人教版高一冊(cè)模塊四第二單元
Using Language (Reading, Speaking and Writing)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
浙江省溫州第四中學(xué) 徐長(zhǎng)才
Using Language (Reading, Speaking and Writing)語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用部分是新課標(biāo)人教版各單元中的重點(diǎn)教學(xué)內(nèi)容,它承載著本單元語(yǔ)言輸出教學(xué)的重要任務(wù),是對(duì)本單元閱讀、詞匯、語(yǔ)法等各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容學(xué)后的一個(gè)運(yùn)用和檢驗(yàn)。因此,授課教師應(yīng)對(duì)這一塊教學(xué)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行科學(xué)合理的設(shè)計(jì),以全面完成本單元的教學(xué)任務(wù)。
一、設(shè)計(jì)思想
1. 以建構(gòu)主義理論為基礎(chǔ)
建構(gòu)主義理論主張?jiān)趩?wèn)題情境下進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),要求學(xué)生不要盲目或被動(dòng)地接受和記憶教師傳授的知識(shí)或課本知識(shí),而是要主動(dòng)地進(jìn)行自我探索,將學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程變成積極參與建構(gòu)知識(shí)的高水平的思維過(guò)程(朱文英,2007)。教師要尊重學(xué)生已有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),并幫助他們將新環(huán)境提供的信息整合或重組到自己原有認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)中,激活學(xué)生的思維、啟發(fā)他們觀察、發(fā)現(xiàn)、思考、歸納、總結(jié),鼓勵(lì)他們提出自己的問(wèn)題和觀點(diǎn)。教師在教學(xué)Using Language這一部分時(shí),應(yīng)科學(xué)妥當(dāng)?shù)卦O(shè)置話(huà)題情境,激活學(xué)生已有的知識(shí),以便使之在新的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中得到拓展和運(yùn)用,從而構(gòu)建新的知識(shí)。
2. 以任務(wù)型教學(xué)方法為依托
新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)倡導(dǎo)任務(wù)型語(yǔ)言教學(xué),它是以具體的任務(wù)為學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力或動(dòng)機(jī),以完成任務(wù)的過(guò)程為學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程,以展示任務(wù)成果的方式(而不是以測(cè)試的分?jǐn)?shù))來(lái)體現(xiàn)教學(xué)的成就。學(xué)生有了具體的動(dòng)機(jī)就能自主地學(xué)習(xí),并且主動(dòng)地用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言去做事情,在做事情過(guò)程中自然地使用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言,在使用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言做事情過(guò)程中發(fā)展語(yǔ)言能力。Using Language這部分的教學(xué)就是要求教師設(shè)置學(xué)生感興趣的任務(wù),讓任務(wù)貼近學(xué)生的實(shí)際生活,符合學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平,學(xué)生完成教師所設(shè)任務(wù)的同時(shí)能夠運(yùn)用本單元所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)來(lái)發(fā)展其語(yǔ)言能力。
根據(jù)以上教學(xué)理論,設(shè)計(jì)本節(jié)課時(shí)要體現(xiàn)教師為主導(dǎo),學(xué)生為主體的教學(xué)思想,努力創(chuàng)設(shè)問(wèn)題情境,營(yíng)造輕松愉快的教學(xué)氣氛,對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行充分的語(yǔ)言輸入,重點(diǎn)突出對(duì)學(xué)生語(yǔ)言能力的培養(yǎng),為學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言輸出創(chuàng)造良好的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境。
二、教材分析
本節(jié)課教學(xué)內(nèi)容Using Language(Reading, Speaking and Writing)是本單元的最后一個(gè)課時(shí),要求學(xué)生以有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)和綠色食品為話(huà)題,復(fù)習(xí)鞏固如何用英語(yǔ)提出忠告和建議,以及用英語(yǔ)制作海報(bào)和廣告。它是學(xué)生在學(xué)完前面各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容后的提升階段,是對(duì)師生落實(shí)前面各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容的一個(gè)檢驗(yàn)。該部分由Reading, Speaking and Writing三部分組成。其中Reading,和Speaking 都是為Writing作鋪墊的,即Reading for writing , Speaking for writing. 《學(xué)科教學(xué)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》指出,教師可以圍繞Reading, Speaking and Writing中相關(guān)材料指導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫(xiě)的嘗試,并指導(dǎo)學(xué)生就相關(guān)材料進(jìn)行比較,提出自己的觀點(diǎn)和建議。根據(jù)新課標(biāo)的要求,在寫(xiě)作教學(xué)之前,教師應(yīng)作好鋪墊,激活靈感,激發(fā)興趣,明確目的和讀者對(duì)象,討論主題,搜集素材,語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)備,寫(xiě)提綱等等,從而為接下來(lái)重點(diǎn)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)打下基礎(chǔ)。本節(jié)課主要圍繞學(xué)習(xí)設(shè)計(jì)英語(yǔ)海報(bào)和廣告展開(kāi)。值得一提的是在操練Speaking部分時(shí),對(duì)功能項(xiàng)目的訓(xùn)練應(yīng)有所側(cè)重。比如:I’d prefer….because…, This is good value because… It’s a great pity that… If I have a choice I’d choose…because…等屬于高一階段應(yīng)有所側(cè)重的功能項(xiàng)目。而 I don’t like …because… , You need to … It’s better to …等是初中階段就應(yīng)該熟練掌握的功能項(xiàng)目,可以不作為重點(diǎn)來(lái)訓(xùn)練。
