher got me do so.
2)The boy got burnt on his way home by them.
3)To get off the bus and got on a car.
4)They got to home at six yesterday.
5)It was getting darkness.
解析:
1)在do 前加上to. get 雖然也作使役動(dòng)詞用,但接不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),to不能省略。
2)by them 去掉。在“主語 + get + 過去分詞 +(其他)”句型中,顯著特點(diǎn)是過去分詞后一般不能有“by + 施動(dòng)者”,這時(shí)get 相當(dāng)于be.
3)on改為into, get on(off) 指上下車,通常用于相對位置高一些的交通工具。如指小轎車,則用get out(into).
4)去掉to, “get to + 名詞”表示“到達(dá)某地”,但在home, there, here, where 前不加to,因?yàn)樗鼈兪歉痹~。
5)darkness改為dark, get 可作連系動(dòng)詞“變得,成為”,后常接形容詞。
(3)greet υ.
1) 歡迎,迎接
eg. He greeted her guests at the door. 他在門口迎接她的客人。
2)(指景象或聲音)映入眼簾或入耳
eg. The view that greeted us at the top of the hill is so beautiful. 在山頂上收入我們眼底的景色真是美極了。
名詞形式是greeting, 問候a greetings telegram 賀電
(4)in common 共同的,其中common 是名詞
eg. These two books have very little in common. 這兩本書沒有什么共同點(diǎn)。
common 還是形容詞,意思是“普通的,一般的,平凡的”。
be common to sb. 對…是常見的
eg. Tom’s trouble is very common to the boys these days. 湯姆學(xué)些天遇到的麻煩對這些男孩來說是常見的。
(5)believe in 信任,信仰(真理,宗教,原則等)
eg. We believe in the Marxist theory. 我們信仰馬克思主義理論。
比較:I believe him. 和I believe in him.
試題:
解析 I believe him. 相當(dāng)于I believe what he said (我相信他說的話)。而I believe in him. 則是相當(dāng)于I believe that he is a good man(我相信他的為人是好的)。
believe接從句,如果所接賓語從句含有否定意義,通常不否定從句而否定believe, 這種用法的詞還有think, suppose, imagine, expect 等。
eg. I don’t believe that he is in the office, but I’ll go and see. 我相信他不在辦公室,但我還是要去看看。
believe 一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。這類詞還guess, realize, understand, suppose, know, remember 等。
2)翻譯:我相信你不對。I don’t believe that you are right.
(6) as well as
意思是not only 不僅僅,如:She is beautiful as well as clever. 她不僅聰明,而且漂亮。當(dāng)as well as 接動(dòng)詞時(shí),通常用動(dòng)名詞。如:As well as playing the violin, he can draw pictures. 他不僅能拉小提琴,還能畫畫。
as well as 和… 一樣好 如:I don’t sing as well as you . 我沒有你唱得好。
連接兩個(gè)名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞和前面的名詞一致。如:Tom as well as his parents likes music very much.
試題:
He as well as you _________ some books from our school library.
A.borrows B. borrow C. have borrowed D. has borrowed
解析 謂語動(dòng)詞和he一致。
答案 D
(7)…by lighting a candle each day
…通過每天點(diǎn)一支蠟燭的方式
這里的light 是動(dòng)詞,“點(diǎn)燃,點(diǎn)著”的意思;另還有“照亮”之意。
eg. 1)He lights a stove in the living-room every winter. 每年冬天他都在臥室里生爐子。
2) The street is lit by electricity. 街道有電燈照明。
Lighted和lit同為light的過去分詞,lighted較常用作前置定語,如:lighted candle 點(diǎn)燃的蠟燭。而lit作為light的過去式,則常用作謂語。
eg. Suddenly a smile lit up her face.
突然她的臉上露出高興的表情。
lit 不能換作 light. light up 是“照亮”或“露出高興的表情”之意。
light 作名詞用,是指光,光線;燈;火柴,打火機(jī)等。
eg.
1)The sun gives light and heat. 太陽發(fā)出光和熱。
2)Please turn off the light. 請把燈關(guān)上。
3)Do you have a light? 你有火兒嗎?
還可以作形容詞,是指輕的;輕松的;淺色的;明亮的等意思。
eg.
1)He gave me a light pat on the shoulder. 他在我肩上輕拍了一下。
2)a light room. 光線充足的房間
3)light blue. 淡藍(lán)色
(8)share one’s hope 與某人有共同的希望
此處的share 意思是“與別人共有某物”,類似的詞組還有share one’s belief, faith, optimism, 與某人有共同信仰、信念、樂觀態(tài)度。
share 分享,分擔(dān),均分;share (in)分享某事(某物)。
eg.
