M3 U2 words:
1. be made up of = consist of , be composed of
consist of的意思是“由……構(gòu)成”，它與 make up of ， compose of 的區(qū)別在于：consist of不可用被動語態(tài)，而make up of和 compose of 可以用被動語態(tài)。例如：
1） The house consists of 6 rooms.
2） The medical team is made up of three doctors and a nurse.
3） The book is composed of 25 units.
2.occupy occupation n.占據(jù)、職業(yè)
1. occupy意為 “take up or fill (time, space, sb’s mind, etc)” “占據(jù)，充滿（時間，空間，某人的頭腦等）”。
e.g. The speech occupied three hours. 發(fā)言占去了三個小時。
A bed occupied the corner of the room. 一張床占去了房間的一角。
2. occupy意為 “take possession of and establish troops in (a country, position, etc)” “（軍事）占領(lǐng)（國家、陣地等）”。
e.g. The army occupied the enemy’s capital. 軍隊占領(lǐng)了敵國首都。
3. occupy意為 “l(fā)ive in or have possession of (a house, land, etc)” “占用，占有（房屋、土地等）”。
e.g. The family have occupied the farm for many years.
這家人在農(nóng)場已居住多年。
They occupy the house next door. 他們住在隔壁。
4. occupy oneself (in doing sth/with sth) “忙著（做某事）；忙（于某事）”。(be busy doing sth./with sth.)
e.g. How does he occupy himself now he is retired?
他既已退休，都如何打發(fā)日子呢？
n.
He is a bus driver by occupation_____________________________________
3.name after
She was named after her grandmother.
她是根據(jù)她祖母的名字命名的。
The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader.
by name名叫;用名字
in the name of以...的名義;代表Stop doing that, in the name of God! 看在上帝的分上,別干了
by the name of名叫 !
know sb. by name只知道某人的名字
4. aside from=apart from /
apart from在不同的上下文中，既有besides的含義，又有except和except for的含義，要根據(jù)上下文來判別。如：
Apart from English, he has a good command of Russian and French. 除英語外，他還精通俄語和法語。（= besides)
He has no interests, apart from his work. 他除了自己的工作外，沒什么興趣愛好。（= except )
It’s a good paper, apart from a few spelling mistakes. 這是一篇好論文，只是有幾處拼寫錯誤。（= except for)
aside from 類似于apart from的用法。
1除…之外
Everything was quiet, aside from the occasional sound of a car in the distance. 除了遠(yuǎn)處偶爾有汽車的聲響外, 四周一片寂靜。
Aside from being fun and good exercise, swimming is a very useful skill.
除了有趣與運(yùn)動外，游泳還是個很有用的技能。
2既…又…
I didn't accept the job because it was badly paid and aside from that, it wasn't very interesting. 我沒接受這個工作, 因為工資既少, 又非常乏味。
5.contribution contribute
make a great contribution to
contribute to捐（款）；投（稿）；貢獻(xiàn)；有助于
contribute to a literary journal 向文學(xué)雜志投稿
contribute to the furtherance of. 對促進(jìn)……的發(fā)展起作用。
Contribute to the Red Cross 捐助紅十字會
6.defeat beat
beat和defeat屬一組同義詞，它們的賓語必須是人或一個集體，如a team, a class, an school, an army。defeat尤指在戰(zhàn)場上打敗敵人；beat是游戲、比賽的專門用詞。二者�？蓳Q。 eg:
We beat their team by 10 points. 我們贏了他們隊十分。
In the end their army was defeat/beaten. 最后他們的部隊被擊（打）敗。
7.take control of
lose control of
beyond control 無法控制
in control (of) 控制(住),管理
out of control 不受控制
under control 被控制住
keep...under control 對...加以控制
under the control of 受...的管理(或管轄),受...的控制
have (no) control over (of)能(不能)控制...
8.lead to =result in
1. Such a mistake would perhaps lead to disastrous consequences.
這樣一種錯誤可能導(dǎo)致災(zāi)難性的后果。
2. Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness.
過量的工作和過少的休息會引起疾病。
9.replace vt. 取代 =take the place of 放回原處
Nothing can replace a mother's love. 什么都無法取代母愛。
We've replaced the old adding machine with a computer
我們用電腦取代了老式的加法計算器
He replaced the book in the shelf
10. entire = whole
whole n.全部, 全體, 整體, 完全之體系
adj.所有的, 完整的, 完全的, 純粹的, 未損傷的, 未打破的
adv.完全, 整個
entire adj.全部的, 完整的, 整個
entire 與 whole 在許多情況下可以通用。例如：
The people‘s government has the support of the entire(whole) population . 人民政府得到全民的支持。
whole 常用來強(qiáng)調(diào)某事物的完整性，即沒有任何部分被忽略或舍去相當(dāng)于 every part. 在日常語言中，whole 遠(yuǎn)比 entire 用得多。例如：
One day the police even used their sticks during a peaceful march by blacks , and this was seen across the whole country on TV . (也可用 entire) 有一天，黑人在進(jìn)行和平進(jìn)軍的時候，警察使用了警棍，這個情景全國的電視上都看到了。
entire 可以修飾抽象名詞，whole 則不能。如：
This would destroy the entire peace of the Middle East .
