北 京 四 中
重點(diǎn)詞匯、短語與句型：
1.in danger 在危險(xiǎn)中
2.die out 滅絕，逐漸消失
3.as a result of 作為…的結(jié)果
4.lead to 導(dǎo)致
5.take measures 采取措施
6.adapt to 適應(yīng)
7.at present 現(xiàn)在，目前
8.devote to 獻(xiàn)身于…，專心于
9.make a difference 有關(guān)系，有影響
10.in the wild 在自然環(huán)境中
11.throw away 扔掉
12.in common 共同（的），共有（的）
13.turn …into 把…變成
14.become endangered 變的處境危險(xiǎn)，受到危害
15.before 的用法
16.set free 釋放
17.reduce 的用法
18.respond to 回答，對(duì)…作出反應(yīng)
19.give advice 提出建議
20.a large amount of 大量的
21.spread的用法
22.to 表示“伴隨，按照”
23.a series of 一連串的，一系列，一套
24.in trouble 處于困境
25.come across 偶然遇見,碰見
26.believe in 信任，信仰
27.turn around 轉(zhuǎn)過身來
28.not just…but… 不僅…而且…
29.原因和結(jié)果：
Why…?
Because/As/Since
Because of … , I …
If…, then…
As a result of…
It follows that…
30.做出決定和看法：
I’d prefer to…
Which do you prefer, …or …?
Can’t we…?
There are several things we could do.
知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納：
1.before 從屬連詞，“在…之前”，但在具體的句子中，譯法多種多樣。
表示“…才…” “沒來得及…就” “…后…才…”
eg.
⑴He measured me before I could get in a word.沒等我插上一句話他就給我量好了尺寸。
�、芐he was angry before I could explain to her.我還沒來得及向她解釋，她就生氣了。
�、荋e asked a second question before I could answer the first question.
我還沒來得及回答第一個(gè)問題，他又問了一個(gè)問題。
�、菼 hadn’t waited long before he came.我沒等多久他就來了。
�、蒞e can leave early in the morning before it gets too hot.
不等天太熱，我們一大清早就出發(fā)。
⑹They are thinking of buying the house before the prices go up.
他們正在考慮趁房價(jià)未漲時(shí)把房子買下來。
�、薟e walked a whole day before we got to the forest.我們走了一整天才到了森林。
*before 還常用于下列句型：
It won’t be …before… 用不了（多長時(shí)間）就會(huì)…
It will be…before… 得過（多長時(shí)間）才…
It wasn’t …before… 沒過（多長時(shí)間）就…
It was…before… 過了（多長時(shí)間）才…
⑴It will be a long time before we finish the task.我們還需要很長時(shí)間才能完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
�、艻t wasn’t long before he learned to use the computer.不久他就學(xué)會(huì)使用計(jì)算機(jī)了。
�、荌t was some time before he told me about this affair.過了一段時(shí)間之后他告訴了我這件事。
�、菼t won’t be long before we meet again.不久之后我們還會(huì)再見面的。
高考題鏈接：
�、賁omeone called me up in the middle of night, but they hung up_________ I could answer the phone.（NMET2000）
A. as B. since C. until D. before
分析：根據(jù)語境，“半夜有人給我打了電話”以及“but”一詞的語氣（表轉(zhuǎn)折），可知“我還沒來得及接，電話就掛斷了”。
答案：D
�、赥he American Civil War lasted four years______ the North won in the end.（2005廣東高考）
A. after B. before C. when D. then
分析：本句意為“美國國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了四年，北方才最終獲勝”。after和when在此句中做連接詞，不符和上下文的語境。then是副詞，意為“然后”，如選D，要在then前加連詞and。
答案：B
2.devote vt. 致力于，把…專用于…
*常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：(其中的to 是介詞，因此其后面應(yīng)接sth./doing sth..)
devote oneself to …
devote one’s life to…
devote time to …
devote money to…
devote energy to…
be devoted to…
eg.
�、臜e has devoted his whole life to science.他把一生都獻(xiàn)給了科學(xué)事業(yè)。
�、艻 don’t think it worthwhile to devote so much time to discussing the matter.
我認(rèn)為要花這么多時(shí)間來討論這件事不值得。
⑶They devoted all their hours to working in their laboratory.
他們把所有的時(shí)間都投入到實(shí)驗(yàn)室的工作中。
�、菻e devoted himself to protecting the wild animals.他致力于保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物。
⑸Mr. Smith devoted all his life to helping the disabled.史密斯畢生致力于幫助殘疾人。
⑹The newly married couple living next door to us are devoted to sports.
住在我們隔壁的那對(duì)新婚夫婦非常喜歡體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。
⑺The magazine is devoted to science.這本雜志專門刊載科技文章。
*devoted adj. 獻(xiàn)身…的，專心于…的；忠實(shí)的
eg.
�、臜e is a devoted son.他是一個(gè)孝子。
�、芐he is a devoted wife and mother.她是一個(gè)賢妻良母。
�、荋e is devoted to his children.他深愛他的孩子。
高考題鏈接：
Although the working mother is very busy, she still ________ a lot of time to children.（2000上海高考）
A. devotes B. spends C. offers D. provides
分析：根據(jù)語境，“盡管母親工作忙，她仍然把好多時(shí)間用在孩子身上”。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有devote和spend可以表示“某人花時(shí)間…”，而spend 用于spend time （in） doing sth.結(jié)構(gòu)，所以此處應(yīng)用
devote one’s time to （把時(shí)間用于…）。
答案：A
3.danger n. 危險(xiǎn)
常用于以下詞組中：
in danger 在危險(xiǎn)中（指句子主語的處境危險(xiǎn)）
in danger of… 有…的危險(xiǎn)
in no danger 沒有危險(xiǎn)
in great danger 十分危險(xiǎn)
out of danger 脫險(xiǎn)
eg.
