第一章 名 詞
一、名詞的分類：
名詞就其詞匯意義可分為專有名詞和普通名詞。普通名詞又可分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
專有名詞：Beijing Smith the United Nations
個(gè)體名詞：man, expert, factory
可數(shù)名詞
集合名詞：audience（觀眾），class, family
普通名詞：
物質(zhì)名詞：water, coal, rice
不可數(shù)名詞
抽象名詞：surprise, honour, help
二、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
1．一般情況，直接加-s。 port（港口）→ ports；technique（技術(shù)）-techniques
2．以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾發(fā)[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的詞，加-es
bus-buses, box-boxes, bush-bushes
branch-branches，stomach-stomachs（stomach詞尾發(fā)k，故復(fù)數(shù)直接加-s）
3．輔音字母+ y，變y為i，加-es university-universities
y前為元音字母，直接加-s boy-boys
4．以O(shè)結(jié)尾加-es hero-heroes
O前為元音字母，及部分外來詞直接加-s
zoo-zoos radio-radio piano-pianos photo-photos
5．以f或fe結(jié)尾，變f或fe為v，再加-es leaf-leaves wife-wives
※以下f結(jié)尾單詞直接加-s belief-beliefs（信念） roof-roofs（屋頂）
proof-proofs（證據(jù)） safe-safes（保險(xiǎn)柜）
chief-chiefs（首領(lǐng)） gulf-gulfs（海灣）
6．不規(guī)則名詞
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth,
goose-geese, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen
注1：有些可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)相同，要根據(jù)上下文的意義來確定其單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，例如：
sheep 羊 fish 魚 deer 鹿
means手段，方法 works工廠，作品 series系列
注2：在些可數(shù)名詞，只有單數(shù)形式，但表示復(fù)數(shù)意義。如果作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如：cattle 牛 people 人民 police 警察
注3：集合名詞既可看作單數(shù)（作為整體），也可看作復(fù)數(shù)（作為集體的各個(gè)成員）。例如：audience（觀眾） class（班級(jí)） family（家庭） group（小組）
Her family is well-known in the region. 她家在該地區(qū)是名門望族。
His family are quarrelling severely about the property.
她的家人正在為分財(cái)產(chǎn)激烈地爭吵。
改錯(cuò)：1. Every possible means have been tried to cure the boy of his illness.
A B C D
2. Fish always sells well in the markets because fish contains rich protein, which can build you up.
A B C D
3. Is it the police who is searching the house for a wanted criminal（罪犯）?
A B C D
三、不可數(shù)名詞
物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞均屬不可數(shù)名詞。前面不能加不定冠詞a / an，詞尾也不能加-s。
請(qǐng)牢記下列典型的不可數(shù)名詞。
news 消息 information 信息 advice 忠告，建議 progress 進(jìn)步，進(jìn)展
knowledge 知識(shí) weather天氣 fun 樂趣 equipment 設(shè)備
English 英語 furniture 家具 wealth 財(cái)富 damage 損壞
traffic 交通，車輛及行人 baggage / luggage 行李 clothing 衣服，衣著
※word 消息，信息 work 工作 homework 家庭作業(yè) housework 家務(wù)
改錯(cuò)：
1．What a fun it is to be bathed in sunlight on the beach in summer.
A B C D
2．At the thought of gaining such great wealths by printing works of famous writers, he was full of A B C D
joy.
3．What pleasant surprise it is to bring me such a nice gift !
A B C D
4．I feel it great honour to be invited to give advice on your teaching papers.
A B C D
5．Word of his sudden death came as shock to us.
A B C D
說明1：部分抽象名詞可與a（an）連用，此時(shí)詞義發(fā)生變化，表示某種事或人。這些詞有：surprise, pleasure, shock, honour, help, success等。
當(dāng)這類詞在句中作表語（例3），作賓補(bǔ)（例4）及在介詞as之后，詞義發(fā)生變化，通常要加a / an。
說明2：paper表示“紙”不可數(shù)。表示“報(bào)紙、論文、書面作文、試卷、文件、有價(jià)證券”為可數(shù)名詞。
四、名詞的所有格
名詞的所有格通常在名詞后加-’s構(gòu)成，用于表示所屬關(guān)系。用于以下情況：
1）表示有生命的名詞
my brother’s car children’s books（兒童讀物） students’ rooms
2）表示國家、城市、地域的名詞
China’s population Beijing’s weather
3）表示天體、時(shí)間、距離、金錢的名詞
the moon’s surface ten years’ hard work 十年的辛勞
today’s newspapers 20 dollars’ worth of a stamp 一張價(jià)值20美元的郵票
其他無生命的名詞通常用“of + 名詞”的短語表示所屬關(guān)系。
the object of the sentence 句子的賓語
the title of the film 影片的名字
五、名詞的作用
1）名詞在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語。
Mr. Li holds an important position in the government office.
