牛津模塊6 Unit 3 全單元教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)(譯林牛津版高二英語(yǔ)選修六教案教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì))

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2016-11-2 編輯：互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版

Unit 3 Understanding each other

Part One Teaching Design

第一部分教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

Aims and requirements

Read an Internet chat room conversation and a travel brochure

Listen to a conversation about showing foreign visitors around a city

Talk about different cultures, traditions and taboos

Write a letter of apology

Make a reference book about the culture of a country

Procedures

● Welcome to the Unit

Step 1：Brainstorming

As we all know, different countries have different cultures and customs. Look at the following pictures. In which countries do people greet each other in the way like the people in each picture do? (Kiss: Some of the South American countries, Russia, France, Arab countries…; Shaking hands: Britain, China…)

In France, it is the custom to shake hands with people in the office every morning.

Step 2：Sharing information

Look at the following pictures and read the captions under them .

Can you match the ways of greeting with the countries?

Country/Area Ways of greeting

Holland putting their hands together and bowing slightly

Thailand kissing each other on one cheek and then the other

The USA greeting each other by touching noses

South America hugging each other

The Middle East shaking hands with each other

Japan bowing to each other

What about an Arab and a Japanese meeting for the first time? As a Chinese, if you are not familiar with greetings from other countries, what might happen?

(Maybe we would feel embarrassed; we might be involved in awkward situations like…)

Step 3: Discussion

1. Do you know of any other ways of greeting that people around the world use?

2. People in different countries greet each other in different ways. Why?

3. Can you think of any other customs that are different in different parts of the world?

Step 4: Homework

1. Search more information about different ways of greetings and some unique customs in some countries.

2. Prepare the Reading part.

Reading Cultural differences

Step 1: Lead-in

Many people like chatting on line, especially you students. You must have many e-pals.

What do you think of online chat?

Do you think it is really a good way to know more things and make more friends?

Have you ever experienced any funny things or awkward situations when chatting with your cyber friends?

Now, we will read an Internet chat room conversation. Surely you will know all about these after you read it. Sometimes online chat does benefit us a lot.

Step 2: Fast reading for general ideas

Go through the passage as quickly as possible and try to find answers to the three questions in part A on Page34. Just focus on and identify the information needed to answer these questions.

Answers

1. He is from Brunei.

2. He comes from UK.

3. No, they don’t. Only the Sultan and his family do.

Step 3: Detailed reading for important information.

1. Let’s read the passage again and complete Parts C1 and C2 on page 36.

Answers

C1 1. Thanksgiving Day is held to celebrate the first harvest after the European settlers went to live in the USA.

2. Turkey.

3. In the West, the polite time to open a present is when someone gives it to a person, because they like to see the person’s reaction.

4. Guests expect presents as a souvenir to remember the big day.

5. Alcohol.

6. In Brunel, you should use your thumb to point at things.

7. In both places, you should take off your shoes before going inside a house.

C2 4 7 3 1 2 6 5

Step 4: Practice

1. Let’s complete Part D (Refer to the text while complete part D)

Answers

D 1d 2c 3f 4g 5b 6e 7h 8a

2. Now, let’s read Ma Li’s diary about her chat room discussion. Fill in blanks with correct words.

E 1)traditions 2)Thanksgiving 3)harvest 4)Europe 5)celebrate

6)weddings 7)embarrassing 8) presents 9)rude 10) thumb

Step 5: Post-reading activities

1. Now let’s make up a dialogue by using the questions in Part F on Page 37. Work in pairs for a few minutes and then present your dialogue to the whole class.

2. There are also cultural differences in different English-speaking countries. For example:

Americans enjoy a good sense of humour; the British take a somewhat different view and believe a formal approach is the best way; the Australians are more informal and straightforward, often enjoying a good laugh and calling their close friends or new acquaintances by their first names.

3. Discussion:

What might happen if people had no idea of other countries’ cultures?

Do you think it might result in embarrassment on inconvenience?

What do you think about “culture shock”?

4. Do you know more information about cultural differences?

In most countries, nodding your head up and down means ‘yes’.

In some parts of Greece and Turkey, however, this motion can mean ‘no’.

In South-east Asia, nodding your head is a polite way of saying ‘I’ve heard you.’

In the United Stated, when someone puts his thumb up, it means ‘Everything is all right.’ However, in Sardinia of Italy and Greece, the gesture is insulting and should not be used there.

Step 6：Language Points

Vocabulary

Words

difference, accumulate, topic, native, accent, tradition,

celebration, settler, end-of-term, wedding, embarrassing, newly-wed, souvenir, clarify, participate, reception, bridegroom, bride, alcohol, drum, adjust, royal, analyse, excitement, misunderstand, summary, habit, custom, expectation, nationality, homeland, anyway, youth, wage, overseas, consultant, approval, ambition, incident, feast, pepper, proper, procedure, pocket, request, remark, religion, generally, certain, concern, greeting, slight, equally, tour, minority, swap, seal, account, bravery, mask, carve, spirit, claw, wolf, belief, ancestral, govern, steam, belong, plain, flat, power, peace, bow, arrow, retell, roast

Useful expressions

in celebration of, first finger, log off, some day, take up, give out, hold up, body language, shake hands, business card, take part in, hunt for, meet with, belong to, have power over

Sentence patterns 1. He gets quite excited whenever it comes to this topic.

2. If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking about!

3. Should you come to Brunei, you would have to take off your shoes….

Step 7: Homework

1. Finish Parts A1 and A2 on page 116 in the workbook.

2. Prepare the part Word Power.

● Word Power

Step 1: Brainstorming

Do you have any difficulty in remembering English words? What methods do you usually use in learning new words? Now I’ll give you some tips to learn and remember English vocabulary.

Remember the spelling of a word by its pronunciation.

Remember the spelling of a word by analyzing the formation of the word.

Remember the meaning of a word by making a sentence with it.

Remember the meaning of a word by studying the origin of the word.

English is one of the most widely-spoken languages in the world and it is used as the international working language in many places throughout the world. But where do the English language and all its words come from? Who invented so many new words? Is it possible that English borrowed words from other languages? If so, Can you give some examples?

Step 2: Vocabulary learning

1. Look at Part A. This is an online article about English words borrowed from other languages. Read the article and analyse how words are borrowed from other languages and used in the English language. Finish the following table.

Language Categories of words

French food, entertainment, jobs

German Tools, mechanical, equipment, snacks, geological terms

Italian music, the arts, the military

Arabic spices, chemicals, animals, food, mathematics

2. Look at Part B. It is a spidergram showing some of the words that have been borrowed from other languages and incorporated into English. Please add more examples if possible.

3. Part C serves as a strengthening exercise to check your ability to understand some new words and use them correctly. You should understand the passage and the exact meanings of these words first and then fill in the blanks correctly.

Answers

C (1) Italian (2) Arabic (3) food (4) restaurant (5) jobs (6) ballet (7)confetti

(8) colonel (9) clock (10) rocket (11) German (12) hamburger (13) alcohol (14) zero

4. In this passage (Part C), which words are borrowed from Italian? What was Italy famous for in the 18th century? What does the writer think of the Germans? Which words are borrowed from German? What were the Arabs great for?

Step 3: Vocabulary extension

Look at Part D. The idioms connect a characteristic with an animal or a thing. Read the idioms and guess the meaning of each of them.

