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      2. 2006年廣東地區(qū)英語(yǔ)科動(dòng)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)資料

        發(fā)布時(shí)間:2017-12-21 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版

        第十一章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和虛擬語(yǔ)氣

        第一節(jié) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

        一、復(fù)習(xí)舊課,講評(píng)所做的練習(xí)

        二、導(dǎo)入新課:

        語(yǔ)態(tài)是表示句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞行為之間關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞形式。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)分為兩種:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

        1. 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞行為的發(fā)出者。如:

        He killed the animal. 他殺死了那動(dòng)物。

        2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞行為的承受者。如:

        The animal was killed. 那動(dòng)物被殺死了。

        不及物動(dòng)詞一般不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);及物動(dòng)詞則一般都能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但也有一些不可,如:fit , have , hold (容納), lack , own , suit 等等。

        知識(shí)要點(diǎn)

        1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成:

        被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常由助動(dòng)詞be+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成,行為的發(fā)出者可由介詞by引出。如:

        Houses are built by builders .

        房子是建筑工人蓋的。

        主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換

        通常是將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)式,主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語(yǔ),其他成分一般保留不變(參見(jiàn)以下各例)。

        如:Builders build houses. 建筑工人蓋房子.

        Houses are built by builders. 房子是建筑工人蓋的。

        如:We can trust her . 我們可以信任她。

        She can be trusted ( by us ) . 她可以(讓我們)信任.

        2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)

        被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be的各種時(shí)態(tài)形式+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成,常用者如下:

        (1)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:

        My car is parked near our house. (I park my car near our house . )

        我的車(chē)存在我家附近。

        (2)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:

        The wall was painted white . ( He painted the wall white . )

        墻油成了白色的。

        (3)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)。如:

        He will be offered a high pay . ( They will offer him a high pay .)

        將會(huì)給他高報(bào)酬。

        雙賓語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)可用間接賓語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)(如上例),也可用直接賓語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)(注意介詞的使用)。如:

        A high pay will be offered to him .

        (4)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:

        The child is being taken good care of . ( They are taking good care of the child .)

        那孩子正在受到精心照料。

        “動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的成語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)可用句子賓語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)(如上例),也可用該成語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞做主語(yǔ)。如:

        Good care is being taken of the child .

        (5)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如:

        The boy has been made to work long .

        ( She has made the boy work long . 那男孩已被迫工作很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。)

        接不帶to的不定式短語(yǔ)做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,如:see , hear , observe , notice ,

        make , have 等,若變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),不定式前通常要加to ,否則是錯(cuò)誤的。

        四. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用

        被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)體,口語(yǔ)中不常用。使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常出于下列原因:

        (1)、當(dāng)敘述的中心是行為的對(duì)象而不是行為者時(shí)。如:

        Meat shoule always be kept cool .

        肉應(yīng)該總是保存在低溫下。

        (2)、當(dāng)不知道、不容易指出、或不必要指出行為者時(shí)。如:

        His car was stolen last night . 他的車(chē)子昨天夜里被竊了。

        (3)、當(dāng)要強(qiáng)調(diào)行為者時(shí)(此時(shí)用 by 短語(yǔ))。如:

        The book was written by a college student .這本書(shū)是一個(gè)大學(xué)生寫(xiě)的。

        (4)、當(dāng)為了行文方便(如為了避免變換主語(yǔ)、行為者帶有較長(zhǎng)修飾語(yǔ)等)時(shí)。

        如:He arrived late and was showed to the last row .

        他到晚了,被領(lǐng)到最后一排。

        第 二 節(jié) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣

        一. 語(yǔ)氣(mood)是表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞行為的態(tài)度的動(dòng)詞形式。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)氣分為三種:

        1、陳述語(yǔ)氣--陳述事實(shí),用于陳述句、疑問(wèn)句。如:

        Everyone is careful . 人人都小心。

        2、祈使語(yǔ)氣--表示命令、請(qǐng)求等,用于祈使句。如:

        Be careful , everyone !

        3、虛擬語(yǔ)氣--表示并非事實(shí)的假設(shè)、主觀愿望。如:

        She demanded that everyone be careful.

        她要求人人要小心。

        She wishes that everyone were careful.

        她真希望人人都能小心。

        二.虛擬語(yǔ)氣分為兩種:be型和were型。

        知識(shí)要點(diǎn)

        be型虛擬語(yǔ)氣

        這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣無(wú)人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和時(shí)間之別,一律用動(dòng)詞原形;多見(jiàn)于美國(guó)英語(yǔ),英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中則主要用于正式文體(非正式文體中常用should+動(dòng)詞原形代替)。主要用于下列情況:

        1、賓語(yǔ)從句中:當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為command,suggest,demand,insist,order,require等表示要求、建議等時(shí)(可用should+動(dòng)詞原形代替;參見(jiàn)第十八章第四節(jié)“賓語(yǔ)從句”)。如:

        He ordered that they (should) stay where they were.

        他命令他們呆在原地。

        2表語(yǔ)從句中:當(dāng)主句主語(yǔ)為command , suggestion , demand ,order 等(與1中動(dòng)詞同詞根)以及idea , plan 等時(shí)(可用should + 動(dòng)詞原形代替;參見(jiàn)第十八章第二節(jié)“表語(yǔ)從句”)。如:

        His order was that they (should ) stay where they were .