�、臜is life is in danger.他生命有危險(xiǎn)。
�、芓he workers in danger have been rescued.處于危險(xiǎn)中的工人已被解救。
�、荰hey were in danger of death.他們有死亡的危險(xiǎn)。
�、萐he is in danger of losing her job.她有失去工作的危險(xiǎn)。
�、蒆e was seriously ill a few days ago, but he is now out of danger.
他幾天前病得很厲害，但現(xiàn)在已脫離危險(xiǎn)期了。
⑹The doctor told the patient that he was in no danger/ out of danger.
醫(yī)生告訴病人他已脫離危險(xiǎn)。
�、薙hips out in this storm are in great danger.輪船在這種風(fēng)暴中出航要冒極大的危險(xiǎn)。
*類似的詞組有：
(be) in work 在業(yè)，有工作
(be) out of work 失業(yè)，無工作
(be) at work 表示（人）正在工作，從事于，（機(jī)器）正在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)
eg.
�、臜e is in work again. 他又有工作了。
⑵The workers out of work are on strike.失業(yè)的工人在罷工。
�、荕y father was at work at that time.我父親當(dāng)時(shí)在工作。
�、萒he new machine is at work.這臺(tái)新機(jī)器在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
*dangerous adj. “危險(xiǎn)的”， 指主語本身會(huì)給周圍的人或物造成的危險(xiǎn)。
dangerously adv.
eg.
�、臫he river is dangerous for swimmers. 在這條河里游泳有危險(xiǎn)。
⑵He is a dangerous guy .他是個(gè)危險(xiǎn)人物。
�、荰hat machine is dangerous : the wiring is faulty.這個(gè)機(jī)器危險(xiǎn)：電線有毛病。
�、萒he busy road is dangerous to small children.道路擁擠繁忙，對(duì)小孩太危險(xiǎn)。
�、蒚he man was driving dangerously.那名男子在危險(xiǎn)駕駛。
*endanger v. 危害，危及（某人/ 某事物），使遭受危險(xiǎn)
eg.
�、臫he oil spill endangered thousands of birds.石油的溢泄危及成千上萬的鳥兒。
�、芓he polluted air in the city is badly endangering the health of the people.
城市中被污染的空氣嚴(yán)重地危及人民的健康。
�、荄runk-drinking can not only cause traffic accidents, but also endanger the lives of pedestrians.酒后駕車不僅會(huì)造成交通事故，而且會(huì)危害到行人的生命。
考題鏈接：
It seemed that he was _____ losing his life. Luckily, he was ____ in the end.
A. in the danger of; out of danger
B. in danger of; out of danger
C. in the danger of; out of the danger
D. in danger of; out of the danger
分析：根據(jù)句意：看起來他似乎有失去工作的危險(xiǎn)，幸運(yùn)的是，他最終脫離了險(xiǎn)境。
in danger of doing sth.有…的危險(xiǎn)，其反義詞為out of danger。
答案：B
4.to 介詞，按…… 節(jié)拍；伴隨。如：
�、臩he often sings to the piano.她常用鋼琴伴唱。
�、芓his type of music has become very famous in Britain and is very good music to dance to.
這種音樂在英國很有名，是很好的舞蹈音樂。
�、荰he students are doing eye exercises to music.學(xué)生們正在跟著音樂做眼保健操。
�、萒he map was drawn to scale.這地圖是按比例繪制的。
其他to短語：
grow to a length of 15 meters 長到15米
dive to a depth of 1000 meters 潛入到1000米深
wet to the skin 濕透
be moved to tears 感動(dòng)得流淚
be frozen to death 凍僵
fight to the last man 戰(zhàn)斗到最后一人
5.satisfy vt.
*使（某人）滿意或滿足；
eg.
�、臢othing satisfies him; he’s always complaining.他對(duì)什么都不滿意，總是抱怨。
�、芓hat answer won’t satisfy her.那樣的答復(fù)不會(huì)使她滿意。
*滿足（需要、愿望等），達(dá)到（要求等）
eg.
�、臩he has satisfied the conditions for entry into the college.她已符合進(jìn)入這所學(xué)院的條件。
⑵They tried to satisfy the needs of the people for vegetables.他們盡量滿足人們對(duì)蔬菜的需求。
*satisfied adj. （感到）滿意的
satisfying adj. 令人滿意的
satisfaction n.
常用短語：
be satisfied with/ that…
to one’s satisfaction 使某人滿意的是
eg.
