湖南省隆回縣第一中學(xué) 羅玉南
動(dòng)詞的過去分詞用法靈活，應(yīng)用廣泛，在高考試卷中，單項(xiàng)填空、完形填空、短文改錯(cuò)等諸多題型都設(shè)置了對(duì)動(dòng)詞過去分詞的考查。本文主要討論它的句法功能在高考單項(xiàng)填空中的應(yīng)用。
一、過去分詞作定語
動(dòng)詞過去分詞表示的意義是被動(dòng)的和完成的，單個(gè)的分詞作定語常常放在被修飾詞的前面，而分詞短語作定語時(shí)，通常置于被修飾詞的后面，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。且分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與其所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。
1．Most of the artists ____________ to the party were from South Africa．［MET90］
A．invited B．to invite鶦．being invited鶧．had been invited
【簡析】句中的most of the artists與invited之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)選用過去分詞，相當(dāng)于who were invited，答案為A。
2．The computer centre，____________ last year，is very popular among the students in this school．［NMET93］
A．open鶥．opening鶦．having opened鶧．opened
【簡析】根據(jù)句中的last year可知the computer centre去年就開業(yè)了，表示完成的動(dòng)作；而且open與the computer centre又存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，句意為：去年開辦的計(jì)算機(jī)中心在這所學(xué)校里受到學(xué)生們的歡迎。答案為D。
3．The first textbooks ____________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century．［NMET94］
A．having written鶥．to be written鶦．being written D．written
【簡析】根據(jù)語境，我們應(yīng)選D，因?yàn)閣ritten既表示被動(dòng)又表示完成的動(dòng)作。A不能作后置定語，B是不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，表示將來的動(dòng)作，C表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，均不合題意。
4．The Olympic Games，____________ in 776 BC，did not include women players until 1912．［NMET97］
A．first playing B．to be first played鶦．first played鶧．to be first playing
【簡析】根據(jù)題意可知，the Olympic Games與play之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此可以排除A和D，另外B表示將來的動(dòng)作，也應(yīng)排除，故答案為C。它可還原成一個(gè)非限制性定語從句：which was first played in 776 BC。
二、過去分詞作狀語
過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，它常與句子的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。作條件、原因、時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，分詞短語常位于句首；作伴隨、方式、結(jié)果狀語時(shí)，分詞短語常位于句末。
5．____________ more attention，the trees could have grown better．［MET90］
A．Given B．To give鶦．Giving D．Having given
【簡析】句子主語the trees與give之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故答案選A，過去分詞短語Given more attention作條件狀語，放于句首。
6．____________ in thought，he almost ran into the car in front of him．［NMET96］
A．Losing鶥．Having lost鶦．Lost D．To lose
【簡析】be lost in thought為固定搭配，意為“陷入沉思”，因此答案選C。過去分詞短語 Lost in thought與句子主語he構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且在句中作原因狀語。
注意：過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，有時(shí)可以與一些連詞連用，如：when, while, if, until, once等，這實(shí)際上是過去分詞在省略句中的應(yīng)用。
7．The research is so designed that once ____________ nothing can be done to change it．［NMET2002］鶤．begins鶥．having begun C．beginning D．begun
【簡析】答案為D。once begun在句中作條件狀語，它是狀語從句once it is begun的省略形式，句意為：這項(xiàng)調(diào)查研究事先計(jì)劃的如此完好，以致于一旦開始，什么也無法改變它。
8．Generally speaking, ______according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (2003’上海)
A. when taking鶥. when taken鶦. when to take鶧. when to be taken
【簡析】完整的說法應(yīng)是when the drug is taken according to the directions,…由于主句的主語和從句的主語相同，因此可以省略從句的主語the drug和謂語的一部分is,答案為B。當(dāng)然也可以省去when。
三、過去分詞作表語
過去分詞及過去分詞短語作表語時(shí)，分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與句子的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；而現(xiàn)在分詞及其短語作表語時(shí)，分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與句子的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。