Answers

D 1. slept like a dog 2. as cool as a cucumber 3. as poor as a church mouse

4. as busy as a bee 5. as strong as a horse

Step 4: Homework

1. Finish the two exercises on page 122 in Workbook.

2. Complete the e-mail in Part C.

● Grammar and Usage

Step 1: General introduction

The grammar items in this unit focus on unreal conditionals. Unreal conditionals are used to express a condition or situation that is not real or is imaginary. You should pay attention to the forms of the predicate verbs in different tenses when you use sentences in unreal conditionals. You are expected to use unreal conditionals and how to use unreal conditionals correctly.

Step 2: Explanation

1. Read the following sentences.

If my husband hadn’t been caught in the rain, he would not have got a fever.

Nothing would have happened to him if he had not visited his friend on Saturday

If I were you, I would not have visited the friend on Saturday.

In the above sentences, what has been said is unreal. The verb forms like these can also be

called the subjunctive. Can you find out in what cases the unreal conditionals are used? And can you say the sentences in another way, not using the unreal conditionals?

Sample answers

(1) My husband was caught in the rain, so he got a fever.

(2) He visited his friend on Saturday, so something happened to him.

(3) I am not you, so I visited the friend on Saturday.

2. Read Point 4 to see how to form unreal conditionals of the present, past of future time. Use the three structures to translate some sentences.

(1) 如果我是一個(gè)學(xué)生，我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)。

(2) 如果你昨天去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)的話，你將會(huì)遇到她了。

(3) 如果明天下雨的話，會(huì)議將會(huì)推遲。

Sample answers

(1) If I were a doctor, I would save her life without hesitation.

(2) If you had gone to the concert yesterday, you would have met her.

(3) If it rained tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

3. Please read Point 3 and you will find out only should, were or had can be used in the inversion. Change the following sentences into their normal order and compare the differences between the two types of sentences.

(1) Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go outing.

(2) Had you come earlier, you would have met my sister.

(3) Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.

Answers

(1) If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go outing.

(2) If you had come earlier, you would have met my sister.

(3) If you were to take the train, you would be there much sooner.

For reference

動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣--虛擬語(yǔ)氣

一、語(yǔ)氣的定義和種類

l、語(yǔ)氣：語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。

2、語(yǔ)氣的種類：

(1)陳述語(yǔ)氣: 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、確定的或符合事實(shí)的，用于陳述句、疑問(wèn)句和某些感嘆句。如：We are not ready. 我們沒(méi)準(zhǔn)備好。What a fine day it is! 多好的天氣啊!

(2)祈使語(yǔ)氣: 表示說(shuō)話人的建議、請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)、命令等。如: Open the door, please。請(qǐng)打開(kāi)門(mén)。

(3)虛擬語(yǔ)氣: 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！

二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件從句中的用法

條件句有兩類，一類是真實(shí)條件句，一類是虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)的情況是有可能發(fā)生的，就是真實(shí)條件何。在這種真實(shí)條件句中的謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我們就去公園。

如果假設(shè)的情況是過(guò)去或現(xiàn)在都不存在的，或?qū)?lái)不大可能發(fā)生的，則是虛擬條件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天見(jiàn)到你，他會(huì)問(wèn)你這件事的。(事實(shí)上他昨天沒(méi)見(jiàn)到你，因此也未能問(wèn)你這件事。)

在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣�，F(xiàn)將虛擬條件從句和主句的動(dòng)詞形式列表如下:

從句主句

與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式（be的過(guò)去式一般用were） would/ should/ could/ might + 動(dòng)詞原形

與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 had + 過(guò)去分詞 would/ should/ could/ might + have + 過(guò)去分詞

與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式，should + 動(dòng)詞原形，were to + 動(dòng)詞原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 動(dòng)詞原形

注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中，should常被would代替；從句中的should 可用于各種人稱。

l. 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在這兒, 一切都沒(méi)問(wèn)題了。

2. 表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建議去做，你一定不會(huì)(不可能)考試不及格。

3. 表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他們將不出去了。

4. 在條件句中如果出現(xiàn)were, had, should可省去if，將主語(yǔ)與這些詞倒裝，例如：

Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved.

Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.

Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.

For reference

Relative items in recent years’ college entrance examination:

1． I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word. (2001全國(guó))

A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left C. couldn't have left D. needn't leave

2．-How do you___ we go to Beijing for our holidays? (2004福建)

-I think we’d better fly there. It’s much more comfortable.

A. insist B. want C. suppose D. suggest

3. I have lost one of my gloves. I it somewhere.

A. must drop B. must have dropped

C. must be dropping D. must have been dropped

4. Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it ___ yesterday. (2006全國(guó)I)

A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened

5. _______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.

A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be

Keys: 1-5 BDBDB

Step 3: practice

1. Read the dialogue between Ma Li and Ye Fei on page 40 and fill in each blank with the proper verb form.

Answers

(1) went (2) would expect (3) went (4) would give (5) went

(6) would see (7) did (8) would be (9) had traveled (10) would have found

(11) went (12) would take (13) had (14) would join (15) would know

2. Read the instructions and the articles on page 41 and underline the sentences which use unreal conditionals.

Answers

In my youth, if I could have traveled to another country, I would have, but I had to work, as our family was very poor and needed another wage. That meant I could not finish my education. Ma Li, education is very important. A good education will help you succeed. Should you get into university in the future, you would have to go and take the opportunity. This will enable you to get a good job. Had I had the chance, I would have really enjoyed it. I think I would have studied Medicine. If you should get the chance to go overseas, then you should take it. I think it is very important to try to understand as much about the world as possible and travel helps you to do that. Hopefully you might become a successful business person or a consultant some day. Were you to do that, you would certainly have our approval and we would all be very proud of you. I am an ld man now, but I still have an ambition to travel to Beijing one day. Should I get to Beijing, I would visit the Forbidden City where the emperors once lived. But I wonder, Ma Li, had I had more opportunities when I was growing up, would I have been as happy as I am now?

Step 4: Consolidation

I. Multiple choice

1. If I ____ where he lived, I ____ a note to him.

A. knew, would B. had known, would have sent

C. know, would send D. knew, would have sent

2. Mary is ill today. If she _____, she ____ absent from school.

A. were not ill; wouldn' t be B. had been ill; wouldn't have been

C. had been ill; should have been D. hadn't been ill; could be

3. If you had enough money, what ________?

A. will you buy B. would you buy C. would you have bought D. will you have bought

4. Were I to do it, I ________ it some other way.

A. will do B. would do C. would have done D. were to do

5. I ________ him the answer ________ possible, but I was so busy then.

A. could tell; if it had been B. must have told; were it

C. should have told; had it been D. should have told; should it be

6. You didn't take his advice. ________ his advice, you ________ such a mistake.

A. Had you taken; wouldn't have made B. If you had taken; would make

C. Were you lo take; shouldn’ t have made D. Have you taken; won t have made

7. If he_____ , he ______ that food. ---- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.

A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken

C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken

8. I didn' t see your sister at the meeting. If she _________, she would have met my brother.

A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come

9. Jane would never have gone to the party ________ that Mary would come to see her.

A. has she known B. had she known C. if she know D. if she has known

10. I didn’t know his telephone number. ____ it, I ____ then.

A. Had I known, would ring him up B. Should I know, would have rung him up

C. If I knew; would ring him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up

II. Translation

1. 如果你聽(tīng)了醫(yī)生的話，你早就恢復(fù)健康了。

--------------------------------

2．如果沒(méi)有虛擬語(yǔ)氣，英語(yǔ)就容易多了。

3．如果她更加努力的話，她就成功了。

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4．萬(wàn)一他不來(lái)，你就代替他。

5．如果我是你，我就不回這個(gè)電話。

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6．如果我的女兒不忙的話，她就會(huì)來(lái)幫助你。

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Keys

I. 1-5 BACBC 6-10 ABDBD

II.