三、學(xué)情分析
這個(gè)階段的高一學(xué)生思維正處于活躍的階段,具有較為豐富的想象力。經(jīng)過(guò)初中三年的學(xué)習(xí)和磨練,再經(jīng)過(guò)模塊一至模塊三的學(xué)習(xí)訓(xùn)練,具備了一定的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力。本節(jié)課中,他們經(jīng)過(guò)兩篇關(guān)于農(nóng)業(yè)方面文章的閱讀,積累了相關(guān)的詞匯與句式表達(dá),從而為本節(jié)課的寫(xiě)作打下了一定的基礎(chǔ)。然而,本節(jié)課有三個(gè)主要環(huán)節(jié)即閱讀、對(duì)話(huà)和寫(xiě)作。在這三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中,學(xué)生運(yùn)用功能項(xiàng)目時(shí),可能只會(huì)機(jī)械呆板地套用,缺乏靈活性,而且不能把握對(duì)話(huà)的要點(diǎn)。寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容是設(shè)計(jì)英語(yǔ)海報(bào),學(xué)生有可能對(duì)英語(yǔ)海報(bào)的格式及語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方面把握不準(zhǔn),導(dǎo)致表達(dá)規(guī)范性不夠和重點(diǎn)不突出的傾向。因此,授課教師在教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)引起足夠的重視。另外,基于本節(jié)課課型的特點(diǎn),學(xué)生在對(duì)話(huà)操練前會(huì)采用同伴互助即pair work 的方式進(jìn)行操練,寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中會(huì)采用討論和合作探究完成海報(bào)的設(shè)計(jì)。
四、教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1. 語(yǔ)言知識(shí):鞏固Using language 這一塊所學(xué)過(guò)的單詞,比如:organic, fertilizer, chemical, fertile, supply, mineral, pest, whatever, refer to, nutrition等并學(xué)習(xí)新詞 certain。
2. 語(yǔ)言技能:學(xué)會(huì)用英語(yǔ)提出忠告和建議,比如,描述某有一農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)點(diǎn)與缺點(diǎn);學(xué)會(huì)用英語(yǔ)制作海報(bào),從而提高英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作能力。
3. 情感態(tài)度:了解農(nóng)民的生活,尊重農(nóng)民的勞動(dòng);學(xué)會(huì)辨別有害食品與綠色食品。
4. 學(xué)習(xí)策略:合作探究,同伴互助。
5. 文化意識(shí):引發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)食品的質(zhì)量與發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)的思考。
五、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
1. 組織學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)服顧客購(gòu)買(mǎi)老王的綠色食品,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生口頭表達(dá)能力,為學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作作好鋪墊;
2. 指導(dǎo)學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)制作海報(bào),提高英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作能力;
六、教學(xué)策略與手段
1. 以任務(wù)型教學(xué)作為課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)之理念,采用情境教學(xué)法、交際教學(xué)法、討論法等教學(xué)方法。從一定程度上說(shuō),人們使用語(yǔ)言是為了完成各種各樣的任務(wù),而任務(wù)型的教學(xué)活動(dòng)就是讓學(xué)習(xí)者通過(guò)運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言來(lái)完成各種各樣的交際活動(dòng)。學(xué)習(xí)者通過(guò)表達(dá)、溝通、交涉、解釋、詢(xún)問(wèn)等各種語(yǔ)言形式來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)和掌握語(yǔ)言,實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo),感受成功。
2.在教學(xué)中突出交際性,注重讀寫(xiě)的實(shí)用性;同時(shí)進(jìn)行情感與策略調(diào)整,以形成積極的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度,促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力的提高;教師還要重視各環(huán)節(jié)過(guò)渡時(shí)的教學(xué)用語(yǔ),達(dá)到承上啟下的作用。
3.堅(jiān)持“教師為主導(dǎo),學(xué)生為主體,任務(wù)為基礎(chǔ)”的教學(xué)原則,在課堂的不同環(huán)節(jié),教師應(yīng)自覺(jué)扮演“設(shè)計(jì)者、研究者、組織者、促進(jìn)者和協(xié)調(diào)者”的角色。
4. 貫徹“教中學(xué),學(xué)中用”的策略,真正使學(xué)生學(xué)以致用。