        他的命令是他們呆在原地。

        3.同位語(yǔ)從句中:當(dāng)其前為command , suggestion , demand , order 等(與1中動(dòng)詞同詞根)以及idea 等時(shí)(可用should + 動(dòng)詞原形代替;參見(jiàn)第十八章第五節(jié)“同位語(yǔ)從句”)。如:

        They received the order that they (should ) stay where they were.

        他們得到命令讓他們呆在原地。

        4.主語(yǔ)從句中:主句It is ...中含command , suggest , demand , order , require 等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞或better , necessary , important 等形容詞時(shí)(參見(jiàn)第十八章第一節(jié)“主語(yǔ)從句”)

        如:

        It was ordered that they (should ) stay where they were .

        命令他們呆在原地。

        It is necessary that they ( should ) stay where they were .

        他們有必要呆在原地。

        主句 It is ...中含interesting , natural , normal , possible , strange , surprising 等形容詞和

        pity shame , ( no ) surprise 等名詞用以表示驚訝、惋惜、遺憾等語(yǔ)義時(shí),其后的主語(yǔ)從句

        中用should + 動(dòng)詞原形(參見(jiàn)第十八章第一節(jié)“主語(yǔ)從句”),不可用be型虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

        如:

        It is strange that they shoulfd stay where they were.

        很奇怪,他們竟然呆在原地。

        此時(shí),若無(wú)驚訝、惋惜、遺憾等語(yǔ)義僅指事實(shí),主語(yǔ)從句中也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如:

        It is strange that they stay where they are.

        很奇怪,他們呆在原地。

        二.were型虛擬語(yǔ)氣

        這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示并非事實(shí)的假設(shè)和主觀愿望,多用于正式文件。動(dòng)詞be用were(但越來(lái)越被陳述語(yǔ)氣形式was所取代,僅If I were you 中必須were),其他動(dòng)詞用其各種過(guò)去時(shí)形式(一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)--參見(jiàn)相關(guān)章節(jié))。主要用于下列情況:

        1、在虛擬條件句中:

        1)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)--從句中用were或其他動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí):主句中用should/ would(或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would/ could/ might)+動(dòng)詞原形。如:

        If you knew everything, you would not be so angry with him.

        你如果了解全部情況,就不會(huì)這么生他的氣了。

        If he were still staying here , he might see all this.

        他如果現(xiàn)在還呆在這里,也許就會(huì)看見(jiàn)這一切。

        2)表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)--從句中用過(guò)去現(xiàn)在時(shí):主句中用should/ would(或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would/ could/ might)+have+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。如:

        If I had known his number , I might have telephoned him yesterday.

        我要是知道他的號(hào)碼,昨天也許就給他打電話了。

        3)表示將來(lái)不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的假設(shè)--從句中用were或其他動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)、were/ was/ to+動(dòng)詞原形;主句中用should/ would(或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would/ could/ might)+動(dòng)詞原形。如:

        If he had enough money next year, he might go abroad soon.

        他明年要是有足夠的錢(qián),也許馬上就出國(guó)。

        If the sun stopped shining some day, living things couldn’t live.

        如果太陽(yáng)有朝一日不再照耀,生物就無(wú)法生存了。

        If he were to hear you talking, he would think you were mad.

        他要是聽(tīng)見(jiàn)你說(shuō),就會(huì)認(rèn)為你是瘋了。

        4)如果if從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為were、had或含有were、had時(shí),if可省去,而將were或had挪至句首,形成倒裝句。(試與上面例句對(duì)比)如:

        Were he still staying here, he might see all this.

        Had I known his number, I might have telephoned him yesterday.

        Had they enough money, they might go abroad soon.

        Were he to hear you talking, he would think you were mad.

        5)虛擬的條件有時(shí)不if從句而是由某些介詞短語(yǔ)或通過(guò)上下文表示。如:

        I caught her by the hand Otherwise she would have fallen into the sea.

        我抓住了她們的手,要不她就掉進(jìn)海里去了。

        She would have failed without your advice .

        沒(méi)有你的忠告他就失敗了。

        But for the safety-belt , I wouldn't be alive today .

        要不是那條安全帶,我今天就不會(huì)活著了。

        You could have done better in my place.

        你要是處在我和位置可能比我干得好。

        2、在表示祈愿的動(dòng)詞wish后:

        The boy wishes he had wings.

        那男孩真希望有翅膀。

        How she wishes she hadn't left home !

        她真希望她沒(méi)有離開(kāi)家。

        3、在表示祈愿的if only 后:

        If only I knew how to do it .

        我要是知道如何做這件事該多好啊。

        If only they hadn't made such a mistake .

        他們要是沒(méi)有犯這樣一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤該多好啊。

        4、在as if , as though 引導(dǎo)的從句中(此時(shí)也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣):

        She acts as though she knew everybody there .

        她那樣子就好像她認(rèn)識(shí)這里的每一個(gè)人似的。

        He talked about the moon as though he had been there .

        他講起月亮來(lái)就好像他去過(guò)似的。

        5、在It 's time 結(jié)構(gòu)后:

        It 's high time you left home for work .

        你真該離家去上班了。

        6、在’d rather后:

        We 'd rather you lived far away from us .

        我們寧愿你住得離我們遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的。

        We 'd rather we hadn't been there before .

        我們寧愿以前沒(méi)有去過(guò)那里。

        三、練習(xí) Finish off ExⅠ.Ⅱ.Ⅲ and Ⅳ 并講解 .

        四、小結(jié)1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 2. 和虛擬語(yǔ)氣

        五.作業(yè):Finish off the other exercises .

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