1)The grandmother is sharing the eggs among the boys. 祖母把雞蛋分給男孩子們。
2)We share a small room between us. 我們倆合用一個(gè)小房間。
share 作名詞用,“一份”或者是“股份”。
3)Let me take a share in the expenses. 這些費(fèi)用讓我來出一份。
4)He owns 500 shares of the company. 他擁有尋家公司的500股股份。
(9)in other words
換言之,換句話說
eg. We are getting on well now, in other words, we are becoming good friends.
我們現(xiàn)在相處得很好,也就是說我們正在成為好朋友。
word 構(gòu)成的一些常用詞組:
in a word 總之,簡言之
get in a word 插話
keep one’s word 信守諾言
have a word with sb. 和某人說句話
試題:改錯(cuò)
1)A word came that their headmaster would soon visit our school.
2)Can you spare me a few minutes? I want to have words with you.
3)Can you keep your words?
解析
1)不定冠詞“a”去掉,word作“消息”講,前面不加任何冠詞,也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
2)words改成a word, have words with sb. 是“與某人爭吵”的意思。
3)words 改成word或promise, 信守諾言可用keep one’s promise, 也可用keep one’s word, 但word 不能加復(fù)數(shù)。
答案 1)a word 改為word;2)words 改為a word; 3)words 改為word / promise
(10)care about 關(guān)心,在乎
eg. She doesn’t care about anything we may say.
我們說什么她都不在乎。
care for 則是“喜歡,照顧”的意思。
eg. 1)She doesn’t care for films. 她不喜歡電影。
take care of 照顧,保管
2)The orphan is taken good care of now. 那個(gè)孤兒現(xiàn)在得到了很好的照顧。
(11)play tricks on
捉弄某人,開某人的玩笑 也作play a trick on sb.
eg. These boys like playing tricks on their teacher.
這些男孩子喜歡捉弄他們的老師。
trick 名詞
eg. He did things with a dirty trick. 他做事情用卑鄙手法。
trick作動(dòng)詞“哄騙,欺騙”:trick sb. into doing sth. 騙某人做某事
eg. Mother tricked me into taking my medicine.
母親騙我服了藥。
trick sb. out of sth. 騙某人某物
eg. He tricked her out of her money. 他騙了她的錢。
試題:
He often ________ tricks on me.
A. haves B. takes
C. makes D. plays
答案 D
(12)take sb. in
在本單元中是“欺騙”之意。
eg.
1) He was completely taken in. 他完全上當(dāng)了。
2)He was badly taken in when he bought that second-hand car. 他購買那輛舊汽車時(shí),大大地受騙了。
take sb. in 還有“接受,收容”的意思。
eg. He was homeless, so we took him in . 他無家可歸,我們收容了他。
此外,take sth. in 還有“吸收,”;“包含,包括”;“理解,領(lǐng)會”之意。
eg.
1)His lecture took in all the recent developments in the subject. 他的講座包含了這個(gè)課題的所有最新進(jìn)展。
2)They listened to my lecture, but how much did they take in, I wonder. 他們聽了我的課,但是我不知道他們領(lǐng)會了多少。
(13)host υ.主辦,主持
eg. Beijing will host the 28th Olympic Games. 第二十八屆奧運(yùn)會將在北京舉行。
host n. “(款待客人的)主人”,hostess 則是“女主人”
eg. He acted as host at the dinner party yesterday evening. 他是昨晚宴會的主人。
同義詞辨析
(1)gift, present
作為名詞,gift和present都有“禮物”的意思。gift指特別鄭重其事地贈送給個(gè)人、團(tuán)體、組織的禮物;present沒有g(shù)ift那種鄭重之意,指贈送給朋友或其他的人,價(jià)值不高的禮物。
eg.
1)It is a gift given by American government in 1972.
這是美國政府1972年送的一件禮物。
2)I received a lot of presents on my birthday.
生日那天我接受了很多禮物。
另gift有“天賦,天才”之意,如have a gift for art/languages:有藝術(shù)(語言)天賦。
(2)create, invent
create 表“創(chuàng)造”,是使某物得以存在,形成或產(chǎn)生;invent表“發(fā)明”,是利用人的才智發(fā)明出新的事物。
eg.
1)Writer create their characters through their pens.
作家們用他們的筆創(chuàng)造人物。
2)Do you know who invented car?
你知道認(rèn)發(fā)明的汽車?