5.采用多媒體課件展示教學(xué)內(nèi)容,激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,營(yíng)造良好的課堂氛圍。
七、課前準(zhǔn)備
學(xué)生課前應(yīng)作好預(yù)習(xí)準(zhǔn)備工作。比如,復(fù)習(xí)和鞏固Using Language部分的單詞;要弄清綠色食品,有機(jī)肥,農(nóng)家肥的指向,如何用課本上所給的功能項(xiàng)目向?qū)Ψ教峤ㄗh和忠告等。教師要認(rèn)真領(lǐng)會(huì)新課標(biāo)精神,充分分析教材,確定重難點(diǎn),把握學(xué)生的學(xué)情,理清教學(xué)思路,準(zhǔn)備好教學(xué)課件和教學(xué)素材以及課堂上要用的畫(huà)筆及紙張,另外要確定好學(xué)生的合作小組以及明確組內(nèi)分工。本節(jié)課宜在具有多媒體平臺(tái)和實(shí)物投影儀的教室里進(jìn)行。
八、教學(xué)過(guò)程
Step1. Lead-in
Show the students some pictures of green food and junk food and ask them some questions as follows:
1. Which food do you prefer to eat, why?
2. Which of those do you think are green foods and what will you think of when we mention the green food?
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:通過(guò)觀看圖片激發(fā)興趣,回答問(wèn)題啟動(dòng)學(xué)生綠色食品的意識(shí),打開(kāi)對(duì)綠色食品相關(guān)話(huà)題比如說(shuō)農(nóng)場(chǎng)之類(lèi)等,激活其農(nóng)業(yè)方面的相關(guān)思維。
Step2. Reading
教師讓學(xué)生閱讀下面一篇短文,完成文后的任務(wù)。
What is green food? Green food, which is healthy and safe for people’s health, refers to the food growing with natural rather than chemical fertilizers. The fertilizer that “green” farmer use is natural waste form animals. They believe that putting this in their fields, which are away from industrial areas and dirty water supplies makes the soil richer in minerals and more fertile. Besides, they can keep the air, the soil and water as well as the food supply free from chemicals.
As everyone knows, green food is usually more expensive to grow than other food which is not safe so that many people would rather buy ordinary food at a much lower price without caring about their health. This means green food doesn’t sell well in China, which worries“green”farmers.
Lao Wang from Nanxijiang Farm, for example, learns to grow green fruits such as watermelons and he gets a big harvest this year. His watermelons sell at 8yuan per kg while the ordinary ones at 4yuan per kg. The problem is that he doesn’t know how to let people in cities know how special his green melons are and may not be able to sell them out before they go bad.
Questions:
1. What does the writer mainly want to tell us?
He wants to tell us something of green food such as the advantages and the disadvantages of it.
2. What are the advantages and the disadvantages of the green food according to the passage?
Advantages: a. healthy and safe for people’s health
b. grown with natural fertilizers
c. away from industrial areas and dirty water supplies
d. free from chemicals
Disadvantages: a. more expensive than other food which is not safe
b. green food doesn’t sell well
3. What is Lao Wang’s trouble?
He doesn’t know how to let people in cities know how special his green melons are and may not be able to sell them out before they go bad.
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:通過(guò)閱讀,進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言輸入,訓(xùn)練學(xué)生閱讀技巧如抓主旨大意和細(xì)節(jié)的能力。弄清綠色食品的利弊和理出老王的煩心事,為順利過(guò)渡到下一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)作好鋪墊。(另外這篇文章是筆者在原有教材基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行了重整以更加適合學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平,課本上的閱讀文章短而淺顯)
Step3. Discussion
Activity: Work in pairs and discuss which of Lao Wang’s watermelons would you prefer to buy, your opinions must be based upon the above advantages of green food, using the following expressions, especially the underlined ones.
