Unit 1 How do you study for a test ?
（一）學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)（Language Goal）
1. Talk about how to study . 學(xué)會(huì)討論各種學(xué)習(xí)方法和策略。
2. Find out your suitable learning methods. 找出適合自己的學(xué)習(xí)方法。
（二）語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)（Language Structures）
1. Verb + by with gerund by＋動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ) 表示“通過(guò)…途徑，方法”
2. How questions have引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句
（三）目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言 （Target Language）
1. How do you study for tests? 你是怎樣準(zhǔn)備考試的？
Well, I study by working with my classmates. 哦，我和同學(xué)們一起學(xué)習(xí)。
2. Have you ever studied with a group? 你曾經(jīng)參加過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)小組嗎？
Yes, I have. I’ve learned a lot that way.
是的，參加過(guò)。通過(guò)這種方式我學(xué)了許多。
3. I don’t have a partner to practice English with.我沒(méi)有同伴可以練習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
Maybe you should join an English club. 或許，你應(yīng)該參加一個(gè)英語(yǔ)俱樂(lè)部。
4. What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation?
大聲朗讀來(lái)練習(xí)發(fā)音怎么樣？
Why don’t you join an English language club?
你為什么不參加一個(gè)英語(yǔ)俱樂(lè)部呢？
（四）Key words and phrases （重點(diǎn)詞匯）
1. flashcard n. 抽認(rèn)卡
2. frustrating a. 令人沮喪的
3. memorize v. 記憶，背誦
4. aloud adv. 出聲地、高聲地
5. comma n. 逗號(hào)
6. pronunciation n. 發(fā)音
7. solution n. 解決辦法
8. end up 結(jié)束，告…終
9. not at all 根本（不）全然（不）
10. make mistakes 犯錯(cuò)
11. later on 以后；隨后
12. be afraid to 害怕去做
13. laugh at sb. 笑話；取笑（某人）
14. take notes 做筆記，做記錄
15. enjoy doing sth. 喜歡做…樂(lè)意做…
16. native speaker 說(shuō)本族語(yǔ)的人
17. make up 組成、構(gòu)成
（五）重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)：（Key points and difficulties）
1. by 介詞，表示“通過(guò)…方法或途徑”的意思，譯成“靠、通過(guò)”
by后面可以加名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ),eg.
（1）The house was destroyed by fire. 房屋被火燒毀了。
（2）travel by air （land , sea）航空（陸路、航海）旅行。
（3）go by train （boat , bus）乘火車（船，公共汽車）去
（4）shake sb by the hand 和某人握手
（5）I study English by watching English movies. 我通過(guò)看英文電影學(xué)英語(yǔ)。
另外，by作為介詞的含義有很多，我們也已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)一些用法，總結(jié)如下
（1）在…旁邊、靠近
eg. There is a power station by the river. 河邊有一個(gè)電廠。
（2）沿著、經(jīng)由 eg. come by the highway 由公路來(lái)
（3）由于 eg. by mistake 由于差錯(cuò)
（4）被、由 eg. some articles written by Luxun. 一些由魯迅寫(xiě)的文章
（5）（表示面積） eg. a room 5m,by4m 一間長(zhǎng)五米寬四米的房間
（6）逐批 eg. One by one 一個(gè)接一個(gè)
（7）表示方法、途徑 如上
2. “How”questions How 引導(dǎo)特殊疑問(wèn)句，有兩種含義
（1）表示問(wèn)候 : eg. How do you do? How are you? How’s everything going?
（2）表示“怎樣”
eg. How is your new house ? 你的新房子怎么樣？
It’s great. 它太棒了。
How do you learn English? 你是怎樣學(xué)英文的？
I learn English by reading lots of English magazines.
我通過(guò)讀大量英文雜志學(xué)習(xí)英文。
請(qǐng)同學(xué)們注意how和what引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句是不一樣的，不能混淆。
how通常對(duì)程度或方式進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，意為“怎么樣”，回答通常做狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，what 常對(duì)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者或接受者進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，意為“什么”，回答通常做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
試比較：
（1）How is your summer holiday ? It is perfect. （表程度，表語(yǔ)）
（2）How did you travel around the world ?
I traveled by bike. （表方式，狀語(yǔ)）
（3）What do you learn at school ?
I learn Chinese, English, Maths and other subjects.
