教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1.學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成以及與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系和對時(shí)間狀語的要求,以及現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 的陳述句形式和疑問句形式及其簡略答語是本單元的教學(xué)重點(diǎn)。要求學(xué)生能初步運(yùn)用現(xiàn)在完 成時(shí)態(tài)談?wù)撘恍┻^去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響,掌握過去分詞的構(gòu)成。
2.能夠熟練運(yùn)用本單元有關(guān)“借物、尋物”的交際用語,正確運(yùn)用Have you got…? 和Do you have…?及其簡略答語。
3.掌握本單元的單詞和短語,特別是used to,pay for,think of等用法。
4.利用閱讀課文來培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力和根據(jù)上下文判斷生詞詞義的能力,并逐 步提高對學(xué)生閱讀速度的要求。
5.要求學(xué)生能用自己組織的語言,對課文故事予以簡述。
教學(xué)建議
單元內(nèi)容分析
本單元主要教學(xué)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài),圍繞“The lost book”開展教學(xué)活動。學(xué)習(xí)了有關(guān)“借物和尋物”的交際用語以及到圖書館借閱圖書及相關(guān)事項(xiàng),著重使用了“Have you got…”這種句式,通過對話,教學(xué)了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的用法和構(gòu)成,重點(diǎn)分析過去某個(gè)動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。學(xué)習(xí)了過去分詞的構(gòu)成和動詞加一ed后的讀音,if引導(dǎo)的從句中時(shí)態(tài)的使用,同時(shí)還學(xué)習(xí)了一些同義詞、近義詞的用法與區(qū)別。
ago 與before
ago與before 是兩個(gè)表示“以前”的概念的單詞。在用法上,它們的區(qū)別是較大的。
1)ago和一般過去時(shí)的動詞連用,表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在以前的過去時(shí)間,它不能用于完成時(shí)態(tài),例如:
Your friend was here a week ago, wasn't he? Of course he was.
before可以和完成時(shí)態(tài)連用,也常常與never連用,表示在早先或過去的某時(shí)間的“以前”。
例如:
I never met him before. He's new to me.
下面以three years ago和three years before為例來進(jìn)行比較。three years ago用于過去時(shí)態(tài),
表示從今天算起的“三年以前”;而three year before用于過去完成時(shí)態(tài),表示從三年以前算
起的過去。試看下面的比較:
A. I met him three years ago. We've been friends for 3 years.
B. I had met him three years before. I met you in 1992.
句A表示:“(從今天算起)三年前我遇見過他。”句B表示:“(從三年前追溯起)三年前我遇見過他一次!
2) 另外before與ago單純在形式上的區(qū)別是before可以單獨(dú)使用,ago必須與別的表示時(shí)間的詞連用。例如:
I have read it before. It is a very good novel.
I read it 3 years ago. But I can't remember everything about it.
例 Have you found the book? Yes, I _____it five minutes_______.
A. have found, before B. found, before
C. has found, ago D. found, ago
解析 ago表示從現(xiàn)在算起的多少時(shí)間以前,用于一般過去式的句子中,before則表示從過去看的某時(shí)間以前或泛指以前,常見于完成時(shí)態(tài)。從本句的答語“我5分鐘前找到的”中,可以判斷是從現(xiàn)在算起的五分鐘前,故選D。
full與fill
。1)fill v.把……填滿,常與with連用。如:
Please fill the bags with rice. We've got to take them to the poor family in the village.
fill也可以表示狀態(tài)。相當(dāng)與 be filled with。如:
Smoke filled the room. = The room was filled with smoke.房間里濃煙彌漫。
。2)fill in填入、填寫、塞滿,如:
–Please fill in your telephone number and your name.
–OK, But may I borrow your pen?
–What shall I do if I want to find a job here?
–Fill in the application form.
。3)full adj. 滿的,充滿的。其結(jié)構(gòu)是be full of=be filled with,如:
The basket is full of apples. = The basket is filled with apples.Enough for all of us.
The bag full of books is mine. Please carry it for me, It's too heavy.
lose與 miss
1)兩者都表示“丟失”。lose的語氣較強(qiáng),含有丟失后不易找到;miss含有“發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失”之意。在很多情況下兩者可換用。例如:
You said you have lost your watch. When did you miss it? 你說把手表丟了,你什么時(shí)候丟的?
2)lose通常用過去分詞(lost)作定語或表語;而miss則用其ing形式(missing)作表語或定語。例如:
Is there anything missing (Is there anything lost) ?
Nothing, so far as I know.
on與about
二者都是介詞,意為“關(guān)于,論及”等,一般情況下,二者可以互相替換,但二者有點(diǎn)區(qū)別:about常用于簡單的或淺顯的論述等,是一般用語,多用于講故事,談話;思考等;on多用于系統(tǒng)論述或?qū)n}講演、論著等,具有學(xué)術(shù)性,如:
The teacher told us a story about Lei Feng. It's very moving.
