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      2. g1Unit 16 Scientists at Work

        發(fā)布時間:2016-8-24 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版

        目標(biāo)導(dǎo)引

        1.單元詞匯及短語

        instruction, in one’s opinion, a waste of, make use of ,conduct ,a number of ,a great deal of ,tie to, stopfrom doing sth ,tear down ,in tears end in ,be made up of ,work with ,be against

        2.單元句型

        (1)What is to be done when anything gets into your eyes?

        (2)In my opinion, it is a waste of money.

        (3)I saw some of the hairs on the string stand up.

        (4)The string was getting charged.

        3.單元語法

        Word Formation: Compounds

        核心知識

        重點詞匯及短語

        (1)make use of利用

        也常說make good(full, the best)use of.

        eg.How do you make use of your spare time?你是怎樣利用你的課余時間的?

        make還可構(gòu)成一些詞組,在本單元有be made of, be made up of.

        1)be made of由制成,制成后看得見原材料

        eg.The desk is made of wood. 這個桌子是木頭做的。

        2)be made from也是“由制成”,但看不見原材料。

        eg.Some paper is made from rags.

        有些紙是破布制成的。而be made into則是“可制成”

        ge.Wood can be made into desks.

        用木頭可制成桌子。

        3)be made up of是指“由組成”

        eg.The Third World is made up of the developing countries.

        第三世界是由發(fā)展中國家組成的。

        【注】make up for是“彌補(bǔ)”的意思。

        eg.We should make up for the lost time.

        我們應(yīng)該彌補(bǔ)失去的時間。

        試題:填空

        1.Wine is made _____grapes.

        2.Cloth is made_______ cotton, wool, silk and other materials.

        3.Glass is made ______bottles.

        4.British is made ________some islands.

        5.She more than made _________the playing she missed.

        答案1.from 2.of 3.into 4.up of 5.up for

        (2)a great deal of

        許多,大量,修飾不可數(shù)名詞,如:spend a great deal of money花很大一筆錢。表示“許多,大量”意思的詞有:a large amount of ,a great/good deal of修餓不可數(shù)名詞,a number of ,a great many 修飾可數(shù)名詞;a lot of, a large quantity of則既可修飾可數(shù)名詞,也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。

        eg。1.take a great deal of trouble費盡心力

        2.a great many students許多學(xué)生

        3.a large quantity of water/books許多水/書

        (3)tieto

        1)把系在上面

        eg.He tied his dog to a young tree.他把狗系在一棵小樹上。

        2)還可作名詞用,“帶子,領(lǐng)帶 ”及“平手,平分勝負(fù)”。

        eg. 1.I bought a new tie yesterday.我昨天買了一條新領(lǐng)帶。

        2.The game ended in a tie,2-2, 這場比賽不分勝負(fù),二比二。

        (4)stopfrom doing sth.

        1)阻止某人做某事,相當(dāng)于prevent sb.from doing sth,其中from可以省略。keepfrom doing sth.也是阻止某人做某事,但from不能省略。

        eg.What stopped you (from)going with them?

        什么阻止了你和他們一道去?

        2)stop doing sth.指“停下正在做的事”,而stop to do sth.是停下正在做的事去干另一件事。

        eg. 1.I stopped watching TV. 我停止看電視。

        2.I stopped to watch TV.我停下來去看電視。

        試題:改錯

        The teacher told the students to stop to write and listening to him.

        解析 老師叫學(xué)生停止寫而聽他講話,并不是停下來去寫,所以應(yīng)把to write改為writing.

        3)另:bus stop公共汽車站

        come to a stop停止

        eg.The bus came to a stop汽車停下來了。

        (5)tear down拆毀,拆除

        eg.The workers are tearing down these old building.工人們正在拆除這些舊的建筑物。

        1)tear還有“撕,扯”的意思。

        eg.The cloth tears easily.這塊布料容易扯破。

        2)tear sth. open或be torn open是指“撕開”。

        3)tear也作名詞用,(常用復(fù)數(shù))淚珠,眼淚。

        eg.The memory of her dead mother brought tears to her eyes.她一想起死去的母親就會落淚。

        4)構(gòu)成短語:in tears哭泣,流淚;

        burst into tears突然大哭起來;

        tears of joy喜悅的眼淚。

        (6)end in以為結(jié)果

        eg. 1.The plan ended in failure .這個計劃以失敗告終。

        2.He ended his days in peace.他在平靜中度過了晚年。

        1)by the end of到末為止,常跟完成時態(tài)。

        eg.By the end of last month,we had learned 5000 new words.到上個月末。我們學(xué)了五千新單詞。

        2)at the end of在結(jié)束時;在盡頭。

        eg.