I would rather… I don’t like…because…
I’d prefer… because… It’s a great pity that…
Should I we …? It’s better to …
This is good value because… If I have a choice I’d choose…because…
What is the advantage of …? You need to…
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:通過(guò)討論,開(kāi)啟學(xué)生思維,為進(jìn)入到對(duì)話(huà)環(huán)節(jié)做準(zhǔn)備, 鞏固和運(yùn)用本單元的功能項(xiàng)目并且有所側(cè)重!
Step4. Dialogue production
Activity: Work in pairs to help Lao Wang solve his problem. One acts as a customer, the other acts as Lao Wang, who is trying to persuade his customers to buy his watermelons, again using the above expressions. Some pairs will be invited to act your dialogues out.
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)體現(xiàn)了任務(wù)型教學(xué)的理念,即學(xué)中用,用中學(xué)。讓學(xué)生在具體語(yǔ)境中得體地運(yùn)用本單元的功能項(xiàng)目,也為下一步寫(xiě)作作好鋪墊。
Step5. Pre-writing
What other ways can you think of to help Lao Wang sell his products well? Yes, make a poster or an advertisement. Let’s begin.
Show two posters of which one is well designed and the other is ordinarily designed to the students in order to tell the differences between them and decide which is better. Then draw their attention to the better one. The format of a poster should be known to the students. Also the students should be guided to be able to use attractive heading, beautiful pictures and persuasive words, creative design and direct reasons to form their poster.
以下是兩則海報(bào)示例及對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行海報(bào)制作的指導(dǎo):
Sample 1 sample 2
Reference:
1. The structure of a poster:
Sample 1 sample 2
▲Main heading
▲Part 1 Explain what you sell
▲Part 2 Reasons to buy
(in shortened sentences)
▲Part 3 Impressive slogans
An attractive picture
▲ Main heading
▲Part 1 Impressive slogans
▲ Part 2 Reasons to buy
(in shortened sentences)
▲ Part 3 Explain what you sell
An attractive picture
2. Useful words and expressions:
Healthy and safe; free of chemical fertilizer; rich in nutrition; high in ; grown away from; be certain to ; natural fertilizer;
Follow your desire! This is one step on the road to a …world!
It’s best choice ! just do it!
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:展示兩副海報(bào),通過(guò)比較,讓學(xué)生判斷其優(yōu)劣,然后引導(dǎo)學(xué)生研究有特色的那副海報(bào),其結(jié)構(gòu)、標(biāo)題、圖片、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)等,從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的鑒賞力,同時(shí)給學(xué)生提供范本和可能用到的詞句供他們運(yùn)用和模仿。在這一環(huán)節(jié)里,教師尤其要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生品味海報(bào)里的語(yǔ)言表達(dá),給出足夠的時(shí)間讓他們討論和醞釀自己的語(yǔ)句。
Step6. While-writing
Activity: Work in groups of 4 and design your best posters for Lao Wang to sell one of his green fruits. Each of the four should be assigned a concrete job such as deciding the heading, drawing the beautiful pictures and using the most attractive words and expressions.
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)是本節(jié)課的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一,經(jīng)過(guò)前面幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的層層鋪墊和語(yǔ)言輸入,來(lái)達(dá)到語(yǔ)言的有效輸出。要求學(xué)生把學(xué)到的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)運(yùn)用到做事中來(lái),體現(xiàn)學(xué)以致用的原則;在手段上采用小組合作分工的方式,激發(fā)學(xué)生的合作意識(shí),共同探究共同分享,感受成功和快樂(lè)。
Step7. Post-writing
Give the assessment of the works to the class and then ask some groups to show their works on the screen. Have comparisons of the presented works and then the teacher gives the exact and scientific evaluations.
