高一下知識歸納（U18）
1．run vi．(物)延伸，擴(kuò)展；(事情)繼續(xù)。
[舉例](1) The road runs along the river. 那條道路沿著河流延伸。
(2) The ivy runs along the hedge. 常春藤沿著籬笆攀爬。
(3) The musical play has been running for five years.
那出音樂劇已經(jīng)連續(xù)演了五年。
[搭配] run across 偶然遇見；跑過 run after 追求，追逐
run against與……相撞 run at 向……沖去
run away 逃跑，跑 run back to 追溯到
run out of 用完 run up to (數(shù)目)達(dá)到……
2．be made up of 由．．．．組成
[舉例] Our class is made up of six groups. 我們班由六個小組組成。
[比較] be made up of / be made with / be made out of / be made into
(1) be made with指制成品中包含的某種原材料，是“由……做成的”的意思。
A fruit cake is made with fruit. 水果蛋糕是用水果制成的。
(2) be made out of 指做成整個成品的材料，多用于口語，意思和be made of／from差不多，只 是語氣強(qiáng)一些。
The shirt is made out of the material. 這襯衫是用這種料子做成的。
(3) be made into是指“某種原料制成某種成品”。
Wool has been made into sweaters. 羊毛已做成羊毛衫了。
3．Surround vt．包圍、環(huán)繞
[用法]surround指一物四周被另一物圍繞或完全覆蓋；也可指人(尤指土兵或警察)包圍一個地方。
[舉例](1) The house was surrounded by high walls.房屋四周圍著高墻。
(2) The whole cake is surrounded by a thick coat of jelly.
整個蛋糕覆蓋著一層厚厚的果凍。
(3) The village was surrounded by troops.村莊被部隊包圍了。
(4) They have surrounded the town with troops.
他們動用部隊包圍了這座城鎮(zhèn)。
4．same adj．同一的，同樣的
[搭配] the same.., as 與……一樣the same.., that 是……同一個
at the same time 同時 all the same 盡管，如此，仍然
[舉例](1)We are the same age. 我們同歲。
(2)Let's meet at the same place as yesterday.
我們在跟昨天一樣的地方見面。
(3)That jacket is the same as mine. 那上衣與我的一樣。
(4)This is the same pen that I lost. 這正是我遺失的那支鋼筆。
(5)They began to laugh at the same time. 他們同時笑了起來。
(6)He has faults, but I like him all the same.
他有缺點，然而我還是喜歡他。
5．be famous for以……聞名
[舉例] He is famous for his fine acting.他以演技精湛著稱。
China has been famous for its silk trade.中國以絲綢貿(mào)易著稱。
[比較] be famous for／be famous as，
be famous as表示“以……身份聞名”，be famous for是“以……而著名”。
[舉例]The town is famous as a gambling resort. 該城是個著名的賭場。
He is rather famous as a speechmaker. 他作為一個演說家是相當(dāng)有名的。
The boy is famous for his handwriting. 這個男孩以他的書法而聞名。
6．settle安排；料理；解決；決定；使平靜；安靜；安家；家居
[舉例](1) The moment she got up, she settled her room.她一起來就整理房間。
(2) That settles the matter.事情就這樣定了。
(3) He settled in the country after his retirement.他退休后定居在鄉(xiāng)下。
(4) The family finally settled down in Canada.這一家最后定居加拿大。
7．by不遲于，到……為止
[用法]by表示“不遲于某時”，“在某時之前(已經(jīng)完成)”，常與完成時態(tài)連用；若指“到過去的某一時候止”，則用過去完成時；有時by后接將來時間，也用將來時。
[舉例](1) Perhaps she has recovered by now.或許到現(xiàn)在她已康復(fù)了。
(2) By next Friday I ought to have finished the job.
到下周五，我應(yīng)完成這項工作。
(3)By the end of last term，We had studied more than five hundred English words．到上學(xué)期末為止，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了500多英語單詞。
(4) Your son will be all right by supper time.你兒子到晚飯時會好的。
8．sign vt.vi.署名、簽字(約)
[舉例](1) He signed the check.他簽發(fā)了支票。
(2) Please sign here.請在此簽名。
(3) He signed his name on the painting which he had just finished.
他在剛剛完成的畫上寫上了自己的名字。
(4) She signed with the company. 她與那家公司簽署了合約。
[拓展]sign也可以用作名詞，作“記號、標(biāo)識、信號、跡象”等。例如：
(1) maths signs 數(shù)學(xué)符號
(2) the sign of a barber's shop理發(fā)店的標(biāo)志
(3) The teacher made a sign to us to be quiet.