�、臝’m satisfied with you/ your answer/ what you said.我對(duì)你/ 你的答復(fù)/你所說的話很滿意。
�、芐he is quite satisfied now that his letter has come.他的信收到了，她感到相當(dāng)滿意。
�、荢he gave a satisfied smile. 她露出了滿意的笑容。
⑷I felt quite satisfied after my big meal.我這頓飯吃的很多，覺得很飽。
⑸It was a satisfying result.這是一個(gè)令人滿意的結(jié)果。
�、蔜his is a satisfying job.這是一個(gè)令人滿意的工作。
�、薎 expressed my satisfaction with these clothes.我對(duì)這些衣服表示滿意。
⑻To our satisfaction, he solved the problem alone.令我們滿意的是，他獨(dú)自解決了難題。
*介詞with 常與某些動(dòng)詞的過去分詞連用，構(gòu)成比較固定的搭配，但譯成漢語卻很靈活。如：
be filled with 充滿…
be crowded with 擠滿…
be covered with 覆蓋著…
be equipped with 裝備有…
be piled with 堆滿…
高考鏈接：
Nick is looking for another job because he feels that nothing he does ______ his boss.（2000北京、安徽春季高考）
A. serves B. satisfied C. promise D. supports
分析：根據(jù)題意：“Nick正在尋找另一份工作，因?yàn)樗龅囊磺卸疾荒苁估习鍧M意”以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的詞義（serve為…服務(wù)，promise承諾，support支持），可知選satisfied。
6.measure v. 測(cè)量，量度，判定
eg.
⑴The tailor measured me for suit.裁縫給我量尺寸做衣服。
⑵It’s hard to measure his ability when we haven’t seen his works.
我們沒有看到他的作品很難估計(jì)他的能力。
�、荋is eyes measured the newcomer from top to bottom.他的眼上下打量看新來的人。
�、菵id you measure the distance?你量過這段距離嗎？
*measure n. “尺寸，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，措施”，常用于下列短語：
make sth. to measure 定做
take measures 采取措施
be measured in +計(jì)量單位的復(fù)數(shù)形式 用…（作為計(jì)量單位）
eg.
⑴A metre is a measure of length.米是長度單位。
�、芓he tailor made a suit to my measure.裁縫為我定做了西裝。
�、荰he government took measures to stop pollution.政府已采取措施防止污染。
�、萒he authorities took measures to prevent tax fraud.當(dāng)局已采取措施防止偷稅漏稅。
�、蒚he energy is measured in calories.能量是以卡為單位計(jì)量的。
�、蔍t seems that the dress is made to her measure.好像這連衣裙是給她定做的。
考題鏈接：
What measures were ____ to reduce the air pollution in that area then?
A.acted B.taken C.given D.done
分析：采取措施：take measures，本題用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
答案：B.
7.die out :
*（of families, species, etc.）no longer have any members left alive （指家族、物種等）死光，滅絕；
eg.
�、臫he habitat of the species is being destroyed and has nearly died out.
這一物種因棲息地遭到破壞，幾乎滅絕了。
�、艱inosaurs died out.恐龍滅絕了。
�、荅lephants would die out soon if men were allowed to shoot as many as they wish.
如果允許人們隨心所欲地射殺大象，那么它們不久就會(huì)滅絕。
*（of a custom, practice, ideas, etc.）no longer be common（指習(xí)俗、做法、觀念等）消失，過時(shí)；
eg.
�、臫he old traditions are dying out. 舊傳統(tǒng)正在消失。
�、芓he practice of children working in factories has nearly died out.
工廠中使用童工的做法已幾乎絕跡。
*（of a fire） to lose force or power（指火）熄滅。其后不接賓語
eg.
⑴It took a long time before the big fire died out . 過了很長一段時(shí)間那場大火才漸漸熄滅。
⑵The fire died out in the end.火終于熄滅了。
其他常見的die 短語：
*die from ：常用于由于外部創(chuàng)傷或間接的原因致死
eg.
He died from an accident /a wound/ overwork /polluted air /carelessness.
他死于事故 /受傷/過度勞累 / 污染的空氣 / 粗心。
*die of：一般用于害病，疲勞，寒冷，饑渴，年老，失望，悲傷等感情原因造成死亡
eg.
He died of joy/ fear /disappointment / grief /old age /hunger /cold.
他死于高興 / 恐懼 / 失望 / 悲傷 /年老 /饑餓 /寒冷。
當(dāng)表示因病而死時(shí)，用die of 或die from均可，如：die of/ from illness（因病而死），die of/from heart disease/cancer （死于心臟病/癌癥）。
*die for “為…而死，為…獻(xiàn)身”，表示因?yàn)槭聵I(yè)或目的而死
eg.
�、臫he soldiers died for his country / the revolutionary cause / the people / liberty / the national dignity.戰(zhàn)士為國家/ 革命事業(yè)/ 人民/ 自由/ 國家的尊嚴(yán)而獻(xiàn)身。
�、芓o die for the people is an honour, not a misfortune.為人民而死是榮譽(yù)，不是不幸。
*die off 表示相繼死去，直到絕種的意思，其后不能接賓語
eg.
�、臫he members of the family had all died off.這家人一個(gè)個(gè)都死了。
�、芓he poor children died off because of lack of food.由于缺乏食品孩子們一個(gè)個(gè)死去。
*dying for sth./to do sth. 渴望…
eg.
�、臝’m dying for something to eat.我極想吃點(diǎn)東西。
�、艸e is dying to know where you’ve been.他極想知道你去哪里了。
*其他情況：
�、臱iang Lin-sao died poor. 祥林嫂在窮困中死去。
�、艸e died a millionaire.他死時(shí)是個(gè)百萬富翁。
8．插入語
一般是對(duì)一句話作一些附加的解釋。如果去掉插入語，對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)并無影響。插入語可用于陳述句, 或疑問句（要用陳述語氣，且疑問詞應(yīng)放在插入語的前面），其位置可在句中或句末。常見的插入語有：I hope, I think, I wonder, do you believe, I guess, I suppose, you see, don’t you think, don’t you know, I tell you, what’s more等。
eg.