He will give us a talk on the history of the Party.他將給我們做個(gè)關(guān)于黨史的報(bào)告。
正誤例析
今天下午我們將聽一個(gè)關(guān)于非洲歷史的演講。
誤:We're going to listen to a lecture about African history his afternoon.
正:We're going to listen to a lecture on African history this afternoon.
析:介詞about和on都可以作“關(guān)于”解。on表示一本書、文章或演講是嚴(yán)肅的、學(xué)術(shù)性的,可供專門研究這一問題的人們參考;about則表示其內(nèi)容比較通俗,一般人都可閱讀。
the lost books 丟失的書。
The book was still missing.書還是找不到。
lost=missing丟失的。英語中單個(gè)分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)也能作定語用,它們一般放在名詞的前面。又如:a stolen car一輛失竊的汽車;a broken wind。一扇破的窗;the giving name教名,名;a surprised girl一位感到吃驚的女孩。
come up with
come up with= find or produce (an answer)意為“提出,提供”,它是由動詞和介詞一起構(gòu)成的短語動詞。它的另一個(gè)意思是“趕上”。例如:
I hope you can come up with a better plan than this. 我希望你能提出個(gè)更好的計(jì)劃。
We shall have to work hard to come up with them. 我們要努力工作,趕上他們。
類似的詞組有:
catch up with come in for pay for
pay for意為“給……報(bào)酬”,“付款”。常見句型有:(1) pay for+貨物,(2) pay+名詞/代詞+for+物。例如:
How much did you pay for that book?那本書你付了多少錢?
I'll pay you five yuan for it.我將為此給你五元錢。
I'm afraid can't pay you anything for it.我恐怕不能為此給你任何報(bào)酬。
She used to be a Chinese teacher. 她以前是一位語文老師。
used to意為“過去經(jīng)!,它只有過去式,用于各種人稱的單、復(fù)數(shù),表示過去存在的,
但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)停止的情況或習(xí)慣,后接動詞原形。例如:
They used to come on foot,but they don’t do that again. They often come by bus. 他們過去經(jīng)常步行來,現(xiàn)在不了。他們經(jīng)常乘車來。
used to是表示過去經(jīng)常重復(fù)的動作。在表示過去的習(xí)慣時(shí),used to是比較規(guī)則的習(xí)慣,它與would不太一樣,would側(cè)重于敘述過去的光景,used to側(cè)重于和現(xiàn)在相對照。
used to的疑問形式和否定形式可以用助詞did或自身形成構(gòu)成。美國人多用助動詞 did;英國人多用used to本身。如:
–Did you use to go there?
–Yes, very often./No, only seldom.
I used not to like Beijing opera, but now I’m very fond of it.我過去不喜歡京戲,但現(xiàn)在非常喜歡。
他過去不常抽煙。
注意區(qū)分be used to所表示的意思是“習(xí)慣于……”,后跟名詞或動名詞,used是一個(gè)形容詞。例如:
I’m not used to drinking.我不習(xí)慣喝酒。
She is used to running in the morning.她習(xí)慣早上跑步。
have got
I think I've got one.我想我有一個(gè)。
英語中表示“所有”用have,口語中常用 have got,其否定形式為haven't got,疑問形式為Have…got…?在美國英語中常使用don't have,Do… have…?例如:
I've got a book about chemistry. = I have a book about chemistry.我有一本化學(xué)書。
He hasn't got an umbrella. = He doesn't have an umbrella. 他沒有雨傘。
–Have you got a pencil sharpener? = Do you have a pencil sharpener?
–Yes, here you are.
Have you got …?句型教學(xué)建議
利用初一學(xué)過的表示“擁有”的交際用語引出“have got”句型,講解可先不講解它的時(shí)態(tài):現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
1.教師先和一個(gè)學(xué)生進(jìn)行下面的對話。
T: Excuse me, Do you have a dictionary?
S: Yes, I do.
T: May I borrow them, please?
S: Certainly. Here you are.
T: Thank you.
教師接過dictionary后,說:
I have a dictionary
I have got a dictionary
并在黑板上板書:have got … ,然后讓學(xué)生反復(fù)跟讀。然后告訴學(xué)生這就是我們今天所要學(xué)的新句型:This is another way of saying “Do you have …?”
