在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三種形式:不定
式，動(dòng)名詞，和分詞(分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)。
1）不定式
時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2）動(dòng)名詞
時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3）分詞
時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 動(dòng)名詞， not + 現(xiàn)在分詞
動(dòng)名詞
1 動(dòng)名詞作主語、賓語和表語
1）作主語
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
南方與北方開戰(zhàn)了。
2）作賓語
a. 動(dòng)詞后加動(dòng)名詞doing作賓語 V. + doing sth
admit 承認(rèn) appreciate 感激,贊賞 avoid 避免
complete 完成 consider 認(rèn)為 delay 耽誤 deny 否認(rèn) detest 討厭 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜歡 escape 逃脫 prevent阻止
fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推遲 practise 訓(xùn)練 recall 回憶 resent 討厭 resist 抵抗 resume 繼續(xù) risk 冒險(xiǎn)
suggest 建議 face 面對 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 寬恕 keep 繼續(xù)
舉例：
(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
b. 詞組后接doing
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to busy look forward to(to為介詞）
no good, no use, It's worth…, as well as,
can't help, It's no use /good be tired of
be fond of be capable of be afraid of
be proud of think of / about hold off
put off keep on insist on count on / upon
set about be successful in good at take up
give up burst out prevent … from…
3）作表語
Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.
2 worth 的用法
worth，worthy，worth-while都為adj. 意為"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n. 當(dāng)名詞為金錢時(shí)，表示"…… 值得……"
be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 當(dāng)名詞為抽象名詞時(shí)表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.
3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth "值得做某事"
worth while： It is worth while doing sth
It is worth while sb to do sth.
典型例題
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只適合詞組be worth-while to do sth.。因此選C。
動(dòng)詞不定式
1 不定式作賓語
1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
舉例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。
2）動(dòng)詞+不定式 ； 動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3） 動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
The question is how to put it into practice.
問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。
2 不定式作補(bǔ)語
1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例題:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補(bǔ)足語作用�，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。
2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。
典型例題
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。
3) to be +形容詞
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語做補(bǔ)語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。
Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。
3 不定式主語
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
聽到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí)，不能用It is… to…的句型
(對)To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。
(錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.
4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。
for 與of 的辨別方法：
用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：
You are nice. (通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。
He is hard. (人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)
5 不定式作表語
不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
6 不定式作定語
不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
7 不定式作狀語
1）目的狀語
To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。
2）作結(jié)果狀語，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例題
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于"形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。
8 用作介詞的to
to 有兩種用法： 一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞：
admit to承認(rèn)， confess to承認(rèn)，
be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于， be used to 習(xí)慣于， stick to 堅(jiān)持， turn to開始，著手于， devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
9 省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
1） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2） 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make：
3） 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。
注意：在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4） would rather，had better：
5） Why… / why not…：
6） help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：
7） but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。
8） 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去：
9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。
舉例：
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比較： He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例題
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。
10 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時(shí)候，她假裝沒看見。
典型例題
1）Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。
3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式�？梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對，因此B，D不對。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。
11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激動(dòng)了，說不出話來。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。
2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定， too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (諺語)
改過不嫌晚。
3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非�！� 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。
2) so kind as to ---勞駕
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。
13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?"
例如：
Why not take a holiday?
干嗎不去度假?
非謂語動(dòng)詞（二）
14 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 to do to be done
進(jìn)行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing
1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。
2) 完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
15 動(dòng)名詞與不定式
1） 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：
動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的
不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的
2） 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。
3） 動(dòng)名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組：
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
動(dòng)名詞與不定式區(qū)別實(shí)例：
1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來，抽了根煙。
I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。
典型例題
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。
2 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘記做過某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了�！ � ( 已做過關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
別忘了明天來�！ � (to come動(dòng)作未做)
典型例題
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。
3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 記得做過某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.
記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?
4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 對要做的事遺憾。 (未做)
regret doing 對做過的事遺憾、后悔�！ �(已做)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒有辦法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.
我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。
典型例題
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 對已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到后悔，因此選D。
5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 長時(shí)間，甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。
cease doing 短時(shí)停止做某事，以后還會接著做。
That department has ceased to exist forever.
那個(gè)部門已不復(fù)存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
姑娘們在老師走過時(shí)，停了會聊天。
6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企圖做某事。
try doing 試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。
You must try to be more careful.
你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。
特殊詞精講
1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來，抽了根煙。
I must stop smoking.. 我必須戒煙了。
典型例題
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。
7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。
go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來做的事。
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.
做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
作完這個(gè)練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)
8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為"怕"；
be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing 是客觀上造成的，意為"生怕，恐怕"。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 對做某事感興趣，想了解某事。
interested in doing 對某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎? (一種想法)
10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味著
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
贈加工資意味著增加購買力。
11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.