�、臜ow much money did he say he spent in traveling abroad?他說他在國外旅行花了多少錢？
�、芖hich food do you think is healthy and which is unhealthy?
你認(rèn)為哪種食物是有益于健康，哪種無益于健康？
⑶Where did she suggest we should shopping?她建議我們?nèi)ツ膬嘿徫铮?/p>
�、萒hat will be a good beginning, I hope.希望這是一個(gè)良好的開端。
�、蒚he report, I think, was both interesting and instructive.
我覺得這個(gè)報(bào)告既有意思又有教育意義。
�、蔠hen do you suppose they’ll be back?你認(rèn)為他們會(huì)在什么時(shí)候回來？
高考題鏈接：
�、貶e made another wonderful discovery , _______ of great importance to science.（1998上海高考）
A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think which is
分析：本題考查定語從句中插入語的用法，因?yàn)椴迦胝Z必須位于引導(dǎo)詞之后，所以D項(xiàng)不對(duì)。因?yàn)樽龆ㄕZ從句的主語，所以不能再用it，B、C明顯不對(duì)。
答案：A
�、贛aggie has been fortunate to find a job she loves and, _______ , she gets well paid for it.（2005浙江高考）
A. sooner or later B. what’s more C. as a result D. more or less
分析：“sooner or later”意為“遲早”，“as a result”意為“結(jié)果”，“more or less”意為“或多或少”。根據(jù)題意： “Maggie很幸運(yùn)找到了她喜歡的工作，而且報(bào)酬也不錯(cuò)”，此處應(yīng)選“what’s more”（而且），做插入語。
答案：B
③Mum is coming. What present ______ for your birthday? （2005福建高考）
A. you expect she has got
B. you expect has she got
C. do you expect she has got
D. do you expect has she got
分析：本題選項(xiàng)中的do you expect為插入語，用來征求對(duì)方的意見或征詢對(duì)方的看法，這種特殊疑問句的主謂語應(yīng)使用陳述句語序。
答案：C
9.adapt:
*適應(yīng)（新環(huán)境）,常用于：adapt to sth..
adapt oneself to sth.
eg.
⑴Generally speaking, the species that are able to adapt to the change of the environment will survive, while the others will die out.
一般來說，能夠適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的物種會(huì)繼續(xù)生存下去，而那些適應(yīng)性差的物種就滅絕。
�、芖hen you are abroad, you must find ways to adapt yourself to the culture and custom there.你到國外后，要設(shè)法使自己適應(yīng)那里的文化和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。
�、荗ur eyes slowly adapted to the dark.我們的眼睛慢慢地適應(yīng)了黑暗的環(huán)境。
*改編，改寫，修改某事物
eg.
⑴The film Farewell My Concubine was adapted from the novel of the same title by Hong Kong novelist Li Bihua.電影《霸王別姬》是根據(jù)香港作家李碧華的同名長篇小說改編的。
�、芓his novel has been adapted for radio from the Russian original.
那部小說已由俄文原著改編成無線電廣播節(jié)目。
�、荰his machine has been specially adapted for use underwater.
這機(jī)器是為水下使用而特別改裝的。
*adaptable adj. 能適應(yīng)的，可改編的
adaptation n. 適應(yīng)，改編本
adaptability n. 適應(yīng)性
adaptor n. 適配器，轉(zhuǎn)接器
10.at present 目前，現(xiàn)在
eg.
�、臩he is busy at present and can’t speak to you now.她現(xiàn)在忙，不能和你說話。
⑵We don’t need any help at present.我們現(xiàn)在不需要幫助。
*for the present 目前，暫時(shí)
eg.
�、臝’ve got enough money for the present.我的錢暫時(shí)夠用。
⑵I can’t remember his name for the present.我一時(shí)記不起他的名字了。
*presently adv. “馬上，立刻”， 在美國英語中也可表示“現(xiàn)在”的意思
eg.
⑴I’ll be with you presently.我不久就可以陪你。
�、芓he Secretary of state is presently considering the proposal.國務(wù)卿現(xiàn)在正在考慮該項(xiàng)建議。
�、荰he manager will be here presently.經(jīng)理馬上就來。
11.common adj.共同的，共用的，普通的，常見的
常用短語：
in common 共同，共用
in common with… 和…一樣
out of the common 不平常的
have something / a lot/much in common with sb./sth. 和…有些（許多）共同之處
have nothing /a little/little in common with 和…沒有（有一點(diǎn)，幾乎沒有）共同之處
eg.
�、臫hey are sisters, but they have nothing in common.他們雖是姐妹，但毫無共同之處。
�、艻n common with many young people, he likes pop music.和許多年輕人一樣，他喜歡流行音樂。
�、荝eal friends should have everything in common.真正的朋友應(yīng)該不分彼此。
�、菼n common with most educated people he prefers classical music to jazz.
如同大多數(shù)受過教育的人，他也喜歡古典音樂而不喜歡爵士樂。
�、蒚he two brothers have little in common in their manners.這兄弟倆的舉止極少有相似之處。
⑹He noticed nothing out of the common.他沒發(fā)現(xiàn)異乎尋常的事。
考題鏈接：
They have a lot ______ and become good friends.