(3)common, general, ordinary, usual
common主要的含義是“常見的”,“不足為奇”,也有“共有”的意思。
eg. The milu deer is a kind of deer that used to be common in China long ago. 說心里話麋鹿是很久以前在中國非常常見的一種鹿。
1.ordinary 是指平常的,無特殊之處的。
eg. He is in a ordinary dress. 他穿著一件普通衣服。
2.usual是指從時(shí)間和頻率上講通常發(fā)生的事情或已形成的習(xí)慣。
eg. Thunder is the usual sign of a coming storm.
雷聲通常是暴雨來的信號。
3.general大眾化的、大體的,籠統(tǒng)的。
eg. Do you know the general idea of this article?
你知道這篇文章的大意嗎?
另:generally speaking 一般說來。
general作名詞用,是“將軍”的意思。
試題:填空
1) As ________, he arrived early and started to work at once.
2) The government answered the problems of ________ concern.
3) We have the ________ interests.
4) She is in her ________ wearing though it’s her birthday.
答案 1)usual 2)general 3)common 4)ordinary
(4) spend, cost, take, pay
四個(gè)詞都有“花費(fèi)”的意思,但用法各異:spend 主語往往只能是人,構(gòu)成兩個(gè)常用句型spend…(in) doing sth.“在做某事上花時(shí)間”,spend…on“在…上花時(shí)間、金錢”。
eg. 1) We spent two hours in finding his house.
我們花了兩個(gè)小時(shí)才找到他的家。
2)I spent five yuan on the book.這本書我花了五快錢。
1.cost:主語是物,構(gòu)成句型sth. cost sb. some time or some money 某物花了某人時(shí)間或錢
eg. The book cost me five yuan. 這本書花了我五塊錢。
2.take常用作形式主語,也可以是其他的物,不能是人,句型:It takes sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花了某人多長時(shí)間。
eg. It took me two hours to clean the classroom.
打掃教室花了我兩個(gè)小時(shí)。
3.pay主語是人,pay…for為…付款
eg. I paid two yuan for the book. 這本我付了兩塊錢。
試題:用spend, cost, take, pay 填空
1) The dictionary ________ me fifty yuan.
2) He _________ three months writing the book.
3) It _______ him three months to write the book.
4) I _______ two dollars _______ the gift.
答案 1)cost 2)spent 3)took 4)paid; for
(5)be able to ,can
兩者均有“能夠”的含意,通?梢曰Q使用。
1) be able to 表示有能力并且做成了某事,強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果,強(qiáng)調(diào)確實(shí)使用了這種能力,可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。如:
Will you be able to attend the meeting? 你能參加會議嗎?
He has not been able to get there before dark. 他沒能在天黑前趕到那里。
2)can僅僅表示有能力做某事,但不一定做成,它只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。如:
He said he could swim across the river. 他說他能游過這條河。
(6) used to, be used to do 和 be used to doing
1)used to 表示過去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,過去如此,現(xiàn)在不再這樣了。常譯作“過去常!。如:
He used to play basketball when he was young. 他年輕的時(shí)候常常打籃球。
There used to be an apple tree here. 過去這兒曾經(jīng)有棵蘋果樹。
2)be used to do 表示“被用來做某事”。如:
Wood is often used to make desks and chairs. 木頭常常被用來制作桌椅。
3)be used to doing/n. 表示“習(xí)慣于”某一客觀事實(shí)或狀態(tài),不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作,to是介詞,后面接名詞或動(dòng)名詞。如:
He is used to hard work. 他習(xí)慣于艱苦的工作。
She is not used to eating Chinese food. 她不習(xí)慣吃中餐。
(7)believe, believe in
1)believe表示“相信”某事或某人所主的話;或“認(rèn)為”、“想”。如:
You can’t believe anything she says. 你不能想念她所說的任何事情。
The police didn’t believe him/his account of the accident. 警方不相信他/他對事故的陳述。
I believe they are getting married. 我看他們就要結(jié)婚了。
2)believe in 表示“相信……的存在”、“信仰”、“信任”。如:
Do you believe in fairies? 你相信有神仙嗎?