這將會破壞整個中東和平。
11.therefore
therefore有兩種用法，一在整句中，一在分句中。therefore是副詞，但有時具有連詞作用。
一、整句中時一般不放句末，句首后要有逗號，句中1、按一般副詞使用2、做插入語
eg.1、Therefore，we must learn English well.
2、They therefore can learn English well.
3、Many fast food restaurant ,therefore, have red furniture or walls.
二、用在分句中，即一個句子一部分表示原因一部分表示結(jié)果。
這時一般詞前要用分號，其后用不用逗號無所謂。若第二個分句前是逗號或無符號，則要注意therefore是副詞，和so不一樣，要保持句子完整，應(yīng)用and therefore。
eg.1、I had a headache; therefore I could not go to your party.
2、I was ill, and therefore could not come.
3、These birds are very beautiful and therefore liked by many people.
12. distinction n. 差別,區(qū)別;特性,特征;卓著,榮譽(yù)
the chief distinction of Chinese food
中國食品的主要特征
a writer of distinction
一位卓越的作家
academic distinctions
學(xué)術(shù)上的榮譽(yù)
There is no appreciable distinction between the twins.
在這對孿生子之間看不出有什么明顯的差別。
His distinction of sound is excellent.
他辨別聲音的能力很強(qiáng)。
distinguish v. 區(qū)分、辨別 distinguish...from... 辨別, 識別; 把...和...區(qū)別開
distinguish right from wrong
明辨是非
distinguish good from evil
分辨善惡
13. concern n. 關(guān)心、憂慮、vt.涉及、使擔(dān)憂 對。。。感興趣
Andrew expressed his concern. 安德魯表示了他的關(guān)切。
be concerned about /for 關(guān)心，掛念；(沒什么太大區(qū)別 幾乎可以通用 但書面的正式用語多是be concerned about )
be concerned with 關(guān)系到，涉及 (指的是和某事或某人有聯(lián)系 不涉及內(nèi)心感受)
be concerned over sth. 為某事憂慮
be concerned in sth. 也是-- 和某事有牽連 有關(guān)聯(lián)的意思
Ex: The conference was concerned ___ the global reforms of the financial system，and every leader present was concerned ___ interests of his own country.
A with；about B over；about C for；in D about；with
14.access have access to
1. 接近,進(jìn)入;接近的機(jī)會,進(jìn)入的權(quán)利;使用[U][(+to)]
Only a few people have access to the full facts of the case.
只有少數(shù)幾個人能看到有關(guān)該案全部事實(shí)的材料。
2. 通道,入口,門路[C][U][(+to)]
The only access to their house is along that narrow road.
Ex: Translate the sentence:
市民可以免費(fèi)使用這個圖書館。____________________________________
He is a man of easy access. _________________________________________
15.differ from = be different from
Tom ____his father in character and some everyday habits
16. stand for =symbolize /represent
What do the letters UN stand for?
The American flag stands for freedom and justice.
美國國旗代表自由及公平
16.simplify v. simple adj. simplified adj.
The subject is immensely complex, and hard to simplify.
這個題目非常復(fù)雜,并且很難簡化。
17.as a whole
As a whole our efforts did not prove to be futile.
總體說來，我們的努力沒有白費(fèi)。
The population as a whole is/are in favour of the reform.
全體人民普遍擁護(hù)改革。
18.indicate vt. 顯示、表示、象征、暗示
The results indicate the need for more work.
結(jié)果表明，還有更多的工作需要做。
The light above the elevator indicated that the elevator was then at the fifteenth floor.
電梯上方的燈指示那時電梯在十五樓。
19. convenient adj. convenience inconvenient
convenient意為“方便的”，常用于it is convenient (for sb) to do ….或sth. is convenient to sb. 結(jié)構(gòu).不可以說: if you are convenient
Will it be convenient for you to start work tomorrow? 明天就開始工作你覺得方便嗎
Ex: Come and see me whenever _____ .
A: you are convenient B: you will be convenient
C: it is convenient to you D: it will be convenient to you
20. thus
A society is thus made up of people from all walks of life. thus在這里是“如此這樣”的意思。就是說：社會就是這樣的魚龍混雜（由各種各樣的人組成）。
He didn't work hard. Thus he was fired.