A. in case B. in common C. in surprise D. in peace
分析：根據(jù)句意：他們有許多共同之處，成了好朋友。應(yīng)搭配成have a lot in common。
答案：B
12．set free 釋放，…自由
�、臫he PLA men broke into the prison and set all the revolutionaries free.
解放軍打進(jìn)監(jiān)獄，把革命者全部釋放。
⑵Great power is set free when water is boiled.水煮沸時(shí)會(huì)釋放出巨大的能量。
�、荌 opened the cage door and set the bird free.我打開鳥籠把鳥兒放了。
*free adj. 自由的，無拘無束的；免費(fèi)的；空閑的
短語：be free to do sth. 自由自在，不受拘束地做某事
be free from/of… 不受…影響的
free and easy 不拘束的，輕松的
free of charge 免費(fèi)
for free 免費(fèi)
eg.
�、臙veryone is free to express himself.每個(gè)人都可以暢所欲言。
⑵Anyone who buys this breakfast food gets a free gift of a small plastic toy.
購買這份早餐食物的人都可得到一件免費(fèi)的塑料玩具。
⑶The atmosphere in the office is quite free and easy.辦公室的氣氛很輕松。
⑷The doctor will be free in ten minutes. Can you wait that long?
醫(yī)生十分鐘后有空，你能等一下嗎？
�、蒘he was free from all blame for the accident.那次事故完全不能怪她。
�、蔜he old lady is never free from/of pain.那位老太太從未擺脫過病痛。
�、薉elivery is free of charge if goods are paid for in advance.如欲付貨款就可免費(fèi)送貨。
�、蘄 got this ticket for free from somebody who didn’t want it.我這張票沒花錢，是別人不要的。
*free v. 使自由，免除，解放，使松動(dòng)
⑴The little boy freed the bird from its cage.那小男孩把籠里的鳥兒放了。
�、艻 need to go out. Can you free me for an hour?我需要出去一下，你能讓我離開一小時(shí)嗎？
�、茿t last he freed himself from debt.他終于還清了債務(wù)。
13. as a result 結(jié)果是
as a result of… …的結(jié)果
eg.
�、臝t rained heavily. As a result, we had to stay at home.雨下得大，結(jié)果，我們都得呆在家里。
=We had to stay at home as a result of the heavy rain.
�、艫s a result of the pilot’s strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.
由于飛行員罷工，所有的航班被迫取消。
*result in … “引起，導(dǎo)致”，表示結(jié)果
result from…“作為…的結(jié)果”，表示原因
eg.
⑴The trial resulted in his being sentenced to two years’imprisonment.
審判結(jié)果是他被判刑兩年.。
�、艸ard work results in success.努力工作就能成功。
�、荰he election resulted in a great victory for their party.選舉結(jié)果，他們的黨取得巨大勝利。
�、菻er injury resulted from a fall.她因摔倒而受傷。
⑸The accident resulted from carelessness.事故是因粗心而引起的。
高考題鏈接：
My friend Martin was very sick with a strange fever; _____, he could neither eat nor sleep.（2005江西高考）
A. as a result B. after all C. any way D. otherwise
分析：本題考查句意及詞組辨析能力，“after all”意為“畢竟”，“any way” 意為“無論如何”，“otherwise ”意為“否則的話”。題干前后為因果關(guān)系，因此選用as a result。
答案：A
14.reduce
*vt. “減少，縮減，降低”，與to連用時(shí)表示“減少到，減低到”，與by連用時(shí)表示“減少了，減低了”
eg.
�、臫his shirt was greatly reduced in the sale.這種襯衣在大減價(jià)時(shí)降價(jià)很多。
�、芓he driver reduced the speed when the car was passing through a town.
當(dāng)汽車穿過城鎮(zhèn)時(shí)，駕駛員減慢速度。
�、荢ome fat people try to reduce their weight.一些肥胖的人設(shè)法減肥。
�、菻e won’t reduce the rent of our house.他不肯減收我們的房租。
�、蒆er weight has been reduced by 6 kilos.她的體重已減少了六公斤。
*vt. reduce sb./sth. to…使某人/某事物陷入某種（通常指更壞的）狀態(tài)或狀況中
eg.
⑴The fire reduced the house to ashes.這場火災(zāi)把那所房子化為灰燼。
�、芆verwork has reduced him to a physical wreck.他過度勞累而損害了健康 。
相似用法：increase by…增加/長了…
increase to…增加/長到…
eg.
�、臫he population has increased to 1.9 million now.人口現(xiàn)在已增加到190萬。
�、芓he rate of inflation has increased by 2﹪.通貨膨脹率已增長了2﹪。
高考題鏈接：
----The cars give off a great deal of waste gas into streets.
----Yes. But I’m sure something will be done to______ air pollution.(1996 上海高考)
A. reduce B. remove C. collect D. warn
分析：根據(jù)題意“汽車向街道排放出大量的廢氣。是的，但我確信將采取某些措施來減少空氣污染”，以及四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的詞義，此處應(yīng)選A.
答案：A
15.spread v. 傳播，蔓延；鋪開，攤開；伸展，擴(kuò)展
eg.