Christians believe in Jesus. 基督徒信仰耶穌。
(8)while, when 和 as
三者均可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,但含義不盡相同。
1) while表示時(shí)段或過程,強(qiáng)調(diào)主句與從句的行為或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或存在,所以while從句必須用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如:
while I was in New York, I met him twice. 當(dāng)我在紐約時(shí),我見過他兩次。
2) when既可表示時(shí)段,又可表示時(shí)點(diǎn),因此,它有時(shí)可與while通用,有時(shí)則不可。如:
when/while I was busy in the kitchen, someone knocked at the door. 當(dāng)我正在廚房里忙的時(shí)候,有人敲門。
When I woke up, mom was preparing breakfast. 當(dāng)我醒來時(shí),媽媽正在準(zhǔn)備早餐。(此句中when不能用while代替,因?yàn)閣hen I woke up 表示一個(gè)時(shí)點(diǎn),而不是時(shí)段。)
3) as 常與when,while通用,但它更側(cè)重主句與從句的行為同時(shí)發(fā)生,常譯作“隨著……”或“一邊……一邊……”。如:
As you grow, you know more and more. 隨著年齡的增長,你的知識越來越豐富。
She was singing as she was walking. 她邊走邊唱。
(9)care about, care for 和 take care of
1) care about sth.的意思是認(rèn)為某物很重要。如:
She doesn’t care about money. 她不看重金錢。
I don’t care about what people think. 我不在乎別人怎么想。
2) care for 的意思是“喜歡”(一般用于否定句和疑問句),“照料”。如:
I don’t really care for tea; I like coffee better.
我并不怎么喜歡喝茶,我更喜歡喝咖啡。
Would you care for a drink? 你想喝點(diǎn)什么嗎?
I am glad to see that you are being well cared for.
看到你得到很好的照料,我非常高興。
3) take care of 意為“照料”。如:
We will take care of you when you are old. 你年紀(jì)大了,我們來照料你。
She asked her secretary to take care of the travel arrangement. 她要她的秘書負(fù)責(zé)照料旅行的事宜。
重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析
must, have to 和 have got to 的用法
(1) must是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。它只能用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)和將來時(shí)(過去時(shí)用had to 代替)。Must與動(dòng)詞原形連用,可以表示義務(wù)和語氣較強(qiáng)的勸告。
否定式:must not/mustn’t
疑問式:must I? 等
否定疑問式:must I not?/mustn’t I? 等
You must get up earlier in the morning. 你早晨必須起早一點(diǎn)。
You must take more exercise. Join a squash club. 你應(yīng)該多鍛煉。參加一個(gè)壁球俱樂部吧。
(2) have to 表示“必須”,“不得不”。可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I have to go to work every day except Sunday. But I don’t have to work a full day on Saturday. 除了星期天外我必須每天去上班,但星期六我不必干一整天。
(3)must表示說話人的主觀看法;而have to 則表示客觀需要。如:
Mother: You must wipe your feet when you come in. 母親:你進(jìn)屋前必須先足掉鞋上的土。
Little boy: I have to wipe my feet every time I come in. 小男孩:我每次進(jìn)屋前都得先足掉鞋上的土。
(4)在口語中,可以用have got to 代替 have to.如:
It’s getting late. I’m afraid I’ve got to go. 天晚了,恐怕我得走了。
口語交際
(一)感謝幫助
1. Thank you very much. That was thoughtful of you. 十分感謝您。您真是細(xì)心周到。
2. I know that you went out of your way. Thank you. 我知道您已經(jīng)給我額外的幫助了。謝謝。
3. Thank you for helping us move. You were a big help. 謝謝您幫我們搬家。這可幫了我們一個(gè)大忙。
4. We want to take you out to show our appreciation. 我們想請你吃一頓飯,以表達(dá)對你的謝意。
5. Without your help, the job would have never been completed. 那時(shí)候,要是沒有您的幫忙,工作便無法完成了。
6. Why don’t you come by the house? The beer is on me. Thank you again for all that you have done.何不順路到我家坐坐?我請你喝啤酒。再次謝謝你為我們所做的一切。
7. without you, it would have never been possible. Thank you. 沒有你,事情根本就無法辦好。謝謝你。
8. Many thanks for the favor you did for me! 謝謝你給我的一切幫助!
(二)禁止、不允許
1. stop talking. 禁止講話!
2. Don’t touch it! You will burn your hand.別碰!會燙傷手的。
3. You shouldn’t go through a red light.你不應(yīng)該闖紅燈。
4. You mustn’t speak English that way. 你不準(zhǔn)那樣說英語。
5. You can’t play in the street.你不能在街上玩耍。
6. Nobody is allowed to hunt here.此處禁止打獵。
7. Keep off the grass!勿踏草地!
8. No spitting!禁止隨地吐痰!
9.No bike riding!禁止騎車!
10.No Parking here!此處禁止停車!
11.Don’t litter the ground with paper.不要隨地亂扔紙屑。
12.Not open to visitors.謝絕參觀。
13.Please do not disturb.請勿打擾。