（學(xué)習(xí)的科目，做賓語(yǔ)）
3. 在這一單元中出現(xiàn)的話題是“討論如何學(xué)習(xí)”。
這個(gè)話題既有趣又實(shí)用，既能鍛煉我們的口語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力，又能使我們學(xué)到一些實(shí)用的方法，對(duì)自身的學(xué)習(xí)大有幫助。如何向別人請(qǐng)教學(xué)習(xí)方法呢？又如何回答呢？
請(qǐng)誦讀下面的目標(biāo)句型：
How do you study English? （運(yùn)用特殊疑問(wèn)句）
I study by listening to cassettes. （聽(tīng)錄音帶）
I study by studying with a group. （和小組一起學(xué)習(xí)）
by watching English programs on TV. （看英語(yǔ)電視節(jié)目）
by enjoying English songs. （聽(tīng)英文歌）
by taking part in English classes after school . （上課外英語(yǔ)班）
by getting an English tutor. （請(qǐng)英語(yǔ)家教）
by reading English magazines and newspaper . （讀英文雜志、報(bào)紙）
by surfing the internet. （網(wǎng)上沖浪）
by making flashcards. （制作單詞認(rèn)讀卡片）
by reading the textbook. （讀教科書(shū)）
by asking the teacher for help. （請(qǐng)教老師）
by making vocabulary lists. （列單詞表）
by taking notes carefully . （認(rèn)真記筆記）
by having the English class carefully . （認(rèn)真上課）
by finishing my homework seriously . （認(rèn)真完成作業(yè)）
Do you learn English by …? （用一般疑問(wèn)句）
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Have you ever studied with a group? （用完成時(shí)態(tài)）
Yes, I have. I’ve learned a lot that way.
What about listening to cassettes? ［用what about ＋動(dòng)名詞 提問(wèn)］
I do that sometimes. I think it helps.
4. 學(xué)會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)各種學(xué)習(xí)方法的優(yōu)劣（Comment on the ways of learning English）
看到了上面各種各樣的學(xué)習(xí)方法，有些眼花繚亂。其實(shí)，并不是所有的方法都適合自己。我們要學(xué)會(huì)判斷、評(píng)價(jià)，然后才能選擇最適合自己的.用哪些語(yǔ)言才能表達(dá)自己的評(píng)價(jià)呢？請(qǐng)看下面的目標(biāo)句型：
I think studying English by …is…because …
如：I think studying English by working with a group is a good way because you can ask others when you have questions.
I think surfing the internet is a bad way because you have to use a computer and always waste your time.
這個(gè)句型較長(zhǎng)是個(gè)復(fù)合句，出現(xiàn)了由because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。進(jìn)入初三后，我們?cè)趯?xiě)作表達(dá)時(shí)，要避免再使用僅僅由because 引導(dǎo)的句子，而要寫(xiě)完整的句子。
如：不能寫(xiě)B(tài)ecause I slept late . 意思不完整，不清晰
要寫(xiě)成I missed the early bus because I slept late .
這樣，有原因，有結(jié)果，才是完整的句子。
5. 找出自己在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的困難（Find out your own difficulties in learning English）
要選擇適合自己的學(xué)習(xí)方法，還必須清楚自己的困難所在，然后才能有的放矢。
learning English can be difficult . What things are difficult for you ?
我們?nèi)绾蝸?lái)表達(dá)自己學(xué)習(xí)中遇到的困難呢？如何給出建議呢？請(qǐng)誦讀下面的目標(biāo)句型：說(shuō)出困難：
I have a problem. I can’t remember the new words.
I can’t pronounce some of the words.
I can’t understand spoken English.
I always make mistakes in grammar.
I read very slowly.
I don’t know how to speak English well.
給出建議：
You should read English aloud.
Listening can help.
Why don’t you join an English language club to practice speaking?
Would you mind remembering new words by flashcards?
Please try to talk with your friends in English as much as possible.
（請(qǐng)注意不同句式的運(yùn)用）
6. 選擇適合自己的學(xué)習(xí)方法（Choose your suitable learning ways）
通過(guò)以上各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的學(xué)習(xí)，我們終于可以完成最后的目標(biāo):選擇適合自己的方法。
如何表達(dá)呢？目標(biāo)句型如下：（注意要給出原因，練習(xí)使用because）
I (don’t) think I can study English by … , because …
（1）I think I can study English by listening to English songs because I love music too.
（2）I don’t think I can get an English tutor because I want to learn by myself at home.