1. If you had listened to the doctor, you would have already recovered.

2. If there were no subjunctive mood, English would be much easier.

3. If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.

4. Should he not come, you would take his place.

5. If I were you, I wouldn't return the call.

6. Were my daughter not so busy, she would come to help you.

●Task Writing a letter to explain cultural misunderstandings

Skills building 1: completing a text

In this part, you will learn how to complete a text by listening. You are expected to learn what to do before and after listening and how to use the skills in practice.

1. Read the guidelines on page 42. Read the instructions out and make sure you understand the four tips about what you should do before you listen.

What is the first thing you need to do before listening? Why should we do this?

What should we do next?

How can we decide what the missing words probably are?

What is the fourth thing about?

2. What do you think we should do after we have finished a passage? (Proofread it to ensure that it makes sense and check whether there are any mistakes in it, include any spelling mistakes.) Remember that it is very important to review the text and make sure there are no mistakes or missing words.

Step 1: showing foreign visitors around

1. Go over the instructions to find out what you are going to do in Part A. Read the diary and try to guess what each of the missing words is by using the methods you have learnt in Skills building 1.

You can do this in pairs.

2. Listening practice: Listen to the recording and fill in the missing words. You may check your guesses at the same time.

Tapescript

Li Lin: Well, I think that was a great day. We showed the three visitors around Beijing and I think they enjoyed it. What were their names again?

Zhu Qing: Well, there was Mr Singh from India, Mr Takashi from Japan and Mr Hudson from the USA.

Li Lin: Yes, I thought it was a good day and we managed to visit quite a few places. We did have a few strange incidents though, didn’t?

Zhu Qing: Mmm, it was very odd how Mr Singh reacted when you held out your left hand. He wouldn’t shake hands with you!

Li Lin: Also, he got a bit upset in the restaurant and refused to try the black pepper beer on the menu. I thought most people liked black pepper beef. Perhaps he would have preferred beef and onions.

Zhu Qing: All the visitors I have taken to that restaurant before have really enjoyed it. Mr Takashi and Mr Hudson liked it. Mr Takashi seemed to have a really good time. He asked so many questions in the Forbidden City that I think I know the history very well now! He must have taken about a hundred photos in a day and he kept buying lots of gifts. Some were very expensive. One thing I noticed though was that he was always giving people his business card. He didn’t look very happy when I just put in my pocket. Also, it was very confusing when he kept making an okay sign. We just didn’t know what he wanted.

Li Lin: Mr Hudson thought the Summer Palace was amazing but he got a bit upset before we got on the boat. It was really a pain that he wanted to wait for the next boat as he thought the first one was too crowded. I thought there was plenty of space on it. Well, I suppose we should volunteer to show another set of visitors around next year---- at least we get to improve our English!

Answers

A: (1) three (2) strange (3) upset (4) shake hands (5) beef

(6) gifts (7) business cards (8) OK (9) crowded (10) space

3. Listen to the tape again and try to answer the following questions:

Which tourist attractions did the two students show the three foreigners around? (The Forbidden City and the Summer Palace.)

Why did the writer feel strange about Mr Singh? ( Because he looked upset when the writer

held out his left hand to shake hands with him.)

Where is Mr Singh from? ( He is from India.)

Where is Mr Takashi from? ( He’s from Japan.)

Do you think the OK sign made by Mr Takashi means ‘very good’ or ‘great’? (No.)

Why wouldn’t Mr Hudson get on the boat? (He thought it was too crowded.)

4. Read the first paragraph of Part B and find out what the word ‘taboo’ means. You can go back to the diary entry in Part A. Then read the rest of the article and circle the taboos in different cultures. Find out the reason why Mr Takashi did not look very happy when the student just put his business card in his pocket.

Answers

B: Paragraph 2

…, if you are from India, you may not eat beef because of your religion.

Paragraph 3

In India, it is impossible to shake hands or give someone something with your left hand. Japanese

people may bow and even give out their business cards to greet others and get upset if people do

not look at the cards carefully. So remember not to just put them in your pocket without looking.

5. Read the guidelines in Part C to know what you will do in this part. Listen to the recording to

get more information about cultural habits.

Tapescript

Teacher: From my experience, people from the USA often feel uncomfortable if people are in their ‘personal space’ ( about fifty centimeters around their body). But I heard that business people from Asia have a different idea about personal space and usually stand closer than some people from the USA might like. Latin Americans are the same, and like to greet their colleagues with a hug. I also noticed that in the USA, gift-giving is not part of the culture unlike in many other countries. I saw that gift-giving is very important in Japan and on a trip, Japanese people must bring back lots of gifts. There are also signs which mean different things in different countries. In the USA, an ‘OK’ sign is formed by touching the thumb to the index finger. This is a positive sign in the United Stated, but in France, the same sign means ‘zero’ or ‘worthless’ and in Japan, it is a request for small change.

Skills building 2: asking questions

1. There are many types of questions you can ask. They are as follows:

Do you know…?

Could you please tell me if/whether…?

Please tell me if/whether…

Who is…?

Please tell me his/her name.

When/Where did…?

Please tell me when/where…

How did…?

Do you know how to…?

Why did…?

Can you tell me the reason why…?

2. Read the guidelines on page 44. Make some sentences by using the correct question words.

Step 2: asking about cultural differences

1. Read the instructions to make sure you know what you are going to do. Work individually to form the eight questions in this part.

Answers

(1) What do some people from India not eat?

(2) Which hand shouldn’t be used to shake hands with or give things to people from India?

(3) What do Japanese people have to buy when they travel anywhere?

(4) What should you do when a Japanese person gives you a business card?

(5) What does the OK sign mean to Japanese people?

(6) Why do people from the USA not like crowded places?

2. Work in pairs to do the question-and-answer exercise according to what you have read in the magazine article on page 42 and what you have heard in the recording.

Answers

(1) Some people from India do not eat beef.

(2) The left hand shouldn’t be used to shake hands with or give things to people from India.

(3) When they travel anywhere, Japanese people have to buy many things.

(4) When a Japanese person gives you a business card, you should look at the card carefully.

(5) The OK sign means a request for some small change for Japanese people.

(6) People from the USA feel uncomfortable if others are in their ‘personal space’, which is about 50 centimetres around them.

Skills building 3: writing a letter of apology

In this part, you will read about how to write a letter of apology to explain misunderstandings.

1. There are differences between writing letters in Chinese and writing letters in English. In a formal English letter, you should first write your address and the date. Here is the format of a letter as an example. Sun Ting from Beijing Sunshine Secondary School wants to write a letter to her friend Tan Yi in Sunshine Town:

Beijing Sunshine

Secondary School

Sunshine Town

Beijing 100000

Date 10 June

Tan Yi

88 Sunny Street

Sunshine Town

Beijing 100000

Dear Tan Yi,

( Content of the letter)

Yours sincerely,

Sun Ting

2. If you want to make an apology, what do you usually say? (I apology for…; I want to apology for…)

What do we do if we want to write a letter of apology?

Should we give some explanations?