        1.We will have a test at the end of this month.在這個月末,我們將進(jìn)行一次測試。2.There is a book store at the end of the street.在街的盡頭有一家書店。

        3)in the end最終,終于,表示經(jīng)過一番周折后,某事才發(fā)生。

        eg.He worked hard ,in the end he succeeded.他努力學(xué)習(xí),最后他成功了。

        試題:填空

        1._______this term, I will have learned five English songs.

        2._______I found my lost book.

        3._______this year, I will go abroad.

        4.________the road, you will see a small house.

        答案 1.by the end of 2.in the end 3.at the end of 4.at the end of

        (7)work

        1)work在本單元句子the experiment would not work及work with animals中,是指起作用,(使)奏效。

        Eg.

        1.The lift is not working.電梯壞了。

        2.The smoke is working.煙在起作用。

        2)work out算出,制訂出out of work失業(yè)

        (8)go against反對,不利于

        eg.But if you go against nature and do things at the wrong time of year ,you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good .但是,如果你違反自然(規(guī)律), 一年中務(wù)農(nóng)時間不合適,那么你干的活就比較多,而收成也不會好。

        1)go作不及物動詞時,常用進(jìn)和時態(tài)表示將要發(fā)生的動作。

        eg.He is going to Wuhan tomorrow。他明天要去武漢。

        類似用法的動詞還有come,leave,start,return,begin等。

        2)go也作不及物動詞,后接形容詞作表語。這類形容詞或表顏色或含貶義。

        eg.

        1.He went red with anger.他氣得臉都紅了。

        2.The food went bad.食物變壞了。

        3)“go+現(xiàn)在分詞”不可表示從事某種職業(yè)。如:go farming(務(wù)農(nóng));go teaching(執(zhí)教);go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做某事:go on to do sth.繼續(xù)做另一件事。

        試題:

        1.He ____to Beijing next week.

        A.went B.go C.has gone D.is going

        2.After dark,we_______the work by the lights of our tractors.

        A.goes on doing B.went on to do

        C.went on doing D.go on to do

        3.After finishing writing a letter.I_______my homework.

        A.went on doing

        B.went to do

        C.go on doing

        D.go on to do

        答案 1.D 2.D 3.B

        同義詞辨析

        1.much too, too much

        兩個詞都有“太”的意思,much too后接形容詞或副詞。

        eg.It is much too expensive.那太貴了。

        1)too much后接不可數(shù)名詞,也可獨立使用,充當(dāng)名詞詞組或副詞詞組修飾動詞。

        eg.

        1.There is too much dust in the room.房間里灰塵太多了。

        2.I have given you too much.我給你的太多了。

        3.You talk too much.你說的太多了。

        2)詞組be too much for非能力所及,對太難了

        eg.I couldn’t finish that book, it was too much for me.我無法讀完那本書,它對我來說是太難了。

        試題:用too much, much too填空。

        1.The trip to London is_____for him.

        2.I have ______work to do.

        3.I’m______tired.

        4.You have written________.

        答案 1.too much 2.too much 3.much too 4.too much

        2.a number of ,the number of

        a number of許多,修飾可數(shù)名詞。作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),還可以說a large number of,a small number of;而the number of是表示“的數(shù)量”;作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

        試比較:

        1.A number of students are fond of sports.

        許多學(xué)生都愛好運動。

        2.The number of books in our school library is very large.

        我們學(xué)校圖書館的圖書藏書數(shù)量很大。

        3.work, job, labor, task

        job和work可經(jīng)通用。

        eg. Her job(work)is as a nurse.

        她工作是護(hù)士。

        job可數(shù),如a job, jobs; work不可數(shù)。labor一般指體力勞動;work泛指體力或腦力勞動。

        eg.The peasants were laboring in the fields.

        農(nóng)民們在地里干活。

        此處labor可和work互換。Task多指困難的或令人疲倦的工作。

        eg.In spite of difficulties, we must finish the task.

        盡管有很多困難,但我們必須完成工作。

        4. in , after 和within

        (1)in 和after兩者都可以表示“在┅時間之后”,都可以與終止性動詞連用。但after一般指以過去為起點,過去一段時間以后,常用于過去時;in常指以現(xiàn)在為起點,將來一段時間以后,所以常用于一般將來時。如:

        Let’s hurry ! The train will leave in five minutes .快點!火車五分鐘后就要開了。

        He had a walk after supper . 晚飯后,他出去散步了。

        (2)與某一具體時間點連用時,不管是什么時態(tài),只能用after 。如:

        They will begin to work after 8 o’clock .八點以后,他們開始工作。

        (3)within后接表示時間的名詞,表示在這一時間范圍之內(nèi),有“不到”,“不超過”的含意,一般可以與in互換。常用在一般將來時,一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時中。如:

        He finished drawing the horse within / in 5 minutes .他五分鐘之內(nèi)就畫完了一匹馬。

        5.a great deal of , a good / great many , a lot of 和plenty of

        (1)a great deal of 后面只限不可數(shù)名詞。如:

        There is a great deal of water in the lake .湖里有很多水。

        (2)a good / great many 只修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。如:

        I have a good many things to do today . 我今天有很多事情要做。

        (3)a lot of = lots of 一般用于肯定句(否定句或疑問句一般用many 或much)。后跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如:

        A lot of students went swimming yesterday . 昨天很多學(xué)生去游泳。

        A lot of work is to be done this week.本周有很多事情要做。

        (4)plenty of 可修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如:

        There are plenty of eggs in the fridge .冰箱里有很多雞蛋。

        We have plenty of rain this year .今年我們這里雨量充足。

        6. a little / a few 和little / few

        (1)a little /little (形容詞)用在不可數(shù)名詞之前, a few / few (形容詞)用在復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前。如:

        a little salt / little salt 一點鹽/沒有多少鹽

        a few people / few people 有幾個人/沒有幾個人

        這四種形式也都能用做代詞,或單獨使用或與of 連用:

        -Sugar ? 要糖嗎?

        -A little , please . 請給一點兒。

        Only a few of these are any good . 這其中只有幾個用得著。

        (2)a little , a few (形容詞和代詞)

        a little 指少量或者說話人認(rèn)為少的量;a few 指小數(shù)目或者說話人認(rèn)為小的數(shù)目。把only放在a little /a few 之前,是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)說話人認(rèn)為數(shù)量的確很小。但是把quite放在a few 之前就大大增大了這個數(shù)量。如:

        Only a few of our customers have accounts .我們的顧客中只有少數(shù)人是記帳的。

        I have quite a few books on art . 我有不少關(guān)于藝術(shù)的書。

        (3)little 和few (形容詞和代詞)

        little 和few 意為很少或沒有,具有否定意義。如:

        There was little time for consultation .幾乎沒有時間商量。

        Little is known about the side – effects of this drug .這種藥物有什么副作用,現(xiàn)在還不大清楚。

        Few towns have such splendid trees .有這么好看的樹木的城市不多。

        7.such as , for example

        (1)such as 一般用來列舉同類人或物中的幾個例子,插在被列舉的例子和前面的名詞之間,as后沒有逗號。在使用such as 時應(yīng)注意后面列舉事物的數(shù)量不能等于前面所提事物的總和,若相等時用namely 或that is. 如:He has been to many countries ,such as America, Japan and German他去過很多國家,比如美國,日本和德國。

        He can speak three foreign languages, namely Chinese, English and French.他能說三門外語,即漢語,英語和法語。

        (2)for example 一般只舉同類人或物中的一個為例,作插入語,可置于名首,名中或名未。

        如:Many great people, for example, Lincoln and Edison, have risen from poverty.許多偉人

        貧苦中崛起,如林肯和愛迪生。

        重點難點解析

        1.so+連系動詞(助動詞或情態(tài)致詞)+主語

        這一名型是主動謂倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),表示前句所述肯定情況也適用于另一主語。其中so作“也這樣;也如此“解。但so后的連系動詞,助動詞或情態(tài)動詞須同前一句的謂語動詞保持一致。

        --I have seen the film .我看過這個電影。

        --so have I ,我也看過.

        Louise can swim .so can my wife.路易絲會游泳,她也會游泳.

        I enjoyed the book and so did my wife .我喜歡這本書,我的妻子也喜歡。

        注:由If引導(dǎo)的假設(shè)狀語從句表示一般將來時時,應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時代替。

        If you go to the cinema tonight, so shall I .假如今晚你去你去看電影的話,我也去.所以該從句中用go,而不是用will go ,但主句卻要用一般將來時,不能仍用一般現(xiàn)在時代替,因比后面so 引導(dǎo)的主句要用助動詞shall 或will。

        2.so+主語+連系動語(助動語或情態(tài)動詞)

        此句型的主語與前一句的主語相同,因而主謂不倒裝。這種句型表示說話者對前句所提到的情況或事實表示贊同,其中so作“不錯;確實如此”解。

        --It was cold yesterday .昨天天氣很冷!。

        --So it was .不錯,是很冷。

        --So he does.確實如此。

        3.So it is (was)with +另一主語

        此句型表示這一主語的情況也如此,主要用法是:

        (1)替代“So + 連系動詞(助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)+ 另一主語”。

        He is a farmer , So it is with his brother . (=So is his brother )他是農(nóng)民,他兄弟也是農(nóng)民。

        (2)替代“Neither / Nor +連系動詞(助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)+另一主語”。

        She didn’t come . So it was with her sister . (=Neither / Nor did her sister )她沒有來,她妹妹也沒有來。

        (3)當(dāng)前面的句子中主語支配兩個或更多的不同種類的謂語動詞時,只能用此句型。

        John’s father is a model worker and has done a lot of good all his life . So it is with Bob’s .