主語 賓語
We elected him monitor of our class.
賓語 賓補(bǔ)
2）名詞還作其他名詞的前置定語，用于更準(zhǔn)確說明某物的用途，性質(zhì)，組成材料等。
a tea cup 茶杯 a car number 車牌號(hào) a shoe shop 鞋店 a stone bridge 石橋
※※名詞作定語必須用單數(shù)。man, woman作定語，用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)由被修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。sport作定語，單復(fù)數(shù)形式均可。
a man teacher 一個(gè)男教師 ten women doctors 十個(gè)女醫(yī)生
a sport（s）shirt 運(yùn)動(dòng)衫 the arms race 武器競賽（特例）
選：It is said that the Air Force about $80 million a year. Really a problem, isn’t it ?
A．bird hit cost B．birds hit costs C．bird hits cost D．bird hit costs
本題題義：空軍每年因飛鳥撞擊飛機(jī)造成的損失達(dá)大約八千萬美元。考查的是名詞作定語。名詞作定語必須用單數(shù)，故可考慮的答案為A、C。又因一年內(nèi)鳥擊飛機(jī)事件多次發(fā)生，故選C。
六、學(xué)習(xí)名詞，特別要注意的問題
1）準(zhǔn)確把握詞義，重視近義詞的辯析
選：One of the advantage of living on the top floor of a high rise is that you can get a good .（2001年上海高考題）
A．sight B．scene C．view D．look
辯析：sight 1.看見 2.視力 3.視野 4.風(fēng)景
scene 1.（事件發(fā)生的）現(xiàn)場2.場面 ; 情景3.景色 4.（拍電影）場景，（舞臺(tái)）布置
view 1.眺望2.視野 3.風(fēng)景，景色。
look 1.看 2.神色,表情 looks =appearance外貌
本句意為：住在高層建筑頂層的優(yōu)越之一，是能清楚眺望到一切。故本題答案為C。
近年來高考試卷非常重視對(duì)名詞的考查，是重點(diǎn)熱點(diǎn)之一。
2）正確掌握名詞前冠詞的使用規(guī)則
選：1. Summer in ________ south of France are for ________ most part dry and sunny.
A. /; a B. the, / C. /, / D. the, the
2． Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind unless they kill them for food.
A．the ；a B．不填 ；a C．the ；the D．不填 ；the
名詞練習(xí)
1. He is a man of ________ and he has_______ interesting_______ in his life.
A. much experience; a lot of; experiences B. many experiences; much; experience
C. many experience; much; experience D. many experiences; a lot of; experience
2. Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______ for our new students.
A. place B. area C. room D. space
3. If you are driving to the airport, can you give me a _______?
A. hand B. seat C. drive D. lift
4. Being able to speak another language fluently is a great ______ when you are looking for a job.
A. chance B. importance C. assistant D. advantage
5. The _______ of building the Great Theater ______ only one year.
A. job; spent B. work; spent C. position, took D. works, took
6. He had run away from home and gone to _______ when he was 16 years old.
A. the sea B. a sea C. seas D. sea
7. Only one third of the people present at the meeting were _________ the new rules.
A. in favour of B. in agreement of C. in for D. wit the side of
8. Everybody thinks little of the film. In fact, there is no ______ of it being tried out in the film festival.
A. sign B. use C. possibility D. doubt
9. Can your ________ with you---- money , jewellery, cameras and so on.
A. gifts B. suitcase C. bags D. valuables
10. Students should be encouraged to finish their homework_______.
A. of themselves B. of their own C. for their own D. on their own
11. When he is angry, his _______ stands up on end.
A. head B. uniform C. hair D. skin
12. His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ______ of it.
A. explanation B. meaning C. sense D. guess
13. ---Is Mr Smith in? --- No, he’s asked for _______ leave.
A. a two week’s B. a two-week C. a two-week’s D. a two weeks
14. -----______ car crashed into a tree yesterday. They must have been driving too fast.
---- Every boy and every girl _____ to drive that fast.
A. Tom and Jane’s; wish B. Tom’s and Jane’s ;wishes
C. Tom and Jane’s ; likes D. Tom’s and Jane’s ; want
15. ________ Mr Wang has! He almost never remembers where he leaves his keys.
