1．reach 的用法
reach [ri:tM] vt. 到達(dá)，抵達(dá)。表示到達(dá)之意的還有 arrive at (in) , get to 等。例如：
① The president reached Beijing by special plane yesterday.
總統(tǒng)昨天乘專機(jī)到達(dá)北京。
② We reached here Thursday morning. 我們是星期四早晨到達(dá)這里的。
③ Dr Bethune arrived in Yanan in the spring of 1938．
白求恩大夫于1938年春到達(dá)延安。
④ When did you arrive in Europe? 你何時(shí)到達(dá)歐洲？
⑤ She was always the first to arrive at the workshop. 她總是第一個(gè)來到車間。
⑥ They arrived at the station at two o'clock. 他們兩點(diǎn)鐘來到車站。
⑦ We must get to the airport before 8．我們必須在八點(diǎn)鐘前到機(jī)場。
⑧ When did you get home yesterday? 你昨天什么時(shí)候到家的？
⑨ “When did the train arrived?” “Half an hour ago.”
火車何時(shí)到達(dá)的？半小時(shí)之前。
【注意】在指到達(dá)一個(gè)洲、國家、城市等大地方時(shí)，arrive后多用in；而在指到達(dá)一個(gè)小地方時(shí)，多用at。但如將一個(gè)城市當(dāng)作一個(gè)點(diǎn)看待，也可用
at。例如：
① Mary arrived in Shanghai last month. 瑪麗上月到達(dá)上海。
② We arrived at the small village in the evening. 我們傍晚到達(dá)那個(gè)小村莊。
③ The train arrived at Jinan at ten o' clock. 火車十點(diǎn)鐘抵達(dá)濟(jì)南站。
2．discover 的用法
discover [dis'k)v+] vt. 發(fā)現(xiàn)(已存在但并不為人所知的事，通常指地方或科學(xué)事實(shí))；知道。discover的基本用法如下：
1)跟名詞或代詞：
①It was Madame Curie who discovered the element radium.
是居里夫人發(fā)現(xiàn)了鐳元素。
② Columbus discovered America in 1492．哥倫布于1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。
2)跟從句：
① It was discovered that our food was running short. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)糧食快完了。
② We discovered that he was an enemy spy. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一名敵特。
3)跟帶連接詞的不定式：
① We never discovered how to open the box. 我們找不出打開盒子的方法。
4)跟復(fù)合賓語：
① We discovered him to be an enemy spy. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一名敵特。
② We discovered them sitting around a fire talking.
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們圍坐在篝火旁談話。
3．both [b+uI] 的基本用法
1)both 用作連詞。通常與and連用，構(gòu)成“both…and…”形式，意為“……和……兩者都”，使用時(shí)，both和and后面一般都跟著相同詞類的詞。例如： ① She both plays the piano and sings. (both+ 動(dòng)詞+ and+ 動(dòng)詞)
她既彈鋼琴，也唱歌。
② She plays both the piano and the guitar.
(both+名詞；and+名詞)
她既彈鋼琴，也彈吉他。
2)both用作代詞。常位于連系動(dòng)詞之后，或?qū)嵙x動(dòng)詞之前；但若當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是由幾個(gè)部分組成時(shí)，both則放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后。此外，它可用作主語。如：
①They are both absent. (同位語)他們倆都缺席。
②They both agree to stay. (同上)他們倆都同意留下來。
③We have both studied French.
我們兩個(gè)人都學(xué)習(xí)過法語。
3)both還可作形容詞。其用法和either相似，但both后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，either后面只接單數(shù)名詞。如：
①New cities came into being on both sides of the Great Wall. (=New cities came into being on either side of the Great Wall.)
長城的兩邊出現(xiàn)了嶄新的城市。
4)both的全部否定，應(yīng)用neither或not…either；而both…not卻是部分否定。如：
①Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard.
(=Either of them was not in good health, but both worked very hard.)
他們倆身體都不好，但都努力地工作。 ②Both of them are not teachers. 他們倆并非都是教師。
4．room [ru:m] 的基本用法
1)room可以用作不可數(shù)名詞，意為“(未占用的或可利用的)空間；地位；余地”。例如：
①Is there room for me? 還有我的地方嗎？
②It's polite for the youth to make room for the old in the bus.