找到適合自己的方法，寫(xiě)出至少五句。
（六）3a in Section A 疑難解釋
eg. He asked his mother to buy him a new bicycle.
他請(qǐng)求他母親給他買一輛新自行車。
2. Many said they learnt by using English .
許多（學(xué)生）說(shuō)他們通過(guò)使用英語(yǔ)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。
Many在這里是代詞，而不是形容詞，意為Many students.
Many is a large number of something.
例如：We can put away many of these plates . We don’t need this many.
我們可以把許多盤(pán)子收起來(lái)，用不著這么多。
eg. I felt frustrated at that time. 那時(shí)，我覺(jué)得很沮喪。
類似的還有:
請(qǐng)同學(xué)們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)中注意收集.
4. not at all 根本不，全然不
eg. My brother did not like the scarf at all.
not經(jīng)�？梢院椭鷦�(dòng)詞結(jié)合在一起，at all 則放在句尾
5. get excited 變得興奮起來(lái) get是系動(dòng)詞，有“逐漸變得”的含義
get + adj
eg. get mad 生氣 get clear變得清楚了
The long journey got the children all tired.
長(zhǎng)途旅行使得孩子們疲憊不堪。
6. end up doing sth 終止做某事，結(jié)束做某事 后面加動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)
相當(dāng)于finish doing sth.
但要注意與stop doing sth. 的區(qū)別
eg. We had to stop singing because somebody knocked at the door.
另外，end up with … 以…結(jié)束
The party ended up with her singing. 晚會(huì)以她的歌唱而告終。
7. 在3a中，出現(xiàn)了大量的動(dòng)名詞。我們有必要了解動(dòng)名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)及用法，動(dòng)名詞即動(dòng)詞的ing形式，相當(dāng)于名詞，在句子中可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)等。
eg.
（1）I think that doing lots of listening practice is one of the secrets of learning.
doing …為動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，做從句中的主語(yǔ)，而listening 做定語(yǔ)，修飾practice.
（2）I’m enjoying learning English . （動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)做賓語(yǔ)）
（3）Seeing is believing 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)（Seeing 做主語(yǔ)，believing 做表語(yǔ)）
（七）3a in Section B 疑難解析
1. First of all , it wasn’t easy for me to understand the teacher.
首先，對(duì)我而言，聽(tīng)懂老師的話并不容易。
first of all 首先
It is (was) …for sb to do sth .
在這個(gè)句型中，不定式做真正的主語(yǔ)，it是形式主語(yǔ)。
2. 一些詞組
laugh at sb 嘲笑某人
take notes 記筆記
enjoy doing sth 樂(lè)意做某事
be impressed 深受感動(dòng)的
3. 在這篇文章中，出現(xiàn)了許多表示順序或承接的連詞或詞組。這些詞使全文流暢、生動(dòng)、層次清晰，條理清楚。在寫(xiě)作中，正確使用連接詞，會(huì)使文章增色不少，提高檔次。在文章中，出現(xiàn)的詞有：
first of all 首先
to begin with 一開(kāi)始
later on 后來(lái)、隨
also 也、而且（用于肯定句）
either 也（用于否定句）
so 因此
then然后
【模擬試題】
I. 翻譯下列單詞或詞組
1. 令人沮喪的________ 2. 背誦、記憶________
3. 出聲地、高聲地________ 4. 發(fā)音（v.）________
5. 解決方法________ 6. 根本不________
7. 結(jié)束做某事________ 8. 犯錯(cuò)________
9. 害怕做某事________ 10. 說(shuō)本族語(yǔ)的人________
11. 笑話某人________ 12. 做筆記________
13. 喜歡、樂(lè)意做某事________ 14. 組成、構(gòu)成________
II. 連詞成句
1. study , How , you , do , for , test a
__________________________ ?
2. by study listening to , I , cassettes
__________________________.
3. you , do , by , learn , reading , English , aloud
__________________________?
4. should , find , you , pen pal a
__________________________.
5. can’t , a lot of , I , new , words , memorize
__________________________
III. 將下列方法及理由搭配起來(lái)，組成相應(yīng)的句子
Ways
1. by memorizing the words of pop songs
2. by reading English magazines
3. by using English
4. by studying grammar
5. by watching English movies
6. by joining the English club at school
7. by having conversations with friends
Reasons :
A. because we can practice more and study English well.
B. because the native speakers speak too quickly.
C. because it is a great way to learn sentence structures.
D. because we can get lots of practice and also have fun.
E. because it is the best way to learn new words
F. because we get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese
G. because it can help us learn new words
Model : （1）I think I can study English by listening to English because I love music .