老師做了一個手勢叫我們安靜。
(4) There were no signs of life on the island.
那個島上沒有生物存在的跡象。
9．refer to涉及；說到；查閱；參考
[用法]refer to中的to為介詞，表示“提及、涉及”的對象。
[舉例](1) what are you referring to ?你指的是什么?
(2) I thought that he had referred to the boy.我想他指的是那個男孩。
(3) The speaker often referred to his notes.那位演講者�？此墓P記。
(4) He referred to the dictionary.他參考了那本詞典。
[比較]refer．．to．．．為“把……提交”“指點…‘交付”，其中的t。也為介詞，例如：
(1) We referred her to a doctor.我們把她交給了醫(yī)生。
(2) He referred me to the dictionary.他吩咐我查字典。
10．population人口
[用法]population，作“人口”解時是集體名詞，一般不用作復(fù)數(shù)。當(dāng)我們說一個城市，地區(qū)或國家的人口時，常加冠詞。如：人口眾多：has a large population，有……人口has a population of．．．。表示人口多、少一般不用much，little，而用large，small來修飾。問有多少人口時應(yīng)用疑問詞what。
[舉例] Our country has a large population.我國人口很多。
The city has a population of 100,000.那城市有十萬人口。
What is the population of your province?你們省有多少人口?
[注意] 當(dāng)population作主語指人，且賓語或表語是表職業(yè)或身份的詞，那么其謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
Most of the population in this factory are women workers.
這個工廠大部分職工都是女職工。
11．Take place發(fā)生
[比較] happen與take place都有“發(fā)生”的意思，但用法有所不同。
(1)happen指事情的發(fā)生，往往帶有“偶然”，或“未能預(yù)見”的意思。
(2)take place指事先布置或策劃好而后發(fā)生，沒有“偶然”的意味。
[舉例](1) If anything happens to the patient, let me know at once.
如果這位病人發(fā)生什么意外，請馬上告訴我。
(2) I happened to meet him in the park that day.
那天我碰巧在公園遇到了他。
(3) The December Ninth Movement took place in 1935.
“一二九”運動發(fā)生在1935年.
[注意]take place與happen都是不及物動詞，不能用于被動語態(tài)，例如：
Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
12．compare比較
[搭配]：compare.., to...把......比作
compare., with...把......進(jìn)行比較
[舉例](1) A beginner's painting can't be compared to that of an expert.
初學(xué)者的畫不能同專家的相比。
(2)If you compare her work with his，you，11 find hers is much better．
要是把他倆的工作比較一下，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)她好得多。
[注意](1)compared with(to)“和……比較”，常位于句首或句尾，作狀語。
Compared with(to)drivers in other countries，Americans think they’re good drivers．同其他國家司機(jī)相比，美國人認(rèn)為它們是不錯的。
(2)compare notes(with sb)(習(xí)語)交換意見、觀點、看法
We saw the play separately and compared notes afterwards．
我們各自看了那出戲，后來交換了意見。
13．while conj.而
[用法]while作連詞，表對比，常譯為“而”；此時，不能同when互換。
[舉例](1)He is lazy，while his brother is diligent．他懶惰而他兄弟勤勉．
(2)While you maybe right，I cannot altogether agree with you．
你也許是對的，可我不能同意你。
[注意] while作“當(dāng)……的時候”講時表示一段時間，往往有自己的特殊意義，含有“趁著”之意。細(xì)讀下列句子，體會句中while與when意義的區(qū)別：
If you don’t work hard while you are young，you may regret when you are old． 少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。
14．Possession n.(U)所有；擁有(C)財產(chǎn)；所有物(常用復(fù)數(shù))
[舉例] The possession of a passport is important for foreign travel.
去國外旅行需要護(hù)照。
She has valuable information in her possession. 她掌握了重要的信息。
He lost all his possessions in the fire. 他在火災(zāi)中損失了所有的財產(chǎn)。
[注意](習(xí)語)in possession of sth控制，占有，占據(jù)某物
take possession of sth占有(某物)
The old couple were in possession(took possession)“the house 30 years ago．
這兩老人30年前買下了這座房子。
[比較] possessions／goods／wealth
possessions作“財產(chǎn)；所有物”講，常用復(fù)數(shù)。
goods“貨物；商品；財產(chǎn)”，復(fù)數(shù)名詞，無單數(shù)形式，不能與數(shù)詞連用，但可與many，these,those等詞連用，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
wealth“財產(chǎn)；財富”，為不可數(shù)名詞。
[舉例] The goods were produced by a big factory in Shanghai
這些貨物是由上海一家大工廠生產(chǎn)的。
The king's wealth was too great to measure.國王的財富多得難以計算。
15．地理方位的表示法，學(xué)會如何正確地使用介詞in，to，on
(1) A地位于B地境內(nèi)以東(西、南北)
A lies／is in the east／west／south／north of B.