1) 談及一項(xiàng)長期活動(dòng)或開始一種習(xí)慣時(shí)，使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你幾歲時(shí)開始彈鋼琴？
2) begin, start用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，后面動(dòng)詞用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry。
我開始生起氣來。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用不定式to do。
I begin to understand the truth。
我開始明白真相。
4) 物作主語時(shí)
It began to melt.
12 感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do
感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見了"這個(gè)事實(shí))
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作）
昨天我見他正在花園里干活。
典型例題
1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A。因題意為，他們看著她長大，因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動(dòng)作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案A. 本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作，正在河邊玩，應(yīng)此用see sb. doing sth句型。
一、動(dòng)詞不定式與-ING分詞的區(qū)別
1. 作賓語時(shí)，-ING分詞表示抽象的、一般性或習(xí)慣性的和連續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，而不定式則表示某次具體動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作
I like playing football. I would like to play football this afternoon.
1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.
�。跘］ cheating ［B］ to cheat ［C］ be cheated ［D］ being cheated
2) News of success keeps in.
�。跘］ pouring ［B］ to pour ［C］ poured ［D］ to be pouring
3) Long ［A］ before the dawn ［B］ of recorded ［C］ history, humans celebrated to harvest ［D］ their crops.
2. 作定語時(shí)，-ING表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用-ING的完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成；不定式表示未來發(fā)生
4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.
�。跘］ having launched ［B］ to have launched ［C］ to launch ［D］ launched
5) The applicants interviewing ［A］ are required to ［B］ bring all the necessary papers ［C］ two days later ［D］ .
6) Sorghum(高梁) leaves ［A］ occasionally contain ［B］ enough hydrocyanic acid killing ［C］ livestock(牲畜) ［D］ .
3. 當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞是進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)候，用不定式而不用-ING分詞作賓語
It's beginning to snow you. It starts raining.
I'm considering how to go(where to go, what to do). I considered emplying Mr.Wang but
decided that Mr.Chen was more suited
to the job.
4. 在remember,forget等詞后，如果跟-ING分詞，表示-ING分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主要謂語之前；如果跟不定式則表示不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主要謂語動(dòng)作之后
I remember telling her that last night. ("告
訴"發(fā)生在"記得"之前) He remembered to tell her that when she
came back. ("記得"發(fā)生在"告訴"之前)
I'm sorry I forgot to give you the message. (主
語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作"忘記"發(fā)生在不定式表
示的動(dòng)作"給帶口信"之前) Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgot
giving the message last night. (-ING分詞
表示的動(dòng)作"給帶口信"發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表
示的動(dòng)作"忘記"之前)
5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接動(dòng)詞不定式和-ING分詞所表達(dá)的意義有所不同
They stopped (talking) to work. ［停下(其他動(dòng)作)來工作］
They stopped working. ［停下工作(來干其他動(dòng)作)］
Workers went on discussing the problem. ［工人繼續(xù)討論這一問題］
Workers went on to discuss the problem.［工人們停下來其他事，繼續(xù)討論這一問題］
He left off writing.［他停下寫作(去干其他事)］
He left off to write.［他停下(其他事)來寫作］
6. … used to后跟不定式和-ING分詞，后跟不定式有兩種情況：一種是used to是固定用法表示"過去經(jīng)常干……"；另外一種情況是use的被動(dòng)詞態(tài)"be used"后跟不定式；后跟-ING分詞的情況有一種，那就是當(dāng)used to中的used是形容詞時(shí)，to后跟名詞或-ING分詞
7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.
�。跘］ has worked ［B］ had worked ［C］ had been worked ［D］ used to work
8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.
�。跘］ get used to
［B］ get to
�。跜］ get over
�。跠］ get on with
9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging ［A］ in the crisp morning ［B］ air during ［C］ the winter months ［D］ , but now he has stopped.
7. 一般情況下，for后邊跟接there to be,而of后邊則跟接there being
10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.
�。跘］ to be ［B］ being ［C］ to have been ［D］ having been
8. be＋形容詞后面要跟動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語，而不用-ING
It is very difficult to manage the company.
二、-ING分詞與-ED分詞的區(qū)別
雖然在語法功能上，-ED分詞在句子中所能承擔(dān)的成分基本與-ING分詞相同，但在意義上兩者有差別：-ING分詞表示主動(dòng)的意義，而-ED分詞則表示被動(dòng)的意義；-ING分詞表示一般性的或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而-ED分詞則表示已經(jīng)完成和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。在表現(xiàn)形式上，-ING分詞有"一般式"和"完成式"與"主動(dòng)式"和"被動(dòng)式"之分；而-ED分詞只有一種形式。下邊我們分析-ING分詞與-ED分詞在語法功用上的區(qū)別。
1. 作表語時(shí)，-ING分詞表示主語所具有的特征而-ED分詞表示主語所處的狀態(tài)
The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.