9．Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____________ by the hour．［NMET98］
A．pay鶥．paying鶦．paid鶧．to pay
10．As we joined the big crowd I got ____________ from my friends．［NMET2001］
A．separated鶥．spared鶦．lost鶧．missed
【簡析】第8題答案為C，過去分詞paid作系動(dòng)詞get的表語，類似的用法還有：get married，get beaten，get excited，get caught in等。同樣，第9題答案為A，句意為：當(dāng)我們走進(jìn)人群中時(shí)，我和朋友們分開了。
過去分詞作表語時(shí)，應(yīng)注意它和現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞常常表示特征，意為“令人……”，而過去分詞則表示狀態(tài)，意為“（某人）感到……”。如：
11．I used to play ping-pong a lot in my spare time，but now I am interesting in football．［NMET97短文改錯(cuò)］［答案］將interesting改為interested。
四、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語
過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，常見的句式有：
1．使役動(dòng)詞或感官動(dòng)詞(have, make, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等)＋賓語＋過去分詞。如：
Yesterday I had my bicycle repaired．
The teacher spoke so slowly so that he could make himself understood．
On my way back home, I heard my name called．
另外，have還有“遭受、遭遇”的意思。如：
Yesterday she had her wallet stolen when she was doing shopping．
12．The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself ____________ ．［MET91］
A．hear B．to hear鶦．hearing D．heard
【簡析】make oneself heard為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“使自己的聲音被別人聽到”，再如make oneself understood表示“把自己的意思表達(dá)清楚”，故答案為D。
13．-Good morning．Can I help you？-I'd like to have this package __________，madam．［MET89］鶤．be weighed B．to be weighed C．to weigh D．weighed
【簡析】have sth．done是固定結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“讓別人去做某事”或“讓某事被別人完成”，該題表示“我想讓別人稱這個(gè)包裹”，因此答案為D，過去分詞weighed作this package的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
2．某些動(dòng)詞（keep, leave, get, find）＋賓語＋過去分詞。如：
If I get further information, I’ll keep you informed．
When I came into the classroom, I found it cleared．
3．介詞with＋賓語＋過去分詞。如：
The child was crying with the glass broken．
With all the work finished, they hurried back home for lunch．
14．The murderer was brought in，with his hands ____________ behind his back．［MET90］
A．being tied B．having tied鶦．to be tied D．tied
【簡析】在with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，hands與tie之間含有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此首先排除B，另外此處tied不但表示被動(dòng)，還可以表示完成，因此A、C又可排除，故答案為D。
15．The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____________ the next year．［NMET2000］
A．carry out鶥．carrying out鶦．carried out D．to carry out
【簡析】該題句式結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，首先，先行詞the plan后跟一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句；在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞that替代the plan，又充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞see的賓語，因此該空處于賓語補(bǔ)足語的位置；另外，the plan與carry out之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故答案為C，構(gòu)成see sth．done結(jié)構(gòu)。
五、過去分詞作獨(dú)立成分
16．____________ the general state of his health，it may take him a while to recover from the operation．［NMET2000春季高考］
A．Given B．To give鶦．Giving鶧．Having given
【簡析】此題答案為A。此處given是介詞，意為“假設(shè)，如果，考慮到”，句意為“鑒于他的健康狀況，手術(shù)后康復(fù)還需要一段時(shí)間”。另外，given作為這一含義時(shí)，還可作連詞，后接從句。如：
It seemed bad-tempered to send him away，given that he only wanted to take photographs．
六、情感動(dòng)詞的分詞用法
形容詞化的分詞一直備受高考的關(guān)注，尤其是表心理情感的動(dòng)詞用V-ing形式，還是用V-ed形式，歷年都考，其用法請(qǐng)見下表： V-ing 作定語和表語，形式為 sth.+V-ing\V-ing+n. 使\令人感到......鶹-ed作定語和表語，形式為sb.+V-ed\V-ed+n. 某人感到......