在公共汽車上為老人讓路是有禮貌的。
③There's plenty of room for the desks. 有足夠的空地方放課桌。
④There's room for three more. 還有三個(gè)人的位置。
⑤I haven't much room to move here.
我這兒沒有多少活動(dòng)余地。 ⑥Can you make room for another?
你還能騰出一個(gè)(或一件東西)的地方嗎？
⑦This table takes up too much room----we'd better put it out. 這張桌子占的地方太大，我們最好把它搬到外頭去。
2)room可以用作可數(shù)名詞，意為“房間，室；一套房間；寓所”。例如：
①How many rooms are there in this hotel? 這家飯店里有多少房間？
②This room is a very pleasant one. 這個(gè)房間很舒服。
【注意】與room常合成的詞有：bathroom 洗澡間；sitting-room 起居室；dinning-room 飯廳；schoolroom教室
5．prepare的用法
prepare [pri'p#+] vt. ＆ vi. 準(zhǔn)備
1)跟名詞或代詞(可有較活譯法)：
①Please prepare the table for dinner. 請擺好桌子吃晚飯。
②Mother is preparing us a meal. 母親正為我們做飯。
2)跟不定式：
①They are busy preparing to go on holiday. 他們正忙著準(zhǔn)備休假。
3)prepare for引起的短語表示“為……做好準(zhǔn)備”。
①We were given two days to prepare for the examination.
給了我們兩天時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備考試。
②Hope for the best and prepare for the worst.
[諺]存最好的希望，準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)付最壞的情況。
6．way的用法 1)way(意為“方法”)經(jīng)常不用介詞。例如：
①I think you're putting it together (in) the wrong way.
我認(rèn)為你把它裝錯(cuò)了。
②Do it any Way you like. 你愛怎么干就怎么干。
在有關(guān)從句的句子里，我們在way后面常用that來代替in which。
例如：
③I like the way (that) she organized the meeting. 我喜歡他組織會(huì)議的方法。
2)way后面可跟“帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，也可跟“of+ -ing”結(jié)構(gòu)。兩者之間沒有重要區(qū)別。例如：
①There's no way to prove he was stealing money. 無法證明他在偷錢。
②There's no way of proving he was stealing money.
無法證明他在偷錢。
3)不要混淆in the way和on the way：in the way是用來談?wù)系K--------阻止你到想去的地方的人或物；on the way意為“在途中”。試比較：
①Please don't stand in the kitchen door----you're in the way.
請不要站在廚房門口--------你擋了我的路。
②Let's not stop too often on the way. 咱們別老在途中停留了。
7．offer的用法
offer作為及物動(dòng)詞，有以下幾種意思：
1)提供，提出。如：
①The young man offered the old woman his own seat.
那位年輕人把自己的座位讓給那位老大娘。 2)出價(jià)，開價(jià)(常與介詞for連用)。如：
①I offered him ￡10,000 for the house.
我出價(jià)一萬英鎊向他買那座房子。
②I offered him the house for ￡10,000．
我以一萬磅的價(jià)格把那座房子賣給他。
3)表示愿意做某事(常與不定式連用)如：
①We offered to go with him. 我們表示愿意和他一道去。
▲另外，offer也可作為名詞用，意思是“提供”，“提供的事物”。如：
①You ought to accept the offer. 你應(yīng)該接受這個(gè)提議。
8．turn 一詞的幾種常見用法
1)Take turns to do, take turns at doing 或do …by turns 都表示“輪流做某事”的意思。It's one's turn to do… 表示“輪到某人做某事”。注意表達(dá)時(shí)turn 一詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
①Take turns to offer each other the foods in Part 2 in pairs.
兩人一組，輪流請對方吃第二部分列出的食物。
②They took turns to keep watch.
他們輪流站崗。(=They kept watch by turns.)
③We take turns to make/ at making dinner.
我們輪流做晚飯。(=We make dinner by turns.)
④The two drivers took turns at driving the truck.
兩個(gè)駕駛員輪流開車。(=…drove …by turns.)
