非謂語動詞用法透析
非謂語動詞是中學(xué)英語學(xué)習(xí)中的一個難點，又是重點的語法項目。它是構(gòu)成句子的一個重要組成部分，掌握它的用法，會使你對英語句子的理解和運(yùn)用上一個臺階。根據(jù)筆者多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗，同學(xué)們應(yīng)從以下幾個方面去學(xué)習(xí)，會讓你有種豁然開朗的感覺。
一、不定式
1. 用法：1)主語：To help each other is good. =It is good to help each other.
2)賓語：She wishes to be a doctor.
3)定語：Is this the best way to help him?
4)狀語：Every morning he gets up very early to read English.
5)表語：My job is to drive them to the power station every day.
6)賓補(bǔ)：I saw a little girl run across the street.(為省略to的動詞不定式)
2.構(gòu)成：to do/to be doing/to have done/to have been done/to be done
3.不定式短語："疑問詞+不定式" She didn't tell me what to do.
4.不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：It's time for us to have a class. It's kind of you to help me.
二、動名詞 構(gòu)成：doing/having done/having been done/being done
1.用法： 1)主語：Swimming is good for us.
2) 賓語：I love singing.
3) 表語：His hobby is collecting stamps.
4) 定語： There is a swimming pool. /There is a pool for swimming.
2.動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：由形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格+doing 構(gòu)成, 也可用其賓格或名詞+doing (位于句首時只能用前一種)
Do you mind my(Tom's) closing the door? =Do you mind me(Tom) closing the door?
三、分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞：doing 過去分詞：done
1.用法：1)定語： The boy standing under the tree is our monitor.
The novel written by Lu Xun is worth reading.
2)狀語：She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.
Being ill, he went home.
He appeared, followed by a little boy.
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
3) 表語：The film is very interesting. (表示主語的性質(zhì)、特征)(使……)
I'm interested in this story.(表示主語所處的狀態(tài))(感到……)
4) 賓補(bǔ)：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
He was surprised to find the flower-pot broken.
2.區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動和正在進(jìn)行，而過去分詞表示被動和已完成。
非謂語動詞解題技巧
主語: 不定式和動名詞都可以作主語，區(qū)別是：不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)動作。如：
To teach the students in Class Three
next term is her given task.
而動名詞則側(cè)重概念。如：Skating is a good sport.
賓補(bǔ): 不定式和分詞都可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語。區(qū)別：
1.不定式表示做過或?qū)⒁龅膭幼�。如�?/p>
I saw him enter the classroom. / I want to buy a pen for my child.
現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動作。如：I heard her singing an English song.
過去分詞則表示被動或完成意義。如：He'll have his hair cut.
2.有些動詞要求不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，不可以用現(xiàn)在分詞。如：
He made me say so. (為省略to的動詞不定式)
而有些動詞要求用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，不可以用不定式。如：
The teacher kept them reading the text.
狀語
不定式和分詞都可能作狀語，但它們的種類是不同的。
不定式能作目的狀語。如： I go to his house every day to help him with his English.
作結(jié)果狀語。如： He worked hard enough to be praised by his teacher.
作原因狀語(這種狀語一般在形容詞后面作形容詞的狀語)。如：I am glad to see you.
分詞能作時間狀語。如：Walking along the street, I met an old friend of mine.
作條件狀語。如：Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective.
作方式或伴隨狀語。如： He came running back to tell me the news. 又如：
Laughing and talking, the students went out of the classroom.
作原因狀語(一般前置，作動詞或句子的原因狀語)。如：
Not knowing his telephone number, we couldn't get in touch with him.
定語
不定式、分詞和動名詞都可以作定語，區(qū)別是：不定式動作意味強(qiáng)，如：
He had only one room to live in.
現(xiàn)在分詞表示它所修飾的名詞的動作，如： The crying boy is my younger brother.
過去分詞表示過去的動作造成的后來的狀態(tài)，如：This is a broken bowl.
動名詞表示用途，如：There are a few sleeping bags in the shop.
表語
不定式、分詞和動名詞都可以作表語，區(qū)別是：不定式和動名詞作表語都表示主語的內(nèi)容，但前者動作意味強(qiáng)，如： His job is to teach the students in Class Two next
term.
而后者概念意味強(qiáng)，如：Her job is raising pigs.
現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性質(zhì)和特點，如：The story is exciting.
過去分詞表示主語的狀態(tài)，如：They were interested in the story.
賓語
不定式和動名詞都可以作賓語，為了方便記憶，現(xiàn)總結(jié)一些技巧和口訣：
只能接動名詞作賓語的動詞：
建議停止享受--想象完成逃跑(suggest， advise， stop， resist， enjoy， imagine，
finish， escape)
承認(rèn)借口--推遲實踐(admit， excuse， delay， practise)
認(rèn)為應(yīng)該保持頭腦清醒--懂得避免冒險(consider， keep， mind， understand， avoid， miss， risk)
另外還有幾個短語： succeed in， be busy， be worth， be used to， give up， look
forward to
只能接不定式作賓語的動詞：offer(提出)， learn(學(xué)會)， intend， plan(打算)
demand， ask(要求)， promise (答應(yīng))， help (幫忙)， prepare (準(zhǔn)備)， decide
determine (決定)， refuse (拒絕)， dare(敢于)， manage(設(shè)法)， wish， hope want，
expect(希望，想要)， fail， pretend (假裝)， choose(甘愿)
同意提出學(xué)會的打算，要求答應(yīng)來幫忙。
準(zhǔn)備決定遭拒絕，敢于設(shè)法有希望。
未能做到莫假裝，選擇破釜沉舟當(dāng)自強(qiáng)。
既能接不定式，又能接動名詞，但意思不同的動詞或詞組：
forget, go on, mean, remember, stop, try， regret,巧記，
即"四'記'力爭不后悔"。四記指(記得/記住；忘記；計劃/打算；繼續(xù))；力爭指try；不后悔指 "stop
regretting"-stop 與regret。如：
1. The doctor tried to cure the woman of her illness, so he tried
treating her with a new medicine.
2. The teacher asked us to go on reading the text instead of going
on to do the exercises.
3. What a poor memory!I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday.
But today I forgot to return the money to him again.
4. The pupils stopped to write their compositions when the teacher
said angrily, "Stop talking, children."
5. I regretted to tell him that he had been dismissed. To my
surprise, he said to me, " I have no regrets, I only regret having
taken the wrong job."
6. I can't help thinking he's lying, so I can't help to apologize
for him.
7. "Remember to return the bat to me." "But I remember having
returned it to you."