高三英語高考前的復(fù)習(xí)過程中，要對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行單項(xiàng)選擇題的專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練。做題過程中，對(duì)于一部分題，若從原有的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)出發(fā)，機(jī)械地套用老方法，按某種固定的思路去思考問題，即做題時(shí)產(chǎn)生了負(fù)效應(yīng)的定勢(shì)思維，必然會(huì)犯"經(jīng)驗(yàn)型"的錯(cuò)誤，從而誤選答案。
現(xiàn)行的高考命題者在設(shè)計(jì)選擇填空題時(shí)，為了加大試題區(qū)分度，往往加入一些干擾成分，也為"經(jīng)驗(yàn)型"錯(cuò)誤提供了前提，使考生輕易誤入所設(shè)置的"陷阱"中。
下面筆者聯(lián)系高考題及復(fù)習(xí)過程中所遇到的一些典型題例，對(duì)"經(jīng)驗(yàn)型"錯(cuò)誤作些具體的分析。
1.Who did the teacher have ___ an article for the wall newspaper just now?
A. written B. writing C. write D. to write
析：此題易誤選A，受have的影響。其實(shí)此處所用句型為have sb.do sth不妨把who換為tom，利用還原句子結(jié)構(gòu)的方法變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢he teacher had Tom write an article for the wall newspaper just now.因此，答案應(yīng)選C。
2.The wonderful time they had been looking forward ____ at last.
A. to arrive B. to arrived C. to arriving D. should arrive
析：此題迷惑選項(xiàng)為C，因受look forward to doing的影響，但此題主語為the wonderful time，后面they have been looking forward to 為定語從句，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，找出句子的主干The wonderful time arrived at last.不難發(fā)現(xiàn)正確答案應(yīng)為B.
3.I'm examining the composition he has just finished ____ the possible mistakes in it.
A.correcting B.to correct C.corrected D.correct
析：易誤選A，因?yàn)榱?xí)慣思維finish 后接doing. 但從句he has just finished為定語從句。答案選B，動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語。
4.I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with ____.(NMET97)
A.everything B.anything C.something D.nothing
析：受否定句影響，迷惑選項(xiàng)為B.此題語境性極強(qiáng)，第一句中"most of what you said"為關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，"你說的大部分我都同意，但并不是所有的我都同意"。因此，考查的是部分否定，答案為A。
再如：---The exam was easy , wasn't it ?
---Yes , but I don't think_____ could pass it
A. somebody B. anybody C. nobody D. everybody
不難選出答案為D
5.The doctor did what he could _____ the patient.
A. save B. saving C. to save D. to be saved
析：此題could后省略了do，因而是目的狀語，正確答案為C。而非情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could后跟動(dòng)詞原形，因此迷惑項(xiàng)為A。
6.The young man spent as much time as he _____ over his lessons.
A. went B. can go C. could going D. could to go
析：此題句型與上題差不多，除考查理解句子結(jié)構(gòu)的能力外，還考查了動(dòng)詞短語spend some time(in)doing sth的用法，所以答案為C。
7.The doctor asked the patient to lie down ____ and breathe deeply.
A. flat B. flatly C. to be flat D. to be flatly
析：此處修飾動(dòng)詞lie down，易誤選B。但副詞作狀語一般不表結(jié)果和狀態(tài)，而形容詞作狀語則有此功能，如die young , get home safe, marry early , lie awake等。因而答案為A.
8.He was so angry at all _____ she was doing _____ he walked out.
A. what,that B.that,that C.that,which D.what,as
析：此題關(guān)鍵短語be angry at sth.因此all后的she was doing為定語從句，修飾all.第二個(gè)空考查so...that...答案為B
9. --- What do you think made Mary so upset ?
--- ____ her new bicycle. （97年上海高考題）
A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing.