⑤It's your turn to recite the passage. 輪到你背誦這篇短文了。
⑥Whose turn is it to speak now? 現(xiàn)在輪到誰發(fā)言了？
【注意】 Wait your turn是“等著輪到你”的意思，這里wait后不能接for。
Wait your turn = Wait until it is your turn.
2)turn = become，用作連系動(dòng)詞。如：
①In autumn the leaves turn brown. 秋天樹葉變黃。
②Ice turns into water when (it is) heated. 冰加熱變成水。
③Three years later, he turned thief/ doctor.
三年后他變成了賊/醫(yī)生。
【注意】句③中，turn接表示主語身份的名詞時(shí)，該名詞前不帶冠詞。
▲說“情況變得更糟了”，英語是 get worse 或 turn for the worse，而個(gè)說 turn worse.
3)turn out表示“結(jié)果……”，如：
①The project turned out (to be) a failure.
計(jì)劃結(jié)果失敗了。(to be可省略)
②The day turned out to be a fine one. 結(jié)果那天是個(gè)晴天。
③I hope everything will turn out fine/ well/ all right. 我希望一切都會(huì)好的。
4)turn up = appear, be found 表示“出現(xiàn)”。如：①He promised to come, but so far he hasn't turned up yet.
他答應(yīng)來的，可到現(xiàn)在還沒出現(xiàn)。
②I expect the missing watch will turn up one day.
我希望那塊丟失的手表哪一天會(huì)出現(xiàn)。
③Tom is always waiting for something to turn up.
Tom總是等待著好運(yùn)會(huì)降臨。
5)其它turn所用于的情況：
①Don't always turn to the dictionary when you come to a new word.碰到生詞時(shí)不要總是查詞典。
②Don't turn to him for help. 不要求助于他。
③He turned the key in the lock. 他用鑰匙開門。
④Turn over the page. 翻過一頁。
⑤The doctor turned him over and looked at his back.
醫(yī)生把他翻過來查看他的背。 ⑥Turn it round and let me see the other side. 把它轉(zhuǎn)過來，讓我看另一面。⑦Turn away from the light. 背過光去。
⑧Turn down the radio/ light. 把收音機(jī)音量放小些/把燈調(diào)暗些。⑨Turn your pocket inside out. 把你的口袋翻過來。
⑩Turn the bottle upside down. 把瓶倒過來。
(11)She was angry and turned her back to me. 她生氣了，背對著我。(12)Turn your eyes this way. 朝這邊看。
9．ship 作為動(dòng)詞的用法
1)ship作為及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“用船運(yùn)送”、“運(yùn)送”。如：
①They shipped the machine from Shanghai to Tianjin last week.他們于上星期用船把那臺(tái)機(jī)器從上海運(yùn)到天津。
②Did he ship the goods by train or by plane?
他是用火車還是用飛機(jī)運(yùn)送那批貨物的？
2)ship作為不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“上船”、“乘船”、“在船上工作”。如：①He said good - bye to his family and shipped out for England.他向家人道別，乘船到英國去了。
②He shipped as cook. 他在船上當(dāng)廚師。
重要詞組短語
1．be made into, be made of, be made from 和be made up of 的用法區(qū)別
1)be made into意思是“被制成”。如：
①In many parts of the world corn is made into powder.
在世界許多地方玉米被制成粉。
②We can make glass into different kinds of things.
我們可以把玻璃制成各種東西。
2)be made of原為 be made out of， out常被省略。這一短語表示成品制成后，仍保留了原材料的形狀，制作過程僅發(fā)生了物理變化。如：
①The desks and chairs are made of wood. 這些課桌都是木頭制成的。
②The cloth is made of cotton. 這種布是用棉花制成的。
3)be made from 表示制成的東西完全失去了原材料的外性和特性，原料在制作過程中發(fā)生了化學(xué)變化，從成品已無法辨認(rèn)。如： ①Gas is made from coal. 煤氣由煤制成。
②This kind of wine is made from rice. 這種酒是米制成的。
4)be made up of是“由……組成”的意思。如：
①The article is made up of four parts.
這篇文章由四部分組成。
②The sports team is made up of twenty members.