Step 3: explaining misunderstandings

In this part, you will use the information about taboos in different cultures in Steps 1 and 2, and use the skills you have learnt in Skills building 3 to write a letter to explain how the misunderstandings arose when you showed the three foreigners around Beijing.

1. Read the diary entry and the article in Step 1 again and then discuss in pairs what should be included in the letter. Choose one of the three visitors to write your letter of apology to.

2. Choose a recipient and write the letter of apology. Read your letter to the whole class and try to improve it.

●Project Making a reference book

Part A

1. Answer the following questions:

Every country has some or many ethnic groups. How many ethnic groups do we have in China?

Do you know any different cultures and customs between these groups? What about the ethnic groups in other countries in the world?

If you are to do some research on the cultures, traditions, customs and way of life of different minorities, which minority group will you focus on?

Do you know where you can find the information you need?

2. Scan and skim the four tours and find out in which countries these ethnic groups live. Read the travel brochure carefully and finish the table below.

Ethnic group In which country What to eat Where to live Specific events

Inuit Canada animals, birds and fish Igloos or tents have large summer gatherings

Aborigines Australia food from the bush like lizards and snakes have Aboriginal ceremonies,

play the didgeridoos and use boomerangs

Maoris New Zealand fish and sweet potatoes wooden houses do a dance called the Haka,

eat food cooked in underground ovens and go night fishing

American Indians The USA buffaloes roasted over an open fire teepees wear buffalo skin clothes and feather headdresses,

do a dance called the Sun Dance and hold a bow and arrow competition

3. Do Parts B1 and B2 on page in Workbook to practice using words and phrases learnt in the reading material.

Part B

1. Discuss the eight questions given in this part in groups. Decide which minority culture you want to research and what topics you want to focus on in your research and how to find the information you need. Divide the different tasks among your group members. Each group should make a reference book about an ethnic group with a different culture.

2. Present your reference book to the whole class.

3. Do Parts D1 and D2 on page 119 in Workbook.

●Self-assessment

This section aims to help you determine the progress you have made, what you have achieved and what else you can do to improve your English.

In this unit, 18 items are listed, each with a score of 5, making a total score of 90. These items cover the main study targets in this unit, such as skills in listening, speaking, reading and writing, the use of vocabulary and grammar items as well as doing activities in English. Through assessing yourselves as learners, you can evaluate how well you have achieved the goals in this unit.

The colour bar with five levels shows how confident you yourselves feel about what you have learned. In part A, some items are presented to you and you are asked to check how well you think you’ve developed these skills. Each item corresponds to something you’ve learnt in this unit. For example, by finishing Step 3 on page 45 without any difficulty, you’ll know whether you are able to write a letter of apology. You have the opportunity to evaluate your own skills and abilities in English. If you feel very confident about one item, you get a score of 5. If you feel slightly confident about another item, you get a score of 2. By adding up all the scores you get and dividing it by the total number of items, you’ll get a percentage, which shows your overall level. If you feel there are some items you are not confident about or just slightly confident about, you can think about how to improve on them. In Part B, you are asked to make an action plan, so you will know what to do and how to take some effective measures to improve your confidence.

Part Two Teaching Resources

第二部分教學(xué)資源

●Section 1 A text structure analysis of Cultural difference

I. A tree diagram of the text

II. A retold version of the text

Ma Li has to do her homework on cultural differences. So she goes online to chat with others and find some information she needs.

She gets to know English and American people have unbelievable differences in culture even though they both speak English. For example, the British may be puzzled when Americans talk about Thanksgiving and the huge turkey they eat. There are different reactions in the West and the East when they get presents. Westerners like to open them as soon as they get one. Though there are similarities between wedding traditions in the west, there are also differences between different western countries. In Italy, guests expect to get presents from the newly-weds while the guests are expected to give presents to them in the UK. In Brunei, a male guest has to sit with the bridegroom and the other men and a female guest has to be with the bride and the other women in a different area. What’s more, if you go to Brunei, you should point with your thumb instead of your index finger. You shouldn’t wear yellow. Either.

So remember when in Rome, do as the Romans do.

III. Translation of reading and project

Reading

文化差異

馬莉：嗨，大家好。我的名字叫馬莉。我是個(gè)來(lái)自北京的女孩。今天我想跟大家聊-聊，盡量積累更多有關(guān)文化差異方面的知識(shí)，因?yàn)槲乙瓿梢粋€(gè)有關(guān)文化差異方面的家庭作業(yè)。

瓦利德：嗨，馬莉，我是來(lái)自文萊的瓦利德。這是-個(gè)非常有趣的話題。在我們文萊的這個(gè)學(xué)校里我們總是在體驗(yàn)文化差異，因?yàn)槲覀冇袔孜灰杂⒄Z(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)教師。其中一位來(lái)自美國(guó)，另外兩位來(lái)自英國(guó)。雖然他們說(shuō)的是同-種語(yǔ)言(只是帶有不同的口音)，在文化方面卻有著令人難以置信的差異。

馬莉：真的嗎?

瓦利德：是的，你可以從美國(guó)教師和英國(guó)教師各自的傳統(tǒng)上發(fā)現(xiàn)文化差異的例子。我們的美國(guó)教師總是談?wù)摳卸鞴?jié)和他們?cè)诟卸鞴?jié)上吃的大火雞。每當(dāng)談到這個(gè)話題時(shí)他就格外興奮。而英國(guó)教師就不知道對(duì)方在談些什么，也不知道為什么要過(guò)感恩節(jié)。

馬莉：嗯，我也不知道。

瓦利德：哦，感恩節(jié)當(dāng)初與從歐洲遷居美國(guó)大陸的首批移民遷居后慶祝他們的第一個(gè)豐收有關(guān)。

彼得：嗨，瓦利德，我發(fā)現(xiàn)你又在開(kāi)講座了!這次是什么話題呢?

瓦利德：哦，你好，彼得。嗯，要是你在十分鐘前就進(jìn)入聊天室的話，你就知道我們?cè)谡勑┦裁戳? 我只不過(guò)是在告訴馬莉有關(guān)文化之間的差異。

彼得：嗨，馬莉，見(jiàn)到你很高興。我來(lái)自英國(guó)。我猜想瓦利德已經(jīng)告訴你關(guān)于那位英國(guó)老師在期末典禮上一收到禮物馬上就打開(kāi)的事情了吧?

馬莉：不，他還沒(méi)有說(shuō)呢，不過(guò)，我的美國(guó)朋友杰克就是這么做的。

彼得：嗯，西方人都是這么做的。當(dāng)有人送給你一份禮物時(shí)，你不打它是很不禮貌的行為。我們喜歡看到對(duì)方對(duì)禮物的反應(yīng)。我們覺(jué)得，不打開(kāi)禮物的做法非常奇怪!嘿，你知道嗎，盡管西方的婚禮傳統(tǒng)有很多相似之處，如拋灑五彩紙屑，但不同的西方國(guó)家往婚禮方面也還是有差別的。一旦出錯(cuò)可能會(huì)非常尷尬!在意大利參加婚禮和在英國(guó)參加婚禮是不-樣的。在英國(guó)，客人應(yīng)該給新人禮物；而在意大利，新人要給來(lái)賓禮物作為紀(jì)念，讓大家記住這個(gè)重要的日子。

馬莉：所以，說(shuō)得更清楚一些，如果我在英國(guó)結(jié)婚，我會(huì)得到客人的禮物；而如果我在意大利結(jié)婚，我得給客人禮物。真有趣!在中國(guó)，我們總是大辦筵席來(lái)慶祝婚禮。

瓦利德：有意思!在文萊，如果男士參加一個(gè)婚禮招待會(huì)，他得和新郎以及其他男士坐在一起。新娘和其他女土得坐在不同的區(qū)域。還有-個(gè)區(qū)別是：我們?cè)诨槎Y上提供食物、軟飲料、茶和咖啡，但沒(méi)有白酒!而且，你很可能睡不了什么覺(jué)，因?yàn)槲覀冞B續(xù)好幾個(gè)小時(shí)擊鼓慶祝婚禮------有時(shí)候通宵!