2.教師可逐一取出一些畫片,邊取邊對學(xué)生說:I have got a …或拿出一些實(shí)物進(jìn)行上面的句型練習(xí)。(a cup, a pen, a ruler, an eraser, a book等。)
關(guān)于課文The Lost Books教學(xué)建議
1.在教學(xué)本課的課文The Lost Books之前,先就本課Part 1的兩個(gè)問題讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行回答,并寫一段短文關(guān)于自己如何愛書,以及從圖書館借書的經(jīng)歷,然后讓學(xué)生作演講。如:
I like reading very much, because I’ve learned a lot from the book I read. I’ve bought many books and has got a small library of zoo interesting books. They are about many different subjects such as foreign languages, maths, history, geography and interesting stories. But my own library is still too small to meet my needs. I often borrow books from the school library. It has a great number of books. Many of them are very interesting. I’ve read so many interesting books in the school reading room. I’m a careful boy/girl. I never lose any library book. But some of my classmates do. When they are in such a trouble, I help them. I sometimes help them to buy new books. I even pick out the best books from my book shelves and give them to my friend in trouble. I believe a friend in need is a friend indeed.
2.讓學(xué)生默讀課文,回答練習(xí)冊第2課練習(xí)1的8個(gè)問題。
3.把課文The Lost Books改成對話,由兩個(gè)學(xué)生分別扮演grandma和 librarian,表演一遍,然后讓學(xué)生輪換角色,以便更多的學(xué)生參加演出。實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)生自編--自導(dǎo)--自演--語言探究活動的過程。
參考范文部分:
Librarian: Mrs. Li, I’ve heard the bad news. You’ve lost more books.
Grandma: Yes, I’ve already lost 5 more books. I’m afraid I’ll have to pay for all the six lost books.
Librarian: Never mind. I think someday you will find them. What about putting a bookmark in each of the borrowed books. Just leave a message on the bookmark. It may help a lot.
Grandma: What do you think I should write on the bookmark?
Librarian: Something like this: If you find this book, please return it to the school library. Then you can get a nice present from the librarian. I’m an old woman. But one is never too old to learn. I do hope you’ll help me to be a good reader of the school library books. Thank you very much from the bottom of my heart.
4.讓學(xué)生閱讀英語泛讀Unit 1 的閱讀材料:Library Services,回答文后的五個(gè)問題。
5.讓學(xué)生在課后猜想管理員想出了什么辦法,同時(shí)也讓學(xué)生想其他的辦法為Grandma找回丟失的書。
6.在教學(xué)這個(gè)故事的結(jié)尾部分前,先引導(dǎo)學(xué)生想想該如何幫助Grandma找回丟失的書,同時(shí)也猜想管理員想了什么方法為Grandma找回丟失的書。另外也可替管理員想些好辦法來鼓勵同學(xué)們歸還書。
讓學(xué)生帶著下面的問題閱讀這個(gè)故事的結(jié)尾部分:
1. Why did they get books back so quickly?
2. If you lost the book, how would you get it back?
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本句式是have/has+過去分詞。例如:
I have seen that film.我看過那部電影。
We have just finished our homework.我們剛剛做完家庭作業(yè)。
She has gone home.她回家去了。
注意:該句式中的have或has是助動詞,has用于第三人稱單數(shù),其他人稱一律用have。該句式中have/has和過去分詞之間可插入just,譯成漢語時(shí),往往用“已經(jīng)”、“剛剛”、“過”或“了”等這類詞。
2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句式是把助動詞have或has提到主語之前。例如:
Have you read this book yet?你讀過這本書嗎?
Has he eaten that apple yet?他吃了那個(gè)蘋果了嗎?
注意:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句往往在句末加yet。把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句譯成漢語時(shí),往往表示“……過嗎?”“還沒有……嗎?”等。其肯定回答用Yes,主語+ have/has。否定回答用No,主語+haven’t/hasn’t.有時(shí)用 No,not yet.或 No,never.
3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句式是have/has not +過去分詞。例如:
We haven’t studied Book III yet.我們還沒有學(xué)過第三冊課本。
The car hasn’t stopped yet.汽車還沒有停下來。
注意:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句往往也在句末加yet;譯成漢語時(shí)表示“還沒有……”之意。
二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
表示過去發(fā)生或完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
例如:
Have you read that story?你讀過那個(gè)故事嗎?
。ā白x”這一動作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在造成的影響為:是否知道故事的內(nèi)容。)
I have bough two apples.我買了兩個(gè)蘋果。
。ā百I”這一動作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是:擁有兩個(gè)蘋果。)
在學(xué)習(xí)這一概念的同時(shí),還應(yīng)注意與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)連用的幾個(gè)副詞:already;just,yet, ever,never等。already,just多用于肯定句,yet,ever,never多用于疑問句和否定句中。如:
I have already finished my homework.我已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè)。
He has just had his meal. 他剛吃過飯。
Have you ever heard this song?你曾聽過這首歌嗎?