A. What a poor memory B. What poor memory
C. How good a memory D. How poor memory
16. The _____ change of weather may have some _____ his health.
A. sudden; caused B. sudden; effect on
C. suddenly; bad results to D. suddenly; effect on
17. Because prices of food and clothing and almost everything else in that country have steadily gone up the buying _______ of the dollar has gone down.
A. energy B. force C. power D. strength
18. _______ of English is helpful if you are devoted to _______ English literature.
A. A good knowledge; study B. A good knowledge ; studying
C. Good knowledge; study D. Good knowledge; studying
19. ---Few children are as bright as he is, and also, he works very hard.
--- It’s no _______ that he always gets the first place in any examination.
A. doubt B. problem C. question D. wonder
20. Mary’s handwriting is better than_______ in her class.
A. anyone else B. anyone else’s C. anyone’s else D. other students
21. It really doesn’t make any _____ whether to buy a laptop computer or a desktop computer.
A. choice B. decision C. difference D. sense
22. Many students signed up for the _____ race in the sports meeting to be held next week.
A. 800-meter-long B. 800-meters-long C. 800 meter length D. 800 meters length
23. His behaviour at the party last night seemed rather______. Many of us were quite surprised.
A. out of practice B. out of place C. out of politeness D. out of pity
24. These football players had no strict ______ until they joined our club.
A. practice B. education C. training D. exercise
25. If it was not an accident, he must have done it ________.
A. on purpose B. in common C. on occasion D. in time
26. We must keep our room clean. Dirt and disease go _______.
A. from time to time B. hand in hand C. step by step D. one after another
27. _____ is known to us all, _____ feed on grass while horses on grain.
A. It , cattle B. This; cattles C. What ; cattles D. As; cattle
28. ______ everyone can hear the speaker there is no______ in turning up the radio.
A. Now that; point B. Even if; point C. Now that, need D. Even if; need
29. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _______.
A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire
30. No one has yet succeeded in explaining the ______ of how life began.
A. cause B. problem C. reason D. puzzle
31. Jack tried hard to get a gold medal in this Winter Olympic Games but he had no ______.
A. luck B. time C. fate D. entrance
32. The young man owes his success to many people , his parents _______.
A. after all B. by chance C. on purpose D. in particular
33. I should like to try that coat on, for I don’t know if it is my _______.
A. shape B. model C. design D. size
34. It is important for us to employ a word or phrase to the _______ in language studies.
A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation
35. Flight BA 123 to Vienna is now boarding at _______.
A. Gate 21 B. 21st Gate C. the Gate 21 D. 21 Gate
36. ----Shall we take a walk before dinner?
----- Oh, yes, ______ is my favourite time of a day.
A. the early evenings B. in the early evening
C. the early of the evening D. early evening
37. Being poor, she had to borrow a new _______ so as to attend the party.
A. cloth B. clothes C. clothing D. dress
38. Popular music is liked by many people, but it is not to everyone’s _______.
A. manners B. smell C. taste D. thought
39. Such good ______ should be made of one’s spare time to study another foreign language. A. chance B. choice C. decision D. use
40. She thought the painting was of little ______ , so she let him have it for only $15.
A. cost B. important C. price D. value
41. There are three _______ in our clinic.
A. woman doctor B. woman doctors C. women doctor D. women doctors
42. I tried every ______ to make him give up smoking.
A. mean B. ways C. meaning D. means
43. ______ will conquer nature.
A. The man B. Man C. Any man D. The men
44. Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at _______.
A. Turners B. the Turners C. Turners’ D. the Turners’
45. Jess went to a _______ for some shoes.
A. shoes’ store B. shoe store C. shoe’s store D. shoes store
46. Standing on top of the mountain, you’ll get a wonderful _______.
A. joy B. seeing C. view D. nature
47. He was chosen _____ of the company.
A. manager B. a manager C. the manager D. as a manager
48. ---What can I do for you? --- I’d like to have a ______ of China Daily.
A. piece B. sheet C. lot D. copy
49. ______it is to listen to music!
A. How fun B. How a fun C. What a fun D. What fun
50. What the expert has said and done will be _______ to the department managers.
A. value B. benefit C. of valuable D. of benefit
1-5 ACDDD 6-10 DACDD 11-15 CCBCA 16-20 BCBDB 21-25 CABCA 26-30 BDABA 31-35 ADDAA 36-40 DDCDD 41-45 DDBDB 6-50 CADDD