彼得：通宵?

瓦利德：是的，我們這里的人都已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了。

馬莉：那么，在你們國(guó)家還有哪些事情與別的國(guó)家不一樣呢，瓦利德?

瓦利德：嗯，你知道，在很多國(guó)家人們用食指來(lái)指東西。我們覺(jué)得這樣的做法是粗魯?shù)模晕覀冇么竽粗竵?lái)指東西。看新來(lái)的外教努力適應(yīng)這個(gè)動(dòng)作的樣子很是滑稽。哦，還有，如果你來(lái)到文萊，你不能穿著黃顏色的衣服。

馬莉：為什么呢?

瓦利德：因?yàn)辄S顏色是皇室的顏色，只有蘇丹與其家人能夠穿著黃顏色。還有一件事是，如果你來(lái)到文萊，你進(jìn)別人家門(mén)之前得脫鞋!

馬莉：這和中國(guó)城市里的習(xí)俗是一樣的!所以，彼得，如果你去文萊或者中國(guó)的城市，你要記得在進(jìn)入別人的房子之前先脫鞋!好了，各位，我要下線了。今天的聊天真的很有趣。我想現(xiàn)在我對(duì)不同的文化以及什么是恰當(dāng)?shù)男袨榉绞接辛烁嗟牧私�。這確實(shí)對(duì)我的作業(yè)有幫助!我希望我們大家以后能夠再次聊天。畢竟，了解文化差異是更多地了解對(duì)方的-個(gè)好辦法。祝大家愉快!

Project

民族風(fēng)情體驗(yàn)之旅--與眾不同的旅游公司。我們?cè)敢饨o您提供機(jī)會(huì)，讓您接觸不同的少數(shù)民族文化，親身體驗(yàn)他們的傳統(tǒng)、風(fēng)俗和生活方式。

路線1--囚紐特體驗(yàn)游

這是一個(gè)和加拿大努納維特區(qū)的因紐特人面對(duì)面的機(jī)會(huì)。同因紐特人相處的日子里，你將有機(jī)會(huì)乘坐狗拉雪橇、劃海豹皮制成的皮筏子。

如果你不吃肉，那本次旅行就不適合你了，因?yàn)橐蚣~特人的主食就是動(dòng)物、鳥(niǎo)和龜。這就意味著他們需要四出活動(dòng)以采集食物。當(dāng)他們?cè)诒睒O圈最南端的時(shí)候，游客將加入他們。你將居住在雪塊砌成的拱形圓頂小屋里，或是居住在帳篷里，穿著用動(dòng)物毛皮縫制的衣服。

因紐特人通常按照小的家庭單位居住和生活，但會(huì)舉行大型夏日聚會(huì)，大家享受豐盛的食物、舉行慶祝活動(dòng)，同時(shí)相互講故事。你將有機(jī)會(huì)參加一個(gè)這樣的大型聚會(huì)活動(dòng)。你還有機(jī)會(huì)參加擊鼓和跳舞，聆聽(tīng)他們傳統(tǒng)的英勇的故事，還可以參與游戲項(xiàng)目!跳舞的時(shí)候，他們或許還會(huì)邀請(qǐng)你戴上一個(gè)特別的專門(mén)用來(lái)跳動(dòng)物舞蹈的面具，這個(gè)面具通常是用木頭雕刻而成的。因紐特人相信動(dòng)物靈魂。他們的珠寶都是用貓頭鷹的爪子、狼的骨頭和鳥(niǎo)的頭蓋骨做成的，你將有機(jī)會(huì)親手做一些這種不同尋常的珠寶。

路線2--澳大利亞土著歷險(xiǎn)之旅

本次旅行的目的地是澳大利亞的卡喀杜，其中包括要在卡喀杜一個(gè)土著村莊逗留三天。在這里，你將有機(jī)會(huì)目睹基于古老的土著信仰之上的、人們又唱又跳的土著儀式。澳大利亞土著相信，是 “太祖神靈”創(chuàng)造了地球上所有的人、動(dòng)物、植物和鳥(niǎo)類。他們相信，“太祖神靈”將人、植物和鳥(niǎo) 類安置在不同的地方，制定規(guī)則和律法來(lái)管理他們。這些土著儀式有時(shí)可持續(xù)好幾個(gè)小時(shí)之久。

土著人從周?chē)墓嗄緟仓胁杉澄�，常常深入洞穴里捕獵大型蜥蜴和蛇。你將有機(jī)會(huì)品嘗一些非常奇怪的食物!本次旅行過(guò)程中你還會(huì)了解到澳大利亞土著樂(lè)器，比如迪吉里杜管，以及他們使用的狩獵武器之-回飛鏢。

路線3--神秘的毛利人

新西蘭現(xiàn)為毛利民族的家園。據(jù)信毛利人來(lái)自太平洋的波利尼西亞群島。他們給新西蘭帶來(lái)了在歌舞、雕刻和編織方面有豐富內(nèi)涵的波利尼西亞文化。毛利人信仰多神教，如信仰森林之神和海洋之神。人們通過(guò)歌舞的形式來(lái)紀(jì)念諸神。

毛利人有一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的聚會(huì)房舍，他們?cè)谶@里歡迎客人的到來(lái)。這將是你會(huì)見(jiàn)毛利人并參加其哈卡舞的地方。

你將住在羅吐魯阿地區(qū)當(dāng)?shù)匾粦羧思业哪疚堇铩Ｔ谀抢�，你將品嘗到魚(yú)以及用葉子包裹起來(lái)然后在滾熱的石頭上蒸煮的紅薯。你將有機(jī)會(huì)吃到用地鍋?zhàn)龀傻氖澄�。你還有機(jī)會(huì)在夜晚出去捕魚(yú)。

路線4--美洲印第安土著歷險(xiǎn)之旅

美洲印第安土著民族有許多不同的部落。在本次行程中，你將參觀北美洲中部的-個(gè)部落。他們被稱為平原印第安人，因?yàn)樗麄兩钤诤跆归_(kāi)闊的土地上。平原印第安人信奉至上神，至上神對(duì)包括動(dòng)物、樹(shù)木、石頭和云彩在內(nèi)的一切擁有控制權(quán)。

你會(huì)睡在一個(gè)特別的帳篷里，這是一個(gè)印第安人用樹(shù)皮或獸皮制成的圓錐形帳篷，你將穿著用北美野牛皮縫制的衣服，戴著用羽毛制成的頭飾。你還會(huì)參加拜日舞，拜日舞是-個(gè)非常重要的儀式，在那里你還會(huì)見(jiàn)到土著人抽和平煙斗。你還會(huì)看到射箭比賽，這個(gè)比賽的目的是為了重新講述過(guò)去的平原印第安人是如何狩獵的。你吃的食物將會(huì)有在戶外燒烤的野牛肉。

● Section 2 Background information about Cultural differences

I. April Fool’s Day-History, Traditions and more

Unlike most of the other nonfoolish holidays, the history of April Fool's Day, sometimes called All Fool's Day, is not totally clear. There really wasn't a "first April Fool's Day" that can be pinpointed on the calendar. Some believe it sort of evolved simultaneously in several cultures at the same time, from celebrations involving the first day of spring.