�、臜e spread the news around the town.他在鎮(zhèn)上到處傳播這一消息。
�、芓he bird spread （out）its wings.那只鳥張開了翅膀。
�、荰he strike has already spread to other factories.罷工已在其他工廠產(chǎn)生連鎖反應(yīng)。
�、菷ear spread quickly through the village.全村不多久就人心惶惶了。
�、蒄lies spread disease.蒼蠅傳播疾病。
�、蔋e spread the map out on the floor.他把地圖鋪在地板上。
⑺Have you seen a desert spreading for hundreds of miles?你見過綿延上百英里的沙漠嗎？
短語：spread like wildfire （尤指謠言、傳聞、疾�。╋w速地傳開
spread (sb./oneself ) out 使某人/自己離開其他人或散開
eg.
�、臫he news spread like wildfire.消息不脛而走。
�、芓he search party spread out over the moor.搜索隊(duì)在荒草地分散行動(dòng)。
�、荄on’t all sit together, spread yourselves out.別都擠在一塊，分開坐吧。
高考鏈接：
Papermaking began in China and from here it _______ to North Africa and Europe.（2002上海春季高考）
A. spread B. grew C. carried D. developed
分析：根據(jù)句意“造紙術(shù)起源于中國，從這里傳播到北非和歐洲”，應(yīng)選spread
答案：A
16. match
(1) vt. （在品質(zhì)、顏色、設(shè)計(jì)等方面與---）相等，相當(dāng)，相配
The tie matches your suit. 這領(lǐng)帶與你的西裝相配。
The color of the shirt does not match that of the coat.
襯衫的顏色與上衣不搭配。
The curtain matches the wall very well. 窗簾與墻壁十分搭配。
(2) vi. 相配，相當(dāng)
These gloves do not match. 這兩只手套不配對(duì)。
The curtains and carpets match well. 地毯與窗簾很相配。
These shoes do not match, one is large and the other is small.
這雙鞋不相配，一只大一只小。
(3) vt. 與---比賽，匹敵
I can match Jack at this game. 我可與杰克在此項(xiàng)目上匹敵。
I often match my strength with my brother’s. 我常和我哥哥較力氣。
(4) n. 火柴，比賽
He struck a match to light the room. 他劃了根火柴來照亮房間。
There will be a football match between Class 1 and Class 2 this Saturday.
本周六一班與二班之間有場足球賽。
(5) n. 對(duì)手
You are no match for me in tennis. 打網(wǎng)球你不是我的對(duì)手。
He is more than a match for me. 他是比我高明的對(duì)手。
He never met his match in playing computer games. 打電腦游戲，他從未遇到過對(duì)手。
Have you found your match? 你遇上對(duì)手了嗎？
17.a series of 一系列，許多，一套，一組
a series of good harvests 連年的豐收
a series of questions 一系列問題
a series of Long March memorial stamps 一套長征紀(jì)念郵票
a series of pictures 連環(huán)畫
Our army has won a series of victories. 我們軍隊(duì)連戰(zhàn)皆捷。
She bought a series of stamps. 她買了一套郵票。
serial adj. 連續(xù)的，一系列的，一串的
n. 連續(xù)劇，連載小說等
the serial number of a check 一張支票的序號(hào)
An exciting new serial story will begin in our next week’s issue.
一個(gè)刺激而新穎的連載故事將于下周開始在本刊登出。
I prefer Korean TV serials. 我愛看韓劇。
18. in trouble 處于不幸或困境中
We should help those who are in trouble. 我們應(yīng)該幫助那些處境困難的人。
Hi! You are in trouble, aren’t you? 你又遇到麻煩了，是不是？
When in trouble, you should turn to your friends for help.
你遇到困難時(shí)，應(yīng)該向朋友求助。
相關(guān)鏈接：
(1) ask/look for trouble 自找麻煩，自討苦吃
You are asking for trouble yourself! 你真是自討苦吃！
Forget me, please. Why do you ask for trouble?忘掉我吧，為什么你要自尋煩惱呢？
Don’t ask for trouble by worrying about exams. 別為考試擔(dān)心而自尋煩惱了。
(2) have trouble in doing/with sth. 做事費(fèi)勁
I have some trouble in doing my homework. 我做作業(yè)有些困難。
Do you have any trouble with grammar? 對(duì)付語法你有什么難處嗎？
(3) get into/out of trouble 陷入困境，惹麻煩/擺脫困難
Little John was always getting into trouble. 小約翰總是惹麻煩。
He wanted to change for my money but he got into trouble.
他想給我找零錢，但陷入了困難。
If we work hard, we can get out of trouble. 如果我們努力工作，我們可以擺脫困境。
(4) go to the trouble of doing 不辭辛勞地做某事
She went to the trouble of explaining the sentence again.
她特意又解釋了一遍那個(gè)句子。
She goes to the trouble of trying to advise him to give up smoking.
她不辭辛苦地勸他戒煙。
John went to the trouble of drawing pictures for children.
約翰不辭辛苦地為孩子們作畫。
(5) make trouble 鬧事，惹麻煩
Don’t make trouble in your classroom. 別在你們教室里搗亂。
My little brother often makes trouble in my study. 我的小弟第常在我的書房搗亂。
(6) be a trouble to do sth. 做某事是件麻煩事
Preparing this dish is a trouble. 準(zhǔn)備這道菜是件麻煩事。
She doesn’t want to be a trouble of me. 她不想成為我的麻煩。
19. If only---
a) 從屬連詞，但它引起的從句卻能單獨(dú)成句，且能表達(dá)完整的意思，“要是---就好了”，表達(dá)一種不能實(shí)現(xiàn)或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，相當(dāng)于wish，但語氣更強(qiáng)。
b) 從句的謂語要使用虛擬語氣，表達(dá)現(xiàn)在不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式；表達(dá)過去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成式；表達(dá)將來難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞用would/could+動(dòng)詞原形或用一般過去式。
If only I had taken his advice! 要是我聽了他的建議就好了！
If only I could swim! 我要是會(huì)游泳該多好！
If only she had had more courage! 當(dāng)時(shí)她要是再勇敢一點(diǎn)就好了！
If only that photo weren’t missing! 但愿那張照片沒有丟失。
If only it would stop raining. 要是雨能停下就好了。
If only I had more money I could buy a car. 要是我有更多的錢我就能買兩輛汽車了。
If only we had arrived in time, we would not have missed the train.