注：1北硎拘睦砬楦械畝詞在教材中多次出現(xiàn)。如 satisfy，please，move，delight，inspire，touch，disappoint，discourage，tire，frighten，excite，interest，surprise等都可以加上適當(dāng)?shù)姆衷~形式來表示不同的意義。一般來說，V-ing形式有主動(dòng)意義，是指事物影響到人；V-ed形式有被動(dòng)意義，是指受了某事物的影響。如：
excited children高興的孩子們鷈xciting news令人高興的消息
2庇惺憊去分詞也可以修飾事物，特別是與人有關(guān)的表情、眼神、眼淚、聲音等時(shí)，要用V-ed形式。如：鷈xcited tears激動(dòng)的淚水鷇isappointed expression失望的神情
用括號(hào)中動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：
1．The story was so _____ that nearly everybody was _____ to tears．（move）
2．We are _____ in the novel which is very _____ ．（interest）
3．I am _____ about the result．I have never spent a more _____ day．（worry）
4．We were all _____ out when we got to the top of the hill．We never thought the climb was so _____ ．（tire）
5．His kind words were very _____ ．Though we had lost the match，we were _____ and were determined to train harder．（encourage）
6．There is a _____ expression on his face and I am _____ what to do．（puzzle）
7．Ten years later，Mother and daughter met again，_____ tears came into their eyes．（excite）8．Greatly _____ by his words，the boy went up to his teacher，and said“sorry”．（touch）
9．He was so _____ at seeing a tiger that he stood still．（terrify）
10．I am not _____ with either of the two pictures．（satisfy）
參考答案：1．moving；moved 2．interested；interesting 3．worried；worrying 4．tired；tiring 5．encouraging；encouraged 6．puzzled；puzzled 7．excited 8．touched 9．terrified 10．satisfied
分詞專練
從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。
1．He told me aboutthe things ＿＿＿ at the meeting．
A．to discuss鶥．being discussed鶦．discussed鶧．be discussed
2．A metal ＿＿＿ uranium gives off a kind of radiation．
A．calling鶥．called鶦．is called鶧．which called
3．The water in this glass is too hot．I prefer some cold ＿＿＿ water．
A．to boil鶥．having boiled鶦．boiled鶧．boiling
4．The problem just ＿＿＿ is an important one．
A．to be referred to鶥．referred to鶦．referring to鶧．referred
5．The story was so ＿＿＿ that all of us were ＿＿＿ to tears．
A．moving; moving B．moved; moved C．moved; moving D．moving; moved
6．When I entered the theatre, I saw him ＿＿＿ in the first row．
A．sit down B．sat C．seated D．seating
7．I found my daughter quite ＿＿＿ in drawing．
A．interested鶥．interest鶦．interesting D．to interest
8．He had his leg ＿＿＿ in the football match yesterday．
A．to break鶥．broken C．break鶧．breaking
9．If you have a book in front of your face, you can feel the air ＿＿＿ against your face．
A．moving B．moved C．be moved鶧．to move
10．With the job＿＿＿, they went to the cinema．
A．doing B．do C．to do D．done
11．With the boy ＿＿＿ the way, the soldiers managed to walk through the forest．
A．to lead鶥．led鶦．leading鶧．to be leading
12．Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English word＿＿＿．鶤．speaking鶥．speak鶦．spoken鶧．to speak
13．The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes on the screen．
A．fixed鶥．to fix鶦．to be fixed鶧．fixing
14．The captain placed the flag over the boy, leaving only his face＿＿＿。A．uncover鶥．uncovering鶦．to be uncovered鶧．uncovered
15．She was very glad to see her child well ＿＿＿．
A．take care of鶥．taken care of鶦．to take care of鶧．taking care of
從高考題看過去分詞的句法功能答案
情感動(dòng)詞的分詞用法答案：
1．moving；moved 2．interested；interesting 3．worried；worrying 4．tired；tiring 5．encouraging；encouraged 6．puzzled；puzzled 7．excited 8．touched 9．terrified 10．satisfied
Key: 1-5 CBCBD 6-10 CABAD 11-15 CCADB 16-20 DBABC