The closest point in time that can be identified as the beginning of this tradition was in 1582, in France. Prior to that year, the new year was celebrated for eight days, beginning on March 25. The celebration culminated on April 1. With the reform of the calendar under Charles IX, the Gregorian Calendar was introduced, and New Year's Day was moved to January 1.

However, communications being what they were in the days when news traveled by foot, many people did not receive the news for several years. Others, the more obstinate crowd, refused to accept the new calendar and continued to celebrate the new year on April 1. These backward folk were labeled as "fools" by the general populace. They were subject to some ridicule, and were often sent on "fools errands" or were made the butt of other practical jokes.

This harassment evolved, over time, into a tradition of prank-playing on the first day of April. The tradition eventually spread to England and Scotland in the eighteenth century. It was later introduced to the American colonies of both the English and French. April Fool's Day thus developed into an international fun festival, so to speak, with different nationalities specializing in their own brand of humor at the expense of their friends and families.

Mexico's counterpart of April Fool's Day is actually observed on December 28. Originally, the day was a sad remembrance of the slaughter of the innocent children by King Herod. It eventually evolved into a lighter commemoration involving pranks and trickery.

Pranks performed on April Fool's Day range from the simple, (such as saying, "Your shoe's untied!), to the elaborate. Setting a roommate's alarm clock back an hour is a common gag. Whatever the prank, the trickster usually ends it by yelling to his victim, "April Fool!"

Practical jokes are a common practice on April Fool's Day. Sometimes, elaborate practical jokes are played on friends or relatives that last the entire day. The news media even gets involved. For instance, a British short film once shown on April Fool's Day was a fairly detailed documentary about "spaghetti farmers" and how they harvest their crop from the spaghetti trees.

April Fool's Day is a "for-fun-only" observance. Nobody is expected to buy gifts or to take their "significant other" out to eat in a fancy restaurant. Nobody gets off work or school. It's simply a fun little holiday, but a holiday on which one must remain forever vigilant, for he may be the next April Fool!

II. 文化震撼與調(diào)適

「文化震撼」（Culture Shock）主要是來(lái)自于兩個(gè)不同文化差異而引起。可以發(fā)生在任何時(shí)候，任何新環(huán)境。很多時(shí)候，「文化震撼」會(huì)引起身體上的一些癥狀：如頭痛、胃囗不好、睡眠失調(diào)或者心理上的焦慮、沮喪。

幾乎每一個(gè)留學(xué)生都經(jīng)驗(yàn)過(guò)文化震撼, 其實(shí)文化震撼并不是指突發(fā)一次即結(jié)束的 "shock" 的感覺(jué)，而是在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，密集式的有強(qiáng)有弱的震驚，倉(cāng)惶和被沖擊到的感覺(jué)。過(guò)去的文化背景和新文化差異愈大時(shí)，震撼的感覺(jué)會(huì)愈強(qiáng)且愈密集。文化震撼到結(jié)束，其實(shí)就是一個(gè)適應(yīng)新文化的過(guò)程。對(duì)留學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，它通常有四個(gè)階段：

1.抵美初期：這時(shí)候最急著學(xué)習(xí)、認(rèn)識(shí)新環(huán)境、找尋住所、安排生活、選課和練習(xí)英文。整個(gè)

人充滿熱情和自信，急著安頓下來(lái)，同時(shí)又想趕快嘗試許多事情。

2.蜜月期：你開(kāi)始慢慢習(xí)慣新的環(huán)境時(shí)，適應(yīng)的「蜜月期」就開(kāi)始了。在這階段，常常會(huì)覺(jué)得美國(guó)好多地方都「好好！」

3.震撼期：隨著你更深入的接觸美國(guó)文化，蜜月期就快結(jié)束了，而震撼期接著開(kāi)始。這個(gè)階段最主要的特色就是困惑和不舒服（包括生理和心理）。這時(shí)特別要注意身體健康，保持均衡飲食和適度運(yùn)動(dòng)。你必須試著調(diào)整自己，度過(guò)文化震撼。以下建議或許有些幫助：（1）保持你自己的觀點(diǎn)；（2）重新評(píng)估你的期望；（3）敞開(kāi)胸懷并培養(yǎng)敏銳的觀察力（4）不要退縮：埋在書(shū)堆不是最好解決問(wèn)題的方法，你必須去接觸人、接觸生活；（5）加強(qiáng)英文；（6）學(xué)會(huì)感謝；（7）找尋幫助。

4.恢復(fù)期

III 一般及社交禮儀

入境就要隨俗，了解一些一般的美式生活禮儀是必要的，免得在各種場(chǎng)合里，做出不合宜的舉動(dòng)，使自己或?qū)Ψ綄擂巍?/p>

1.一般禮儀：

一般而言，美國(guó)人在日常生活起居是大而化之，不講俗套；和陌生人打打招呼，不見(jiàn)得便是想和你做友；一場(chǎng)愉快的交談，不見(jiàn)得會(huì)變成知心莫逆，只有主動(dòng)接觸，以愉快的心情應(yīng)對(duì)。以下是一些一般禮儀提供參考：

（1）常面帶微笑，碰到認(rèn)識(shí)的朋友時(shí)，主動(dòng)的問(wèn)候?qū)Ψ�，別人問(wèn)候你，也要反問(wèn)候?qū)Ψ�，表示關(guān)心。

（2）說(shuō)話時(shí)語(yǔ)氣誠(chéng)懇、態(tài)度大方，當(dāng)別人問(wèn)候你時(shí)，回答盡量簡(jiǎn)潔。

（3）多贊美對(duì)方。

（4）到別人家作客時(shí)，有機(jī)會(huì)就要「贊不絕囗」。

（5）要注意自己的儀容整潔。

（6）別忘了說(shuō)「Excuse me」，「Please」和「Thank You」。

2.社交禮儀：

（1）時(shí)間觀念：約會(huì)應(yīng)準(zhǔn)時(shí)，如赴宴則最好遲到幾分鐘；如果早主人先到，反而失禮。若有緊急狀況無(wú)法準(zhǔn)時(shí)赴約，必須電話通知和解釋，絕不可無(wú)疾而終，隨意放人空等。

（2）赴宴：美國(guó)人會(huì)常說(shuō)「隨時(shí)來(lái)找我」，有些邀約是相當(dāng)誠(chéng)懇的，但拜訪前仍應(yīng)事先電話連系，確定時(shí)間，以免自己的「隨時(shí)」而造成別人的不便。