這支運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)有二十人組成。
【注意】be made of，be made into和make …into…許多時(shí)候可互換使用。
如：
①Bread is made of flour.
=Flour can be made into bread.
=We can make flour into bread.
=We can make bread (out) of flour.
2．help oneself 的用法
help oneself是固定用法，可單獨(dú)使用，也可和介詞to連用。主要有四種含義：
1)serve oneself (with food or drink) 自用(食物等)。如：
①There is some bread on the table. You may help yourself to it. 桌子上有面包，你自己拿去吃吧！
②----Can I have a drink?
----Help yourself.
“我可以喝點(diǎn)嗎？”
“別客氣(隨便喝吧)！”
③“Jill, help yourself to the pancakes. They are delicious”. 吉爾(自己)拿些煎餅吃吧！非常好吃！
2)take for (oneself), esp. dishonestly, 擅自取用。此時(shí)，to后賓語不一定是食物類，而可以泛指其他各種物品。如：
①The money was on the table and no one was there, so he helped himself (to it). 桌上有錢，左右無人，于是他就拿走了。
②Before leaving, father warned me against not to help myself to the medicine in the box on the shelf. 出門前，父親再次警告我不要拿放在架子上盒子
里的藥。
【注意】 help sb to sth表示“替別人取食物等。”如：
①M(fèi)ay I help you to some more meat? 我?guī)湍阍倌眯┤夂脝幔?/p>
3．動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和by引起的時(shí)間狀語
by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語，有“在某時(shí)前、到某時(shí)為止”、“到某時(shí)”的意思，所修飾的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)既取決于by短語，指過去、將來還是現(xiàn)在，也取決于謂語動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞還是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。詳述如下：
1)by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語表示過去某一時(shí)間
(1)如謂語動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，該動(dòng)作到by短語所示時(shí)間時(shí)已經(jīng)完成，則用過去完成時(shí)。如：
①By the time he was ten, he had already built a chemistry lab for himself.
到了十歲時(shí)，他為自己建了一個(gè)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
(2)如謂語動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，該動(dòng)作到by短語所示時(shí)間時(shí)尚在進(jìn)行之中，則用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。如： ①By seven o'clock, the wind was blowing harder than ever.
到七點(diǎn)時(shí)，北風(fēng)比以往吹得更強(qiáng)勁了。
(3)如謂語動(dòng)詞是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示到by短語所示時(shí)間時(shí)存在的狀態(tài)，則用過去時(shí)。如：
①By that time the Japanese were already very near.
到那時(shí)，日本人已經(jīng)很近了。
②By then he knew what he wanted to be when he grew up.
到那時(shí)，他知道他長大后要干什么。
(4)如謂語動(dòng)詞是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示到by短語所示時(shí)間時(shí)該狀態(tài)已延續(xù)若干時(shí)間，則用過去完成時(shí)。這時(shí)，另有一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語，說明該狀態(tài)延續(xù)的時(shí)間長度。如： ①By the end of last month, my brother had been on that ship for two years.
到上月底，我兄弟在那艘輪船上已有兩年了。
2)by短語表示將來某一時(shí)間
(1)謂語動(dòng)詞如果是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，則用將來完成時(shí)或一般將來時(shí)，表示到by短語所表示的時(shí)間時(shí)該動(dòng)作將完成。如：
①Q(mào)uite often you'll find the unknown word comes again, perhaps several times and by the end of the chapter you'll have guessed its meaning.
你常常會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，那個(gè)不認(rèn)識的單詞會(huì)再次出現(xiàn)，也許會(huì)多次出現(xiàn)。到全章快讀完時(shí)，你就會(huì)猜出這個(gè)詞的意義了。
②We will have the work completed by noon tomorrow.
到明天中午我們將把工作做完。
在主動(dòng)詞為過去式的賓語從句中則用過去將來時(shí)。如：
③Mrs Adams thought the movie would be finished by 10:30 p. m. 亞當(dāng)斯認(rèn)為電影到晚上十點(diǎn)半會(huì)結(jié)束。
(2)如謂語動(dòng)詞是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則用一般將來時(shí)，表示到by短語所示時(shí)間將出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)。如：
①Your son will be all right by supper time.
