遼寧 金春穎
一、介詞to的常見用法
1.動詞+to
a)動詞+ to
adjust to適應(yīng),
attend to處理；照料,
agree to贊同,
amount to加起來達(dá)…，
belong to屬于,
come to達(dá)到,
drink to為…干杯，
get to到達(dá),
happen to發(fā)生在某人身上,
hold to緊握,
lead to通向,
listen to聽,
occur to想起,
object to反對,
point to指向,
respond to回答,
refer to參考；指的是…；涉及,
reply to回答,
see to負(fù)責(zé),
stick to堅持,
turn to求助,
write to給某人寫信。
b)動詞(+sth.)+to+sb.
announce to通知某人, describe to向某人描述, explain to向某人解釋, express to對某人表達(dá), mention to提及, nod to向某人點頭, report to報告, say to告知, shout to對某人大叫, suggest to對某人提建議,speak to與某人交談, talk to跟某人談話, whisper to和某人低聲耳語。
c)動詞+sth./sb.+ to +sth./sb.
add to增加, compare to比作, carry to運送至, devote to致力于,introduce to介紹給, invite to邀請參加, join to連接到, leave to委托給,reduce to下降至, sentence to判處, take to帶到。
2. be +形容詞/過去分詞+ to
be alive to覺察；曉得,
be attentive to注意；留心,
be awake to知曉,
be blind to缺乏眼光,
be close to緊挨著,
be common to對某人來說很普通,
be contrary to違反；反對,
be devoted to致力,
be deaf to不愿意聽,
be equal to有…的力量,
be exposed to暴露；遭受,
be fair to對…公平,
be familiar to對某人來說熟悉,
be grateful to對某人心存感激,
be good to對…有好處,
be harmful to對…有危害,
be important to對…重要,
be kind to友好對待,
be known to周知于,
be married to嫁給,
be moved to轉(zhuǎn)移到,
be near to靠近,
be necessary to對…有必要,
be opposite to在對面,
be opposed to反對,
be pleasant to合某人之意,
be proper to專屬,
be polite to禮貌待人,
be rude to粗暴對待,
be relative to與…有關(guān),
be strange to不習(xí)慣,
be similar to類似,
be suitable to適合,
be true to忠實,
be thankful to感激,
be useful to對…有用,
be used to習(xí)慣。
3.to+名詞構(gòu)成的詞組
to a degree在某種程度上, to date到現(xiàn)在為止,to one’s feet跳起來，to one’s mind照…看來, to one’s surprise使…吃驚,to one’s taste符合胃口, to oneself獨自享用, to order定做,to the letter不折不扣地, to the point中肯地
二、at的常見用法 at構(gòu)成的詞組比較多，要細(xì)心區(qū)分。
1.動詞+ at
arrive at抵達(dá),call at訪問某地, catch at(it)當(dāng)場抓住, come at攻擊, fire at向…開火,glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而視, grieve at憂傷，knock at敲,laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at對…高興，smile at向某人微笑, shoot at朝…射擊, stare at怒目而視,thrust at刺向, tear at撕, tremble at顫抖，wonder at吃驚，work at工作。
2. be +形容詞/過去分詞+ at
be angry at惱怒于, be alarmed at對…保持警覺,be astonished at對…吃驚, be bad at不擅長, be clever at對某事很靈巧,be delighted at高興，be disgusted at厭惡, be disappointed at對…失望，be good at擅長, be impatient at對…不夠耐心, be mad at狂熱于,be pleased at對…感到高興, be present at出席, be satisfied at滿意,be surprised at吃驚, be shocked at對…非常震驚，be terrified at受到…的恐嚇,be quick at對…很機(jī)敏。
3.at+名詞構(gòu)成的詞組
at a distance在一定距離，at a loss不知所措， at a time一次，at all一點也不，at any cost不惜一切代價，at best最好也只是，at first起初，at hand手頭，at heart在內(nèi)心里，at home在家；無拘束，at last最后，at least至少，at most最多，at once馬上，at present目前。
三、介詞on的常見用法
on的用法比較重要，本文介紹它的一些常見用法：
1.動詞+on
a)動詞+ on要認(rèn)真區(qū)分下面一些詞組
act on對…有作用, bring on促使；導(dǎo)致, call on拜訪某人,count on依賴, carry on執(zhí)行,depend on取決, feed on以…為生,figure on料想；推斷, go on繼續(xù),have on穿著, insist on堅持,keep on繼續(xù), lean on依賴, live on以…為生, pull on迅速穿上,put on穿上, switch on接通（電源）, take to喜歡；養(yǎng)成；輕易學(xué)會，turn on接通（電源）, work on操作, wait on侍候。
b)動詞+sb.(sth.)+ on +sb.(sth.)