They haven’t left yet.他們還沒動身。
We have never seen so beautiful flowers.我們從來沒有見過這么漂亮的花。
語法教學(xué):現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)
1.學(xué)習(xí)動詞過去式與過去分詞
動詞的原形,過去式和過去分詞的詞形變化即為動詞的變化。絕大多數(shù)的動詞是規(guī)則動詞,是在原形的字尾加ed構(gòu)成其過去式和過去分詞;部分動詞是不規(guī)則動詞,它們不是依照加ed的規(guī)則變化的。
2.教學(xué)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。
教師邊打開門,邊說:I’m opening the door. 門開后,教師問學(xué)生:
Is the door open? 學(xué)生回答說:Yes. It is. 教師接著說:
I have opened the door already.
向?qū)W生解釋,open the door的動作在過去發(fā)生,現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果是the door is open. 要表述過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響就要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。結(jié)果讓學(xué)生體會這句話的意思,然后板書:用彩色粉筆寫出have opened.
Teacher asks a student to clean the blackboard.
該同學(xué)在擦拭擦黑板時(shí),教師向全班說:
She is cleaning the blackboard.
當(dāng)該同學(xué)擦完黑板,走回座位,教師讓全班看著擦干凈的黑板,啟發(fā)大家說出:
Ss:She has cleaned the blackboard.
將句子寫在黑板上,讓學(xué)生自己總結(jié)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。教師最后把“助動詞have / has +過去分詞”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)寫在黑板上。
3.口頭訓(xùn)練在學(xué)生對部分動詞的過去分詞和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)有了認(rèn)識之后,教師可以進(jìn)而指導(dǎo)學(xué)生做一些口頭訓(xùn)練。開始時(shí)可用圖片或適當(dāng)?shù)那榫耙鲆恍┚渥。如?/p>
用一個(gè)畫有蛋糕的圖片,加上旁白:“Yum, Yum, good!”引出句子:I have eaten the cake.
畫一個(gè)女孩兒,加上旁白:“She is here.”引出句子:She has come.
還可以補(bǔ)上一些句子:
She has given the key to her mother.她把鑰匙給了母親。(鑰匙不在她這里。)
He has read a book about science .他讀過一本科學(xué)讀物。(他對科學(xué)書籍有所接觸。)
這樣做可以讓學(xué)生對現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有所領(lǐng)悟,即現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不是單純表示一個(gè)過去的動作。而是表示此動作對現(xiàn)在的某種影響。教師最后可將這些句子用操練的形式讓學(xué)生改為否定式,疑問句并加以回答。
4.進(jìn)行比較教學(xué)。
把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)進(jìn)行比較,由于它們都表達(dá)一個(gè)過去的概念,學(xué)生容易混淆它們之間的用法。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的動作都發(fā)生在過去,但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的對間觀念是比較模糊的,籠統(tǒng)的,它不能和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,而一般過去時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是比較具體的,確切的,它必須和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。如:
We went to the park last week. (一般過去時(shí))
I haven’t read this book before. (現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))
Lesson 1 Part 2 In the school library教學(xué)建議
1.教師先放錄音,讓學(xué)生跟著重復(fù),然后讓學(xué)生猜測這個(gè)對話發(fā)生在什么地方。
2.讓學(xué)生根據(jù)對話的內(nèi)容,猜測“several”和“shelf”的含義。
3.條件較好,有圖書室的學(xué)校,可以讓學(xué)生到圖書室進(jìn)行借書表演。同時(shí)可以把這個(gè)對話
加工擴(kuò)展:
A: Excuse me, have you got any books about …?
B: Yes, we've got s你任何報(bào)酬。
4)come up with= find or produce (an answer)意為“提出,提供”,它是由動詞和介詞一起構(gòu)成的短語動詞。它的另一個(gè)意思是“趕上”。例如:
I hope you can come up with a better plan than this. 我希望你能提出個(gè)更好的計(jì)劃。
5)the lost books lost=missing丟失的。英語中單個(gè)分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)也能作定語用,它們一般放在名詞的前面。又如:a stolen car一輛失竊的汽車;a broken wind。一扇破的窗。
4.放錄音,讓學(xué)生先聽,然后跟讀。
5.學(xué)生熟悉課文后,學(xué)生回答練習(xí)冊 Ex 1.的問題。
Step 3 Practice
1.Do Workbook Lesson 2, Ex 1. in class.
2.讓學(xué)生根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容改編成一短劇。并分角色表演。(見教學(xué)建議:表演:The Lost Book)
Step 4 Summary
1.總結(jié)本課的重點(diǎn)短語的用法:used to put down pay for come up with think of
2.簡要敘述課文內(nèi)容。
Step 5 Homework
1.Retell the story: the lost book.
2. Do Workbook Lesson 2, Ex 2、3