（3）餐桌禮節(jié)：

a.餐巾用來(lái)拭嘴，切忌用來(lái)擦手或餐具。

b.注意使用刀叉順序，以及叉匙性質(zhì)。

c.刀叉斜放盤(pán)緣，表示尚在用餐之中；若完全放在盤(pán)中，則表示已使用完畢。

d.鹽、胡椒瓶倘離座遠(yuǎn)，不可伸手去取，而須請(qǐng)隔座代勞遞送。

e.上甜點(diǎn)或咖啡時(shí)，主人可開(kāi)始致詞，主賓亦可利用此時(shí)答謝。

（4）行路乘車(chē)：

行路一般以右為尊，女士同行，男士應(yīng)走左邊，出入應(yīng)為女士推門(mén)。搭車(chē)時(shí)，車(chē)主駕車(chē)，前座為尊，馀則以后座右側(cè)為尊。自己開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)須先為客人開(kāi)車(chē)門(mén)，等坐定后始上車(chē)啟動(dòng)。

IV美國(guó)重要節(jié)日

節(jié)日通常有其特殊的文化背景，節(jié)日的儀式也有其特殊的意義。一年中，美國(guó)人按照傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣要?dú)g度許多節(jié)日，慶祝方式各不相同。根據(jù)時(shí)間先后，主要節(jié)日有：

1.新年（New Year's Day）：

一月一日美國(guó)人過(guò)新年，但最熱鬧的是除夕晚上。

2.情人節(jié)（St. Valentine's Day）：

二月十四日，是情侶們交換禮物，表示愛(ài)意的歡樂(lè)節(jié)日。

3.圣派克節(jié)（St. Patrick's Day）：

三月十七日，紀(jì)念愛(ài)爾蘭（Ireland）守護(hù)神圣派克。

4.復(fù)活節(jié)（Easter）：

復(fù)活節(jié)是基督教紀(jì)念耶穌復(fù)活的一個(gè)宗教節(jié)日。每年春分過(guò)去，第一次月圓后的第一個(gè)星期日就是復(fù)活節(jié)。如果月圓那天正好是星期日，復(fù)活節(jié)將延遲一周舉行。彩蛋和兔子是復(fù)活節(jié)的象徵。復(fù)活節(jié)的傳統(tǒng)食品主要有羊肉和火腿。

5.陣亡將士紀(jì)念日（Memorial Day）：

陣亡將士紀(jì)念日是美國(guó)大多數(shù)州都要紀(jì)念的節(jié)日，許多州將它訂在五月的最后一個(gè)星期一。

6.獨(dú)立日（Independence Day）：

獨(dú)立日即美國(guó)的國(guó)慶節(jié)，日期為七月四日，以紀(jì)念一七七六年七月四日大陸會(huì)議通過(guò)「獨(dú)立宣言」。

7.勞動(dòng)節(jié)（Labor Day）：勞動(dòng)節(jié)是美國(guó)全國(guó)性節(jié)日，為九月的第一個(gè)星期一，放假一天，以示對(duì)勞工的尊重，通常各地會(huì)有游行活動(dòng)。

8.萬(wàn)圣節(jié)（Halloween）：

萬(wàn)圣節(jié)（All Saints' Day）是西方的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，時(shí)間為十月卅一日。萬(wàn)圣節(jié)前夜，孩子們裝扮成妖魔鬼怪，手提「杰克燈」，跑到鄰居家門(mén)前，高聲喊著：「Trick or Treat」，不給糖果的鄰居就會(huì)遭到小孩的惡作劇，學(xué)校通常也有慶祝萬(wàn)圣節(jié)的化妝晚會(huì)。

9.感恩節(jié)（Thanksgiving Day）：

十一月的最后一個(gè)星期四是感恩節(jié)。

10.圣誕節(jié)（Christmas）：

十二月二十五日圣誕節(jié)，紀(jì)念耶穌誕辰，是美國(guó)最大最熱鬧的節(jié)日。

V. 阿拉伯國(guó)家之禁忌

莫夸獎(jiǎng)任一中東國(guó)家, 不能雙手交叉著說(shuō)話, 洋娃娃不能當(dāng)禮物, 禁穿有星星圖案的衣服, 不送酒

VI. Valentine's Day

St. Valentine's Day has roots in several different legends that have found their way to us through the ages. One of the earliest popular symbols of the day is Cupid（愛(ài)神丘比特）, the Roman god of love, who is represented by the image of a young boy with bow and arrow.

　　February 14 was also a Roman holiday, held in honor of a goddess. Young men randomly chose the name of a young girl to escort to the festivities. The custom of choosing a sweetheart on this date spread through Europe in the Middle Ages, and then to the early American colonies. Throughout the ages, people also believed that birds picked their mates on February 14!

Whatever the odd mixture of origins, St. Valentine's Day is now a day for sweethearts. It is the day that you show your friend or loved one that you care. You can send candy to someone you think is special. Or you can send roses, the flower of love.

　　Americans of all ages love to send and receive valentines.

　　For teenagers and adults, major newspapers throughout the country have a Valentine's Day offer. Anyone can send in a message, for a small fee of course, destined for a would-be sweetheart, a good friend, an acquaintance or even a spouse of fifty years. The message is printed in a special section of the newspaper on February 14.

●Section 3 Words and expressions from Reading

●Welcome to the unit

1. Look at the pictures below and discuss the following questions with your partner. (P33)看下面的圖畫(huà), 并與你的搭檔討論下面的問(wèn)題.

1) below

adv. 1) at or to a lower level, position or place 在或向較低處

She looked down from the mountain to the valley below.

2) under the surface 在地下

The captain told the sailors to go below.

prep. Lower than; under 在…下;低于

Children below the age of 16 are not allowed to enter.

2) following

adj. next (to be mentioned) 隨后的

The child was sick in the evening, but on the following day he seemed well again.

prep. after an event or as a result of 在…之后

Following the speech, there will be a few minutes for questions.

2. In the Middle East, Arabs greet each other by touching noses. (P33) 在中東, 阿拉伯人的見(jiàn)面禮是互相碰鼻子.

touch

vt. 1) be or come together with 9sth. else) so that there is no space between 接觸,觸及

One of the branches was touching the water.

2) make (sb./sb.s feelings) sympathetic or sad 感動(dòng)(某人); 觸動(dòng)(某人的感情)

We were all deeply touched by his tragic experience.

touch用作名詞的相關(guān)短語(yǔ):

get in touch with 與…取得聯(lián)系

keep in touch with 與…保持聯(lián)系

lose touch with 與…失去聯(lián)系

out of touch with 與…不聯(lián)系

●Reading--- Cultural differences

1. Today I would like to talk to you guys and try to accumulate some more information about cultural differences because I have to do a piece of homework on cultural differences. (P34) 今天我想和伙計(jì)們談?wù)? 并想搜集更多的關(guān)于文化差異的信息.因?yàn)槲冶仨毻瓿梢环蓐P(guān)于文化差異的家庭作業(yè).

accumulate

vt. &vi. 1) gradually get or gather together an increasing number or quantity of sth. 積累,聚集

By investing wisely she accumulates a fortune.

2) increase in number or quality 增加

Dust or dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.

2. This is a very interesting topic. (P34) 這是個(gè)很有趣的話題.

topic

n. (c) a subject which is discussed, written about or studied:

Our discussion ranged over various topics, such as acid rain and the hole in the ozone layer.

注意比較:

theme

n. (c) the main subject of a talk, book, film, etc. or a short, simple tune on which a piece of music is based: 主題

The theme of loss runs through most of his novels.

title (NAME)

n. (c) the name of a film, book, painting, piece of music, etc: 題目

The title of Evelyn Waugh's first novel was 'Decline and Fall'.

And this next record is the title track on the album 'The Red Shoes' (= the piece of music and the

record are both called 'The Red Shoes').