        約翰的父親是一位模范工作者,他一生做了很多好事,鮑勃的父親也是如此。

        (4)當(dāng)前面的句子有兩個謂語動詞,分別為肯定形式和否定形式,有so 或neither (nor) 均無法解決時,只能用此句型。

        Bill likes singing , but doesn’t like dancing . So it is with Carl .比爾喜歡唱歌而不喜歡跳舞,卡爾也一樣。

        (5)當(dāng)前面的句子是并列句時,也只能用此句型。

        Wei Fang is a Chinese girl , and China is her homeland . So it is with Zhou Lan .魏芳是個中國姑娘,中國是她的祖國,周蘭也是如此。

        4.主語 + 表示看法、意見等動詞 + so

        在此句型中,so是用來替代一個賓主從句的分句的替代詞,表示說話者贊同上文所說的情況或事實。表示看法、意見等動詞主要有:think , believe , expect , suppose , imagine , guess , say , hope , fear , be afraid 等。

        --Peter is an honest man . 彼得是個老實的人。

        --I think so .( = I think that Peter is an honest man . )我想是吧。

        --Will you be able to help us ?你能幫助我們嗎?

        --I hope so . ( = I hope that I will be able to help you . ) 我希望我能。

        --Have they put off the match ?他們已推遲了比賽嗎?

        --I’m afraid so . ( = I’m afraid that they have put off the match . ) 恐怕是這樣。

        注:think so , believe so , expect so 等變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问接袃煞N方法:

        (1)可以用動詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。

        (2)也可用 not 代替so 。但be afraid so , fear so , hope so 等變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问街荒苡胣ot 代替so ,即只可用上述第二種方法。

        --Do you believe that she will come tomorrow ? 你相信明天她會來嗎?

        --I don’t believe so . ( = I believe not . ) 我相信還會。

        --Has Anne got into university ? 安妮考進(jìn)大學(xué)了嗎?

        --I’m afraid not . ( 不可說:“I’m not afraid so . ) 恐怕沒有。

        5、主語+ do + so

        在此句型中,so 和動詞do連用,可用來替代上文出現(xiàn)過的動賓或動狀結(jié)構(gòu),以避免重復(fù)。

        --Have you handed in your composition ? 你的作文交了沒有?

        --I did so yesterday . ( did so = handed in my composition ) (動賓結(jié)構(gòu)) 我昨天交了。

        Jack can jump over the fence . I’m not sure whether David can do so . (do so = jump over the fence ) (動態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)) 杰克能跳過這個柵欄。大衛(wèi)能不能,我沒有把握。

        口語交際

        1、--Why didn’t you call me last night ? 你昨天晚上為什么沒給我打電話?

        --Because I went out .因為我出去了。

        2、--Tell me why you didn’t come yesterday . 告訴我你昨天為何沒來?

          --Because I was ill .因為我生病了。

        3、--As she is ill , we shall have to put off our trip to Shanghai . 由于她生病了,我們將不得不推遲我們的上海之行。

          --What a pity !真遺憾!

        4、--He was late as a result of / because of the heavy rain . 由于大雨他來遲了。

          --So was I .我也是。

        5、--Do you know the reason why she didn’t accept the present ? 你知道她為何沒收下這份禮物嗎?

          --It’s because she didn’t like it . 因為她不喜歡。

        6、--What caused the fire ? 是什么導(dǎo)致了火災(zāi)?

        --A cigarette end .一個香煙頭。

        7、--Do you know the cause of the disease ? 你知道這種疾病的原因嗎?

        --I think smoking is one of the causes . 我想吸煙是其中的一種。

        8、--Because of his illness , he was to stay in bed all day . 因為生病,他只好整天躺在床上。

        --We’d better go and see him sometime this week . 我們最好本周某個時間去看看他。

        9、--I don’t have the tape . 我沒有這盤磁帶。

        --Is that why you’d like to make a copy of it ? 這就是你想復(fù)制一盤的原因嗎?

        10、--Everybody likes him as he’s kind and honest . 人人都喜歡他,因為他善良而又誠實。

        --That’s right . 對。

        11、--It’s raining hard outside . 外面正下著大雨。

        --So we’ll go there another day . 因此我們改天再去那兒。

        12、--I didn’t hear the telephone . 我沒聽見電話響。

        --You must have been asleep . 你一定是睡著了。

        13、--What made her so happy ? 什么事使她這么高興?

        --Passing the examination . 考試通過了。

        14、--If you go on like this , you will fail . 如果你繼續(xù)這樣的話,你會失敗的。

        --Thank you for your warning .謝謝你的提醒。

        15、--Do you know why he got up so early ? 你知道他起這么早的原因嗎?

        --I don’t know . 我不知道。

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