要是我們按時(shí)到，就不會(huì)誤車。
c) only if “只有---”，引起陳述語氣的真實(shí)條件句。
Only if you study harder, you will succeed. 只要更加用功學(xué)習(xí)，就會(huì)成功的。
Only if you try your best, you will not regret in the future.
只有盡了最大的努力，你將來才不會(huì)后悔。
20. come across （偶然）發(fā)現(xiàn)，遇見（不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)）
I came across him in the street yesterday. 昨天我在街上遇見了他。
I came across his name on the list. 我無意中在名單上發(fā)現(xiàn)了他的名字。
A man was walking through a wood, and he came across a bear.
一個(gè)人正在樹林里行走，他遇到了一頭熊。
He suddenly came across an idea. 他突然有了個(gè)主意。
表示“偶然遇見”，還可以用以下短語：
run across, meet with, happen to meet, run into, meet---by chance
It was really unlucky that he met with an accident again.
真倒霉，他又出了一次事故。
考題鏈接：
He owes me five pounds but I doubt if he’ll ever _____ with it.
A. come up B. come along C. come in D. come across
答案：D
分析：come across (with sth.) “給或交給（錢、資料等）”
21. treat
a) vt. 對(duì)待 treat---as/like
They treated me as one of the family, which was very kind of them.
他們把我作為一個(gè)家庭成員來對(duì)待，他們真是太好了。
I treat him as one of my friends. 我把他當(dāng)成我的一個(gè)朋友來看待。
His wife treats him badly. 他妻子對(duì)他不好。
b) vt. 治療 treat a disease/sb.
He is seriously ill, and is being treated in hospital now.
他病得很重，現(xiàn)正在醫(yī)院接受治療。
Are you able to treat his disease? 你能治他的病嗎？
I’ll go to the dentist’s to have my teeth treated.我要去牙醫(yī)那里治療牙病。
c) vt. vi. 款待，請(qǐng)客 treat sb. to sth.
It’s your turn to treat. 輪到你請(qǐng)客了。
The boy treated himself to a big cake. 那個(gè)孩子給自己買了一個(gè)大蛋糕。
d) vt. 討論，探討
The lecturer treated his subject thoroughly. 那個(gè)演講者對(duì)其講題闡述得很透徹。
The problem has been treated by numerous experts. 這個(gè)問題已經(jīng)由很多專家探討過了。
e) n. 樂事（尤指不常享用或突如其來者）；款待，招待
It’s a great treat for him to go to Canada. 去加拿大對(duì)他來說是一大樂事。
What a treat to get into the peace and quiet of the country!
居住在寧靜的鄉(xiāng)間真是一件樂事。
This is going to be my treat. 這次我請(qǐng)客。
22. compare v. 比較，和---相比
If you compare British football with American football you’ll find many differences.
你把英式足球同美式足球作一比較，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)許多不同之處。
If you compare both of our cars you’ll find they’re very much alike.
把我們這兩輛汽車作一比較，你便會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們十分相似。
compare---to--- 把---比作---
Poets always compare life to a candle. 詩人們總是把生命比作蠟燭。
He rudely compared my homemade bread to a lump of rock.
他把我家做的面包比作硬石塊，真是無禮。
He compares his lover to a rose. 他把情人比作玫瑰。
compare---with/to--- 把---同---相比
He likes to compare me to other kids. 他喜歡把我同其他孩子相比。
Can you compare this computer with that one?
你能將這臺(tái)電腦同那臺(tái)做個(gè)比較嗎？
compared with/to--- 與---比較起來
Compared with/to her mother, she is tall. 和媽媽相比，她比較高。
London is large, compared to/with Paris. 與巴黎相比，倫敦較大。
23. force, power, strength n. 都可表示“力”
force: 主要指使用并表現(xiàn)出來的使人或物體克服阻力、開始或加快運(yùn)動(dòng)的力，即實(shí)際上做功的力，引申為武力、暴力等。
power: 使用范圍廣泛，指能做功或起作用的任何力和力量，尤指產(chǎn)生效果的能力；可以是身體的或心理的，外在的或潛存的，固有的或獲得的，具體的或抽象的。
strength: 多指人體或物體內(nèi)存的某種能力，如氣力、耐力、抵抗力、爭斗力等。
You must use force to open that bottle. 你必須用力打開那個(gè)瓶子。
The thief took the money from the old man by force. 小偷用暴力奪走了老人的錢。
I don’t think the United States would come to an end if we lost our power to declare an Act of Congress void.我想如果我們沒有力量宣布國會(huì)法案無效，美國也不會(huì)走向死亡。
The power of the government has increased greatly over the past century.
最近一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，政府的權(quán)力大大加強(qiáng)了。
He claims to have the power to see into the future.他宣稱具有預(yù)知未來的能力。
We have enough work to do, and we have strength to do the work.