3. Here at my school in Brunei, we experience cultural differences all the time because we have some native English teachers. (P34) 在文萊, 我們?cè)趯W(xué)校里一直能體會(huì)到文化差異, 因?yàn)槲覀冇袔孜灰杂⒄Z(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的老師.

all the time 一直

The letter I was searching for was in my pocket all the time.

相關(guān)短語(yǔ):

at all times 隨時(shí); 永遠(yuǎn) at one time 一度; 從前

at a time 每次; 依次 at the time 在那時(shí)

at times 有時(shí); 間或 behind time 遲, 晚

ahead of time 提前 for the time being 暫且

in time 及時(shí); 遲早,最后 once upon a time 從前

on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí) take one’s time 慢慢來(lái)

相關(guān)高考試題

----Can the project be finished as planned?

----Sure, ______ it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day. （2005福建）

A. having got B. to get C. getting D. get

答案：B

4. He gets quite excited whenever it comes to this topic.（P34）一談到這個(gè)話題，他就很興奮。

get excited (變得)興奮起來(lái)

He got excited when he heard the news.

Note:（1）get+ p.p. 使自己處于某種狀態(tài)和情況；或表被動(dòng)意義。如：

get dressed 穿上 get married 結(jié)婚

get burnt 燒傷，曬黑了 get paid 得以付錢(qián)

get drunk 喝醉酒 get started 開(kāi)始

（2）get + adj. 表示達(dá)到某種狀態(tài)或情況

get well/bored/hungry/worried/fat/fit/cold, etc.

come to

1) to reach a particular point or state:

His hair comes right down to his shoulders.

He's tiny, he doesn't even come up to my chest!

And now I come to (= I will mention) my main point.

The war had just come to an end (= ended).

2) to be a particular total when numbers or amounts are added together:

That comes to 25.

3) If you come to a decision, arrangement etc., you make a decision or decide what to think about sth.:

We haven't come to a decision on the matter yet.

Have you come to any conclusions about the story yet?

4)to become conscious again after an accident or operation:

Has he come to yet?

5) If a thought or idea comes to you, you suddenly remember or start to think about it:

I can't remember his name - it'll come to me in a minute.

相關(guān)高考試題

Most of us know we should cut down on fat, but knowing such things isn’t much help when it ______ shopping and eating. (2006天津)

A. refers to B. speaks of C. focuses on D. comes to

答案：D.

5. I suppose Waled has already told you about the British teacher who opened the present as soon as he was given it at the end-of-term ceremony? （P34）我想威得已經(jīng)告訴了你關(guān)于那位在期末典禮上將收到的禮物立刻就打開(kāi)了的英國(guó)老師的事了吧？

suppose

vt. 1) to think that sth. is likely to be true:

[+ (that)] I couldn't get any reply when I called Dan, so I suppose (that) he's gone out.

He found it a lot more difficult to get a job than he supposed it would be.

[+ (that)] Do you suppose (that) Gillian will marry him?

It is widely supposed (that) the minister will be forced to resign.

[+ to infinitive] We all supposed him to be German, but in fact he was Swiss.

Her new book is supposed to be (= generally people think it is) very good.

2) [+ (that)] used in making polite requests:

I don't suppose (that) you could/I suppose you couldn't lend me 5 till tomorrow, could you?

Note: be supposed to 相當(dāng)于 should

6. The British teachers didn’t know what he was talking about or what Thanksgiving was held in celebration of. (P34) 來(lái)自英國(guó)的老師不知道他在談?wù)撌裁? 也不知道感恩節(jié)是為慶祝什么而舉行的.

in celebration of: in order to celebrate

celebrate

vi.&vt. to take part in special enjoyable activities in order to show that a particular occasion is important:

We always celebrate our wedding anniversary by going out to dinner.

If this plan works, we'll celebrate in style (= in a special way).

celebration

n. [C or U] a special social event, such as a party, when you celebrate sth. or the act of celebrating sth.:

There were lively New Year celebrations all over town.

Such good news calls for (= deserves) a celebration!

Let's buy some champagne in celebration of her safe arrival.

注意比較:

celebrate表“慶�！�，賓語(yǔ)是事，即后接sth. 其名詞構(gòu)成的詞組為：have/hold a celebration(舉行慶祝會(huì))in celebration of…（為了慶�！�

congratulate表“祝賀”其賓語(yǔ)是受到祝賀的人，可組成短語(yǔ)congratulate sb. on sth./doing…

名詞congratulation可構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)congratulations to sb. on sth./doing…

7. In the UK, the guests are expected to give presents to the newly-weds, but in Italy, the newly-weds are expected to give their guests presents as a souvenir to remember the big day. (P35) 在英國(guó), 客人通常要送禮物給新婚夫婦, 而在意大利,新婚夫婦要給客人門(mén)贈(zèng)送禮物作為記住這一個(gè)重要日子的紀(jì)念品.

expect

vt. 1) to think or believe sth. will happen, or someone will arrive:

We are expecting a lot of applicants for the job.

[+ (that)] I expect (that) you'll find it somewhere in your bedroom.

I expect (that) he'd have left anyway.

[+ to infinitive] He didn't expect to see me.

The financial performance of the business is fully expected (= almost certain) to improve.

We were half expecting you not to come back.

2) to think that someone should behave in a particular way or do a particular thing:

I expect punctuality from my students.

[+ to infinitive] Borrowers are expected to (= should) return books on time.

expected

adj. [before noun]

The expected counter-attack never happened.

expectancy

n. [U] when you think that sth. exciting or pleasant is going to happen:

There was a general air of expectancy in the crowd.

expectation

n. 1) [C usually plural] when you expect good things to happen in the future:

The holiday lived up to all our expectations (= was as good as we were expecting).

I have high expectations for this job (= I believe it will be good).

We did so well - beyond all (= better than) our expectations.

I think she had unrealistic expectations of motherhood.

2) [C or U] when you expect sth. to happen:

Considering the injuries he's had there can be little expectation of him winning the race.

Our expectations are that the UK will cut its interest

相關(guān)高考試題

When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike _____ to become a world champion by his coach and parents. (2006上海)

A. expected B. was expecting C. was expected D. would be expected

答案：C

8. So, to clarify, if I got married in the UK, I would expect a present, but if I got married in Italy, I would have to give a present. (P35) 讓我來(lái)說(shuō)得更清楚些. 如果我是在英國(guó)結(jié)婚的話, 我就會(huì)得到一份禮物, 但如果我是在意大利結(jié)婚的話, 我就得送給別人一份禮物.

clarify

vt. 1) to make sth. clear or easier to understand by giving more details or a simpler explanation:

Could you clarify the first point please? I don't understand it completely.

The position of all shareholders will be clarified next month when we finalize our proposals.

2) to remove water and unwanted substances from fat, such as butter, by heating it

clarification

n. [C or U]

Some further clarification (= explanation) of your position is needed.

clarified

adj.

You often use clarified butter when making curry.

9. If a man participates in a wedding reception in Brunei, he has to sit with the bridegroom and the other men. (P35) 如果一位男士是在文萊參加婚宴, 他就得和新郎及其他的男士坐在一起.

1) participate

vi. to take part in or become involved in an activity:

She never participates in any of our discussions, does she?

participation

n. [U] when you take part or become involved in sth.

participant

n [C] a person who takes part in or becomes involved in a particular activity

2) reception

n. 1) [U] the act of welcoming someone or sth.:

The new hospital was ready for the reception of its first patients.