(2) A地位于B地境外以東(西、南、北)
A lies／is to the east／west／south／north of B.
(3) A地位于B地的東(西、南、北)部接壤
A lies／is on the east／west／south／north of B.
另外:lie on還表示“位于……畔”。
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中國東部。
Guangzhou lies in the south of China. 廣州位于中國的南部。
Korea lies on the northeast of China. 朝鮮在中國東北。
16． it作主語的用法：
1)it用作代詞
①指代事物或前面提到過的事物。例如：
What’s in the picture?．It's a cat．圖畫里是什么?是一只貓。
It's the wind shaking the door．是風(fēng)刮得門響。
你曾經(jīng)給過她許多幫助，她永遠(yuǎn)也不會忘記。
②指人。例如：
Who is it ? It's me. 是誰?是我。
③表示時間或季節(jié)。例如：
It is seven o'clock now. 現(xiàn)在7點鐘。
What day is today? It is Friday.今天星期幾?今天星期五。
What is the date today? It's the third of May.今天幾號?今天5月3號。
What season is it? It's autumn.現(xiàn)在是什么季節(jié)?是秋天。
④表示距離。例如：
How far is it from the school to your home? 從學(xué)校到你家多遠(yuǎn)?
It is twenty miles from here to the village.從這里到那村莊20英里路。
⑤表示氣候。例如：
It is cold today. 今天天氣冷。
What was the weather like yesterday? It was fine. 昨天天氣怎樣?天氣晴朗。
It often rains here in summer. 這里夏天時常下雨。
⑥表示情況。例如：
How is it going with you ? 你近來情況怎樣?
Where does it hurt? 哪兒痛?
Whose pen is this? It's mine. 這是誰的鋼筆?是我的。
2)it用作形式主語
it常用來代替不定式、動名詞短語或名詞性從句作形式主語，位于句首，而被替代的真正主語后置。
① it + 謂語 + 不定式。例如：
It is easy to climb the hill.爬那座小山很容易。
It is his duty to settle the problem.解決那個問題是他的責(zé)任。
It is not proper to do so.這樣做不恰當(dāng)。
② it + 謂語 + 動名詞短語。例如：
It is no use arguing with him.同他爭辯沒用。
It is no good going there. 到那里去沒有用處。
It is exciting working here with you.在這里同你一起工作很令人興奮。
③ it + 謂語 + 名詞性從句。例如：
It is clear that she is the best student in the class.
很明顯，她是班上最好的學(xué)生。
It's a pity that you can't go with her.你不能同她一塊去，真遺憾。
It's certain that he will get on well with them.
可以肯定，他會同他們相處得很好。
It is said that he is doing fine in school.據(jù)說他在學(xué)校里表現(xiàn)很好。
It doesn't mater whether he comes or not.他來不來都沒有關(guān)系。
注意：先行詞it充當(dāng)形式主語，構(gòu)成大量的常用句式。要注意計后謂語不同的形式，并譯成通順的漢語。
(1) It is a pity that．．．真可惜……，可惜的是……
It is a fact that．．．事實是……
It is a wonder that...這真是個奇跡
It is no wonder that...難怪……
(2)It is obvious(clear)that．．．很明顯……，很清楚……
It is strange that...奇怪的是……，……令人費解
(3) It so happened that...碰巧……，說來也巧……
It follows that...從而……，于是乎……，這樣一來……
It seems that...看來……
It appears that...看來……，似乎……
It turned out that... 原來……，結(jié)果……
It occurred to me that... 我突然想到……
(4) It was said that...據(jù)說……
It was reported that... 據(jù)報道……
It is believed that... 據(jù)認(rèn)為，人們認(rèn)為……
It is universally accepted that... 普遍認(rèn)為
It was announced that... 據(jù)宣布
It is estimated that...據(jù)估計
It is to be noted that...值得注意的是……
It must be admitted that...必須承認(rèn)
It can safely be said that...完全可以說……
It can thus be concluded that...由此可以得出結(jié)論……
(5)It doesn’t matter．．． ……是無關(guān)緊要的
It doesn't need to be bothered that...無須擔(dān)憂 ．．．．．
It makes no difference...……毫無二致