base on以…為基礎(chǔ), congratulate on恭賀, fix on固定, have mercy on憐憫,have pity on憐惜, keep watch on監(jiān)視, spend on把時間、精力花在某方面。
2.be+形容詞+on的詞組
be dependent on依賴, be hard on對某人苛刻,be impressed on對…印象深刻, be keen on渴望, be strict on對…嚴(yán)格。
3.on+名詞構(gòu)成的詞組
on board乘（車,飛機(jī)）,on call聽候召喚, on duty值班, on earth到底, on fire著火, on foot步行，on guard在崗，on hire雇用，on holiday度假
四、介詞in的常見用法
1.動詞+in
a)動詞+ in
believe in信任, break in碎成，bring in引起；產(chǎn)生；帶來, call in下令收回, fill in填充,get in收獲, hand in上繳, involve in涉及, lie in在于, result in導(dǎo)致, share in共享,succeed in成功, take in卷起；訂閱, turn in歸還當(dāng)局。
b)動詞+sb./time/money+ in
help sb. in幫助某人做某事, spare time/money in勻出時間或錢做某事,spend time/money in花時間或錢做某事,waste time/money in浪費時間或錢做某事。
2. be +形容詞+ in
be active in活躍于,be absorbed in專心致志, be busy in忙碌, be born in出生于,be concerned in牽涉, be clothed in穿著, be disappointed in對…失望,be diligent in勤于, be experienced in在…有經(jīng)驗, be employed in任職于,be engaged in忙碌, be expert in某方面的專家, be excellent in在…優(yōu)秀,be interested in對…有興趣, be lacking in缺乏, be rich in富有,be slow in遲緩, be successful in在某方面成功, be skilled in精于,be strict in嚴(yán)于, be weak in弱于。
3. in +名詞
in advance提前,in all總共，in balance總而言之，in bed臥床，in body親自，in brief簡明扼要，in case萬一, in charge主管，in danger有危險, in debt負(fù)債, in despair失望,in force大量地；有效，in full全部地, in flower開花,in general一般說來,in itself本身, in love戀愛, in order井然有序, in person親自,in public公開地, in progress有進(jìn)展, in practice從實踐上看, in rags穿著破衣,in research探索, in return作為報答,in ruins一片廢墟,in short總之,in theory從理論上看, in trouble有麻煩, in tears眼淚汪汪,in time及時, in turn按順序, in vain白白地，in view看得見。
五、介詞from的常見用法
from的用法可不能小瞧，你不一定知道下面這些詞組意義。
1.動詞+from
a)動詞+ from
come from來自,date from追溯, depart from違背, die from死于, escape from逃出,fall from自…跌落, hang from垂掛, hear from收到來信,learn from向某人學(xué)習(xí), return from自某地返回，rise from自…冒出, result from起因于, suffer from忍受。
b)動詞+ sth./sb. +from + sth./ sb. /a place
borrow from向…借, choose from選自, excuse from免除, keep from阻止做,prevent from不準(zhǔn)做, protect from不受…之害, receive from收到,remove from移動；除去, save from保全；拯救, separate from分離開來,stop from阻止。
2. be +形容詞+ from
be absent from缺席,be different from與眾不同, be far from更不用說, be hidden from躲避,be made from用…制成, be tired from因…而疲倦。
3.from…to…
from bad to worse每況愈下，from beginning to end自始至終，from cover to cover從頭到尾，from China to Peru到處，from day to day一天一天地，from door to door挨家挨戶，from end to end從頭至尾，from first to last自始至終，from hand to mouth勉強(qiáng)糊家，from head to foot從頭到腳，from mouth to mouth廣泛流傳，from sun to sun從日出到日落，from start to finish從頭開始，from top to toe從頭到腳，from time to time不時地，from top to bottom徹底地。
六、介詞for的常見用法
1.動詞+for
a）動詞+for
account for解釋；說明, answer for對…負(fù)責(zé),apply for申請；請求,apologize for為…而道歉, beg for請求, call for要求,care for在意, enter for報名參加, fight for為…而戰(zhàn), hope for希望,inquire for查詢；求見, leave for離開某地到另一地, look for尋找, long for盼望,mistake for誤認(rèn)為, plan for計劃做某事, prepare for為…作準(zhǔn)備,provide for為…提供, reach for伸手去拿, run for競選, stand for象征,search for搜尋, send for派人去請, speak for陳述意見、愿望, take for當(dāng)作, wish for希望, wait for等待。
b)動詞+sb.+ for +sth.
ask for要求得到,blame for因…責(zé)備, excuse for寬恕, forgive for諒解, pardon for原諒,pay for花錢買, praise for稱贊, punish for對…進(jìn)行懲罰,push for催逼，reward for酬謝, thank for對…表示謝意。
2. be +形容詞+for
be anxious for急于做, be eager for渴望, be bad for有害于,be convenient for便于, be good for利于, be famous for以…出名,be fit for適合于, be grateful for對…心存感激, be impatient for對…不耐煩,be late for遲到, be necessary for有必要, be ready for作好準(zhǔn)備,be sorry for為…而后悔, be responsible for對…負(fù)責(zé),be suitable for適合于, be unfit for不適合, be useful for對…有作用。
3.for+名詞構(gòu)成的詞組
for all盡管，for a song非常便宜地，for certain確切地，for company陪著，for ever永遠(yuǎn)，for example例如，for fear以免，for fair肯定地，for free免費，for fun為了好玩，for good永遠(yuǎn)，for instance比方，for luck祝福，for life終身，for long長久，for nothing白白地，for once有生第一次，for oneself替自己，for pleasure為了消遣，for reason因為…理由，for sale供出售，for shame真不害臊，for short簡稱，for sport好玩，for sure確切地。
4.動詞+副詞/名詞+for構(gòu)成的短語
be in for將遇到，make up for彌補(bǔ)，go in for從事，look out for提防，take sth. for granted把…當(dāng)作理所當(dāng)然,have an ear for音感好,have a gift for有某方面的天賦。
來源:《考試》高考英語版2005年第一期