我們有足夠的工作做，也有足夠的力量做這些工作。
We are of course a nation of differences. Those differences don’t make us weak. They’re the source of our strength.
當(dāng)然，我們是一個(gè)有著許多不同的國家。這些不同不僅沒有削弱我們，它們是我們力量的源泉。
It’s beyond/outside/not within my power to help you.我沒有能力幫助你。
The press is a great power in this country. 這個(gè)國家里新聞界的影響力非常大。
The strength of feeling on this issue is considerable. 在這個(gè)問題上表現(xiàn)出來的情緒很強(qiáng)。
For a small woman she has surprising strength. 她個(gè)子雖小但力大驚人。
同步練習(xí)：
一、 單項(xiàng)選擇
1.---I’ve got your invitation.
---Oh, good. ______(2002 北京)
A. Can you come? B. Thanks a lot
C. I’ll take it D. May I help you?
2.---Waiter!
---_____?
---I can’t eat this. It’s too salty.(2000 NMET)
A. Yes, sir B. What C. All right D. Pardon
3.I saw the trees ______ the leaves were black with disease.
A. where B. of which C. their D. whose
4.She spent as much time as she _____ the poor.
A. could to help B. could helping C. was able to help D. wanted to help
5.How about the two of us _____ a walk down the garden?
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
6.A thief is ____ danger to _______ society.
A. the; the B. a; a C. a; / D. /; the
7.The following day she didn’t go to the club. _____ she took a short walk in a park nearby.
A. Therefore B. However C. Instead D. Besides
8.Even though they ____ side by side for 20 years, the two neighbors are not very friendly.
A. have been living B. had been living
C. have been live D. having been living
9.A new cinema _____ here. They hope to finish it next month.
A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built
10.Is it a fact that everyone in your town _____ God?
A. believes B. believe in C. believes in D. believe
11.Bob said he was going to _____ himself to a vacation in the mountains because he had been so tired.
A. press B. add C. touch D. treat
12.I’ll never forget the years ____ I lived in the country with the farmers, _____ has a great effect on my life.
A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who
二、 單詞拼寫
1.Many rare animals are ______(處于危險(xiǎn)中).
2.We _____(測(cè)量) the stone and found its weight is 5 tons.
3.He is an ______(專家) in skin disease.
4.His spare time was ______(奉獻(xiàn)，投身) to repairing bikes.
5.A large _______(數(shù)量) of praise was given to Tom.
6.She often ______(分擔(dān)) my troubles.
7.There are _______(多種多樣) of flowers in the garden.
8.The good news _____(傳播，蔓延) in our village.
9.Love, joy, fear are all ______(感情，情緒).
10.Teaching is a pleasant _____(過程).
11.We can’t say that he is a person of poor _______(智力).
12.He was _______(滿意的) to win a medal.
13.Our ______(當(dāng)?shù)氐? doctor can’t treat this kind of disease.
14.It’s your turn to _____(請(qǐng)客).
15._____(知識(shí)) is power.
三、 短文改錯(cuò)
Mrs. Brown was walking near a playground. She was a hurry 1.___________
to visit her four grandchildren. She missed them very much 2.___________
because she had seen them for quite a long time. She was 3.___________
walking while suddenly she saw a ball coming in her 4.____________
direction. She was already in her seventy. Should she kick 5.____________
the ball to send it back and should she just go past leaving 6.____________
the ball where it was? Finally with greatly care she 7.____________
gave it a kick. The ball went straight out the goal. How 8._____________
wonderful it was! And she happened to have helped won 9.____________
the match. And all her four grandchildren were on team of 10.___________
the winners.
答案與分析：
一、
1.A 只有A才能表現(xiàn)出誠懇地征求對(duì)方的意見，其它答案不符合語境。
2.A Yes表示“什么事？怎么了？”，其中包含著“你有什么指教嗎？”是服務(wù)員常用語。
3.B which替代先行詞trees,還原為the leaves of the trees.
4.B spend some time (in) doing 花時(shí)間做某事。
5.C How/What about---? 常用來表示征求對(duì)方意見或向?qū)Ψ教岢鼋ㄗh，后常接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞。
6.C 此處danger意思為“危險(xiǎn)物或有威脅的人”，是可數(shù)名詞，前面加不定冠詞；society當(dāng)社會(huì)講時(shí)，前不加冠詞。
7.C therefore “因此”，表結(jié)果；however “但是”，表轉(zhuǎn)折；instead“而是”，表選擇；besides“而且”，表遞進(jìn)。
8.A 過去的狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行，因此用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
9.D 根據(jù)題意可知，新的電影院正在建設(shè)之中。
10.C that引導(dǎo)的是fact的同位語從句，believe in “信仰，信奉”。
11.D treat---to--- “款待”
12.B when是關(guān)系副詞，在第一個(gè)定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語；which是關(guān)系代詞，在非限定性定語從句中做主語，代整個(gè)主句。
二、
1.endangered 2.measured 3.expert 4.devoted 5.amount
6.shares 7.varieties 8.spread 9.emotions 10.process
11.intelligence 12.satisfied 13.local 14.treat 15.Knowledge
三、
1.was后加in
2.正確
3.had后加not
4.while改為when
5.seventy改為seventies
6.and改為or
7.greatly 改為great
8.out 改為into
9.won改為win
10.on 后加the