到吃晚飯時(shí)你兒子(的病)就會(huì)好了。
②He won't be here by this time tomorrow.
明天這個(gè)時(shí)候他還不會(huì)到這里。
3)by短語表示現(xiàn)在
如謂語動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，則用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示到現(xiàn)在該動(dòng)作已完成。如： Perhaps she's recovered by now. 也許現(xiàn)在她已恢復(fù)健康了。
4．be able to與can的用法區(qū)別
be able to表示能力，意思上與can沒有區(qū)別，但can只有現(xiàn)在式和過去式(could)，而 be able to則有更多的形式，體現(xiàn)在be的時(shí)態(tài)變化上。例如：
①No one is able to do it. (= No one can do it.) 沒人能做這件事。
②We shall be able to finish the work next week.
我們下周將能完成這項(xiàng)工作。
③I haven't been able to find the book. 我沒能夠找到那本書。
常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)
1．a(chǎn)s…as…中第一個(gè)as是副詞，第二個(gè)as是連詞，其基本用法如下：
1)如果我們要說兩個(gè)東西在某方面是一樣的，同我們就可以用as…as… 加一個(gè)原級形容詞或副詞。如：
①It's as cold as ice. 它象冰一樣冷。
②He drove as fast as he could. 他盡可能快開。
在非正式文體中，第一個(gè)as往往省略。美國英語尤其如此。例
如：
③She's bard as mails. 她冷酷無情。
如果第二個(gè)as后面跟的是人稱代詞，可以用主格(I，he，we等)，也可以用賓格(me，him，us等)。在正式的文體中多用主格(as clever as I)，但在非正式的講話或文字中，賓格較為普通(as clever as me)。
【注意】在作否定的比較時(shí)，可用not as…as…，也可用not so…as…。在現(xiàn)代英語中，兩者都是正確的。例如：
④She's not as/ so nice as her sister. 她不如她姐姐好。
2)如果涉及數(shù)量，我們可以用as much …as…或as many …as…加一個(gè)名詞。
例如：
①I haven't got as much money as I thought.
我沒有原來想象的那么多錢。
②We need as many records as possible.
我們需要盡量多弄到一些唱片。
▲as much和 as many也可用作代詞，后面不跟名詞。如：
③I ate as much as I could. 我放開肚子大吃了一頓。
④He didn't catch as much as he'd hoped.
他沒有得到預(yù)期的那么多。
▲as much還可以用作狀語，來修飾某個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：
⑤You ought to rest as much as possible. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量多休息。
3)as…as還可以與twice，three times等連用，也可以與half，a quarter等連用。例如：
①I'm not going out with a man who's twice as old as me.
我不愿意和一個(gè)年紀(jì)比我大一倍的人一起參加社交活動(dòng)。
②We got three times as many people as expected.
來的人超過我們預(yù)料人數(shù)的兩倍。
③You're not half as clever as you think you are.
你可不象自己想象的一半那么聰明。
2．“too…to…”意為“太……以致于不能……”。例如：
①He's too old to work. 他太老了，不能工作了。
②It's too late for the pubs to be open.
天太晚了，酒館不會(huì)營業(yè)了。
③It's too heavy for you to lift. 太重了，你提不起來。
【注意】當(dāng)glad，eager，easy，pleased等形容詞放在“too…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)中的“too”后時(shí)，其后的不定式短語往往含有肯定意義。例如：
①I am too eager to join the Youth League. 我非�？释尤牍睬鄨F(tuán)。
②I am too glad to meet you. 見到你我非常高興。
3．感嘆句的兩種形式
感嘆句由 What或 How引導(dǎo)。What后接名詞；How后接形容詞或副詞。構(gòu)成以下句型：What＋a(an)＋(adj.)＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)；What＋(adj.)＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞以及How＋(adj. ＆ adv). ＋句子。例如：
①What an interesting film we saw yesterday!
昨天我們看的電影真有趣！
②What delicious beancurd you offered me!
你給我的豆腐真好吃！
③How delicious the soup is! 這湯真香！
④How hard the farmers are working in the fields!
農(nóng)夫們在田野里干得多起勁！