Assessment Self(自評(píng)) Peer
(同伴互評(píng))
Content
(5) Does the poster have a clear structure(結(jié)構(gòu))? (2)
Does your poster include persuasive reasons?(2)
Do you draw any pictures?(1)
Grammar(2) Do you use tense correctly?(1)
Is your spelling correct?(1)
Language
(3) Do you use any good expressions learnt from this class?(1)
Do you use attractive and brief sentences?(2)
Total marks (10)
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:(1) 引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行自我評(píng)價(jià)和互評(píng),它不僅符合新課程所倡導(dǎo)的合作、交流和探究的學(xué)習(xí)理念,而且有益于學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)自我,樹(shù)立自信;有助于學(xué)生反思和調(diào)控自己的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程,從而促進(jìn)綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的不斷發(fā)展。
(2)教師一要給學(xué)生提供評(píng)價(jià)表,以便對(duì)自己的作品作出正確的評(píng)價(jià);二要運(yùn)用鼓勵(lì)和激勵(lì)性的語(yǔ)言給予綜合評(píng)價(jià),做到科學(xué)準(zhǔn)確,簡(jiǎn)潔明了,對(duì)學(xué)生有示范性的作用。
Step8. Summary
In this class we have made it clear what green food is and we have offered our help to Lao Wang to solve his problem by persuading customers to buy his products and making a poster for him. I really appreciate your job. Well done! I hope green food will be always on your dinner table and you will be always healthy with green food.
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:重點(diǎn)環(huán)節(jié)結(jié)束時(shí)總結(jié)話(huà)題可以幫助學(xué)生加深對(duì)本節(jié)課內(nèi)容的理解,讓學(xué)生回味本節(jié)課的活動(dòng),進(jìn)一步理清思路,結(jié)束本單元的學(xué)習(xí)。
九、板書(shū)設(shè)計(jì)
Unit2. Working the land
Using Language: Reading, Speaking and Writing
Advantages: a. healthy and safe for people’s health
b. grown with natural fertilizers
c. away from industrial areas and dirty water supplies
d. free from chemicals
Disadvantages: a. more expensive than other food which is not safe
b. green food doesn’t sell well
Useful expressions:
I would rather… I don’t like…because…
I’d prefer… because… It’s a great pity that…
Should I we …? It’s better to …
This is good value because… If I have a choice I’d choose…because…
What is the advantage of …? You need to…
十、作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
1. Please improve your poster and upload to the web : www.albaba.com .
設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:學(xué)生在課堂上學(xué)到的知識(shí)和獲得的能力,一旦被運(yùn)用到實(shí)際生活中去,會(huì)給他們帶來(lái)無(wú)窮的樂(lè)趣和極大的成就感,這將會(huì)激勵(lì)學(xué)生更加發(fā)奮學(xué)習(xí),取得更大的成功。
問(wèn)題研討
本節(jié)課一直圍繞綠色食品和老王的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售這條線(xiàn)展開(kāi),應(yīng)該說(shuō)作到了層層遞進(jìn),環(huán)環(huán)相扣,過(guò)渡緊湊,但課后還是覺(jué)得有些缺憾。
1. 本課的重點(diǎn)是寫(xiě),通過(guò)寫(xiě)前的各種鋪墊,實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言的有效輸出。但是學(xué)生的海報(bào)設(shè)計(jì)不論是版面還是語(yǔ)言表達(dá)仍不盡人意,有些簡(jiǎn)單。尤其是海報(bào)上語(yǔ)言表述依然幼稚平淡,似乎初中學(xué)生也能寫(xiě)出這樣的句子。這是否與教材本身的要求有關(guān)?
2.學(xué)生在對(duì)話(huà)這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)里,思路仍然沒(méi)有打開(kāi),僅局限于簡(jiǎn)單的一來(lái)一往的三兩個(gè)來(lái)回,語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)單不能深入話(huà)題,語(yǔ)言能力并未得到很大的拓展。
3.如何拓寬學(xué)生思維,使之能深入話(huà)題,從而提升學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言能力,仍然是今后口頭表達(dá)與寫(xiě)作教學(xué)的努力方向。
參考資料
陳琳 王嗇 程曉堂等:《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解讀》,北京師范大學(xué)出版社2002年版,第105頁(yè)。
廣東省教育廳教研室: 《英語(yǔ)優(yōu)秀教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)與案例》,廣東高等教育出版社2005年版,第141
浙江省教育廳:《浙江省普通高中新課程實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)科教學(xué)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》,浙江教育出版社2006年版,第49-51頁(yè)。
朱文英:《建構(gòu)主義理論指導(dǎo)下的綜合技能教學(xué)探索》,《中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)》2007年第4期
(本文在撰寫(xiě)過(guò)程中引用了2007年溫州市高中優(yōu)質(zhì)課比賽部分選手的材料,在此本人向這些選手表示誠(chéng)摯的謝意。)
本文經(jīng)整理發(fā)表在2007年12期《中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)》28-32頁(yè)上,歡迎同仁們指正。