（2） I don’t think I can study English by getting an English tutor because I will spend too much money .
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________
4. __________________________
5. __________________________
6. __________________________
7. __________________________
IV. 寫(xiě)作：談一談自己學(xué)習(xí)的情況，包括你遇到的困難，你的解決方法以及未來(lái)的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃。50字左右 （使用網(wǎng)稿中提供的目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言）
My English learning
（A）
People living in different countries made different kinds of words. Today there are about fifteen hundred languages in the world. Each contains many thousands of words. A very large dictionary, for example, contains four or five hundred thousand words. But we do not need all these. To read short stories you need to know only about two thousand words. Before you leave school , you will learn only one thousand or more .
The words you know are called your vocabulary. You should try to make your vocabulary bigger . Read as many books as you can. There are a lot of books written in easy English for you to read. You will enjoy them. When you meet a new word, find it in your dictionary. Your dictionary is your most useful book.
Training Base （閱讀理解練習(xí)）
根據(jù)短文選擇最佳答案：
1. The number of different languages spoken is about ______.
A. 150 B. 15,000 C. 500 D. 1,500
2. Before you leave your school, you’ll learn _____.
A. only two thousand words
B. five hundred thousand words
C. more than one thousand words
D. three or four thousand words
3. To make your vocabulary bigger, you must ______.
A. get as many dictionaries as you can
B. read as many books as you can
C. buy a lot of books
D. have a very large English dictionary
4. You will enjoy ______.
A. the books written in easy English
B. your dictionary
C. your new words
D. finding new words in a dictionary
根據(jù)短文翻譯下列句子：
5. A very large dictionary, for example, contains four or five hundred thousand words.
___________________________________
6. There are a lot of books written in easy English for you to read.
____________________________
（B）限時(shí)閱讀
Small children often laugh at the short ones or at someone who isn’t dressed as well as they are . But as they grow up , they learn not to hurt people’s feelings by laughing at their problems . They learn to laugh at other things. Most important they learn to laugh at themselves.
Suppose （假設(shè)）you’re playing a game . You make a mistake and lose. Do you become angry? Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do better next time? Suppose you are at a special dinner. You at times spill （濺）some food . Why keep worrying about how clumsy （笨拙）you looked ? Why not laugh it off and enjoy yourself any way? If you can, it’s a good sign you’ve really grown up.
Answer the questions
（ ）1. This article is mostly about ______.
A. why laughter is good for your body B. what you should laugh at
C. where you may laugh D. who you may laugh
（ ）2. The writer says small children laugh at people who ______.
A. have problems B. not to be worried
C. dress well D. play games
（ ）3. Next the writer shows how laughter could help you ______.
A. not to spill food B. not to be worried
C. not to enjoy yourself D. to grow up
（ ）4. The most important thing is to learn how to laugh at ______.
A. jokes B. pictures C. children D. yourself
（ ）5. The writer shows how laughter could help you not to ______.
A. make a mistake B. lose game C. become angry D. try again
【試題答案】
I. 1. frustrating 2. memorize 3. aloud 4. pronounce
5. solution 6. not at all 7. end up doing sth
8. make mistakes 9. be afraid to 10. native speaker
11. laugh at sb 12. take notes 13. enjoy doing sth 14. make up
II. 1. How do you study for a test? 2. I study by listening to cassettes.
3. Do you learn English by reading aloud? 4. You should find a pepal.
5. I can’t memorize a lot of new words. （答案不唯一）
III. 1. I think I can study English by memorizing the words of pop songs because it is the best way to learn new words.
2. I think I can study English by reading English magazines because it can help us learn new words .
3. I think I can study by using English because we can practice more and study English well.
4. I think I can study by studying grammar because it is a great way to learn sentence structures.
5. I don’t think I can learn English by watching English movies because the native speakers speak too quickly.
6. I don’t think I can study English by having conversations with friends because we get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese.
7. I think I can learn English by joining the English club at school because we can get lots of practice and also have fun .
IV. 略
V. 閱讀
A. 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A
5. 比如，一本大字典包含40萬(wàn)到50萬(wàn)個(gè)單詞
6. 有大量的簡(jiǎn)易英語(yǔ)讀物，你可以閱讀。
B. 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C