The play is more exciting than any I have
ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.
2. 作狀語時(shí)-ING分詞表示主語正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作而-ED分詞則表示主語發(fā)生動(dòng)作的背景或情況 11) In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world， .
�。跘］ battling both people and objects
�。跙］ both people and objects were battled
［C］ he was battling both people and objects
�。跠］ both people and objects that were battled
13) Having been served lunch， .
�。跘］ the problem was discussed by the members of the committee
［B］ the committee members discussed the problem
�。跜］ it was discussed by the committee members the problem
�。跠］ a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee
12) for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.
�。跘］ She is noted primarily
�。跙］ Noted primarily
�。跜］ Primarily is noted
�。跠］ She primarily noted
14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today， .
�。跘］ a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez
�。跙］ Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays
�。跜］ a number of Sonia Sanchez's books and plays have been written
�。跠］ there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez
3. ①作定語時(shí)，-ING分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而-ED分詞表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前；②-ING分詞表示它所修飾的詞經(jīng)�；虍�(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)，而-ED分詞則沒有時(shí)間性；③-ING分詞表示主動(dòng)，而-ED分詞表示被動(dòng)
15) The boiled ［A］ point of any liquid ［B］ is determined ［C］ by the pressure ［D］ of the surrounding gases.
16) High-grade ［A］ written ［B］ paper is frequently ［C］ obtained ［D］ from cotton rags.
17) Scientists ［A］ still cannot find ［B］ any convinced ［C］ link between intelligence ［D］ and the quantity or quality of brain cells.
4. 但少數(shù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的-ED分詞，有兩種形式而且在意義上有差別，如：bear的-ED分詞有born和borne之分，前者只用于"出生"的意義，而后者用于"負(fù)擔(dān)"，"負(fù)荷"，"承擔(dān)"和"傳送"之意
I was born in 1966.
His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.
再如：hang的-ED分詞也有兩種，一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示"懸掛"，后者表示"吊死，絞死"。strike的-ED分詞也有兩種：struck和striken, 前者有"打擊""沖擊""感動(dòng)"等義，而striken只用作形容詞，表示"受折磨"之意。
來自及物動(dòng)詞的-ED分詞所表示的是被動(dòng)意義；來自不及物動(dòng)詞的-ED分詞則可表示主動(dòng)和完成的意義：fallen leaves (落葉)，a full-blown rose (盛開的玫瑰), escaped prinsoners(逃犯), the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.
三、例題解析
1) A為正確答案。(一般性的動(dòng)作。)
2) A為正確答案。(連續(xù)的動(dòng)作。)
3) D錯(cuò)。 改為harvesting(抽象的動(dòng)作)。
4) A為正確答案。(已完成的動(dòng)作。)
5) C錯(cuò)。 改為to be interviewed(將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)。
6) C錯(cuò)。改為to kill(不定或未來動(dòng)作)。
7) D為正確答案。(過去經(jīng)�；蚩偸歉伞�)
8) A為正確答案。(習(xí)慣于……used是形容詞)
9) A錯(cuò)。改為jog。(表示過去經(jīng)常或總是干……)
10) A為正確答案。
11) A為正確答案。
12) B為正確答案。本句是由-ED分詞"noted"引導(dǎo)的-ED結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中說明主句謂語的背景。
13) B為正確答案。
14) B為正確答案。-ED分詞"considered"的邏輯主語應(yīng)為人，除B外的其他選項(xiàng)都無法和空白前-ED結(jié)構(gòu)在邏輯主語上一致。
15) A錯(cuò)。改為boiling。-ED分詞含有完成和被動(dòng)的意思，-ING分詞則表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行，也可用作前置定語表示性狀、用途。如："boiling water(water which is boiling.)"意思是"開水"，意即"正在開著的水"，而"boiled water(water which has been boiled.)"雖也可譯為"開水"，但表示"已開過了的水(現(xiàn)在可能涼了)。"本句A處應(yīng)改為boiling，"boiling point"意思是"沸點(diǎn)"。
16) B錯(cuò)。改用"writing"，"writing paper"意為"寫字的紙，信紙"，-ING分詞"writing"表用途。與此類似的還有"swimming pool"(游泳池) ，"sleeping car"(臥鋪) 。"written"含有完成和被動(dòng)意味，不合上下文。
17) C錯(cuò)。改為"convincing"。"令人信服的聯(lián)系"應(yīng)為"convincing link"，"convincing"含有主動(dòng)的意味，即"聯(lián)系"(link)本身具有這種性質(zhì)，而"convinced"則含有完成或被動(dòng)的含義， 修飾有生命的名詞 。試比較：a surprising man (使人驚訝的人) ，a surprised man (被驚嚇了的人)