析：此題迷惑項(xiàng)為D，這是犯了Chinglish之錯(cuò)，問句中的 what只能用動(dòng)名詞短語Losing her new bicycle來代替。答案B為過去分詞不作主語，答案A不構(gòu)成主語從句。若將答語補(bǔ)充完整，全句為L(zhǎng)osing her new bicycle made Mary so upset.因此缺少主語，正確答案為C.
10.--- Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day ?
--- ____ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.(上海99年高考題)
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
析：此處回答why因而答案選C.作目的狀語。
11.Was it through Mary ____ was working at a high school , _____ you get to know Tom ?
A.who,who B.that,that C.who,that D.that,where
析：強(qiáng)調(diào)句型It be + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that (who)…中，who(that)后不可能有逗號(hào)，此句是限制性和非限制性定語從句的一般疑問句，答案為D。
12. ____ a broken chair , the room is empty
A. Except B. Except for C. Except that D. Besides
析：except所指項(xiàng)目，必須在主句內(nèi)有所交代，except for 用來表示從某一細(xì)節(jié)方面來修正前面概括性說法，其后的賓語一般與句子所涉及的東西不同類。因此a broken chair 與 the room 不是同類，答案為B。若改變一下題目_____ a broken chair , the room has no furniture . 此時(shí)chair 是 furniture 的一種，性質(zhì)相同，答案為A。
13. --- Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______ . (NMET94)
A.I don't B.I won't C.I can't D.I haven't
析：完整回答為I won't forget to come to your birthday party tomorrow.答案為B. 選A是受上一句中Don't 影響。
14.Shirley _____ a book about China last year, but I don't know whether she has finished it.(NMET98)
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
析：受last year的干擾而誤選B項(xiàng)，但句意為"shirley去年（一段時(shí)間）在寫一本有關(guān)中國(guó)的書，但我不知她現(xiàn)在是否寫完"，因此答案為D.
15.Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had ____ went wrong again.(上海98年高考題)
A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired
析：此題句型為have sth done, she had had repaired為定語從句，修飾the
washing machine, C為正確答案。迷惑選項(xiàng)為B項(xiàng)。
16. --- Who should I send this message to ?
--- The mayor is the one ___ ?
A. to send it B. to be sent C. for sending D. to send it to
析：第一句提供了語境"應(yīng)把消息送給誰？""應(yīng)送給市長(zhǎng)"。故A是錯(cuò)誤的，正確答案為D，即send the message to the mayor.被修飾的名詞為不定式的間接賓語時(shí)，不定式后應(yīng)加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。
17.Few pleasures can equal ______ of a cool drink on a hot day.(NMET99)
A. some B. any C. that D. those
析：一看到few pleasures，容易錯(cuò)選D.但后面所設(shè)條件為a cool drink,因而正確答案應(yīng)為C.
18.--- Alice , you feed the bird today , ______?
--- But I fed it yesterday . (NMET99)
A. do you B. will you C. didn't D. don't you
析：此題易受you feed the bird today 中的you的影響，認(rèn)為不是祈使句。但祈使句并非都無主語，為了加強(qiáng)語氣，指明向誰提出請(qǐng)求或命令，引起聽話者的注意時(shí)，可說出主語。所以正確答案是B而不是D.
29. --- When shall we meet again ?
--- Make it ____ day you like; it's all the same to me .(NMET96)
A. one B. any C. another D. some
析：...you like和...it's all the same to me 表明說話人不在意哪一天，因此some day是錯(cuò)誤的；another day需要前提：已談?wù)摰臅r(shí)間不合適，應(yīng)另選時(shí)間，但對(duì)話無此意。One day并不指"任意選擇的一天"，而any day則有此意，故正確答案為B.
由上面的這些題例可以看出，做此類題時(shí)，一定要在準(zhǔn)確理解句意的基礎(chǔ)上，從具體的語境入手，打破定勢(shì)思維，正確分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，靈活運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)，充分理解整個(gè)句子的意義，找準(zhǔn)切入點(diǎn)，選準(zhǔn)答案，從而避免犯"經(jīng)驗(yàn)型"錯(cuò)誤。