【知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)】
一、重點詞匯與短語
1．由up and down 想到的
英文中有很多類似up and down （上上下下）的表達(dá)，學(xué)會這些表達(dá)對靈活應(yīng)用語言有很大的幫助，下面列舉一些常見的例子：
again and again 一次又一次
here and there 處處，到處
back and forth 前前后后
to and fro 來來回回
day and night 日日夜夜
black and blue 青一塊紫一塊
now and then 偶爾，時時
high and low 到處
in and out 時進(jìn)時出
young and old 不論老少
（in）twos and threes 三三兩兩
（at）sixes and sevens 亂七八糟
2．make作使役動詞用法
make作使役動詞時, 后面可以接不帶to的動詞不定式, 過去分詞, 名詞或形容詞作復(fù)合賓語。 用法如下:
（1）. make sb do sth結(jié)構(gòu).
例如:
I made him come.
我讓他來的.
He was made to come.
有人讓他來.
[注意]make后接不帶to的動詞不定式作補語, 但變?yōu)楸粍訒r, 轉(zhuǎn)換為帶to的不定式, 類似的有l(wèi)et和have
（2）. “make +賓語+過去分詞”, 其中賓語往往是主語所對應(yīng)的oneself或one’s….
例如:
I can’t make myself understood.
我表達(dá)不清楚我的意思.
She tried to make her voice heard.
他盡量讓別人聽到她的說話聲.
（3）“make +賓語+形容詞”, 表示 “使……”.
例如:
They’ve made their hometown rich.
他們使他們的家鄉(xiāng)富有起來了 .
The Internet also makes it easier for companies to keep in touch with customers and companies in other countries.
互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使公司與國外客戶之間的聯(lián)系和交往越來越簡單.
（4）“make +賓語+名詞”, 表示 “使……成為”.
例如：
In 1849, Marx went to England and make London the base for his revolutionary work .
1849年, 馬克思去了英國, 并將倫敦作為他革命工作的根據(jù)地.
3．英語中復(fù)合形容詞的作用及構(gòu)成
（1）復(fù)合形容詞主要用來作定語, 通常作前置定語, 即要放在被修飾詞的前面.
例如:
He is a good-looking actor.
他是一位帥氣的男演員.
（2）復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成.
A．“數(shù)詞+名詞”.
例如:
ten-speed bicycle 十速自行車
1000-metre race 1000米賽跑
B． “名詞+形容詞”.
例如:
world-famous expert世界著名的專家
duty-free product免稅產(chǎn)品
energy-efficient節(jié)能的
C．“名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”.
例如:
peace-loving people熱愛和平的人們
energy-saving節(jié)能的
English-speaking countries說英語的國家
D．“名詞+過去分詞”.
例如:
man-made projects人造工程
state-owned factory國有工廠
E．“形容詞+名詞”.
例如:
new-world新大陸的
the Mid-autumn Festival中秋節(jié)
F．“形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”.
例如:
ordinary-looking actor相貌平平的演員
easy-going classmate好說話的同學(xué)
G．“形容詞+過去分詞”.
例如:
new-found house新近找到的房子
ready-make clothes現(xiàn)成的衣服
warm-hearted girl熱心腸的女孩
cold-blooded creature冷血動物
H．“數(shù)詞+名詞+ed”.
例如：
three-legged table三條腿的桌子
four-eyed fish四只眼的魚
J． “數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞”.
例如:
five-year-old boy五歲的男孩
14-metre-deep hole14米深的洞
K．“副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”.
例如:
far-reaching significance深遠(yuǎn)的意義
hard-working mother勤勞的母親
L．“副詞+過去分詞”
例如:
well-educated gentleman受過良好教育的紳士
well-prepared準(zhǔn)備好了的
strongly-built boxer 體格健壯的拳擊手
[注意]當(dāng)復(fù)合形容詞中含有可數(shù)名詞時, 這個名詞只能用單數(shù).
二、詞義辨析
1．辨析 worthwhile, worth, worthy
請研讀下列句子,注意黑體詞的意義和用法：
2．We had a long wait, but it was worthwhile because we got the tickets.
3．It’s well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.
4．The novel is worth reading.
5．That piece of land is worth 500,000.
6．That’s a performance worthy to be remembered.
7．The newly-built museum is worthy of being visited once again.
[解析]1. 我們等了很長時間, 但這是值得的,因為我們總算買到票了。（worthwhile adj.“值得花時間/精力/金錢的”）
2．很值得花一番功夫去學(xué)會怎么做這件事。（worth adj. 多用作表語,“值得．．．”）
3．這本小說值得一看。（worth 常構(gòu)成搭配 be worth doing）
4．那塊地值50萬英鎊。（worth prep. 其后可接名詞、代詞作介詞賓語。）
5．那是一場值得懷念的演出。（worthy adj.“值得．．．的；配得上．．．的；應(yīng)．．．的”）
6． 新建的那家博物館值得再去看看。（worthy 常構(gòu)成搭配：be worthy of being done；be worthy to be done）
2．strength, force, energy和power的區(qū)別
這四個詞都表示 “力”的意思.
（1）strength表示 “力”的意思. 通常指固有的潛在力量. 就人而言, 著重指力氣; 就物而言著重指強度, 潛力等.
例如:
He lifted the huge stone with all his strength.
他使盡全身力氣舉起那塊石頭.
Let’s test the strength of the little bridge by walking on it.
咱們在小橋上走一走, 試試它的強度.
（2）force主要指自然界的力量, 暴力, 勢力, 說服力, 壓制力, 法律, 道德或感情的力量, 軍事力量等. 總之, 它是活動過程中的力量.
例如:
If you drop something, the force of gravity will pull it to the floor.
如果你仍下一樣?xùn)|西, 地心引力就把它吸引到地板上.
Religion and politics are powerful forces in society.
宗教與政治是社會上的強大勢力.
The police had to use force when they took him to the police station.
當(dāng)警察帶他到警察局時, 他們不得不用武力.
（3）energy主要指 “人的精力; 自然界的力量”.
例如:
Electrical energy raises and lowers elevators.
電能使電梯升降.
Old as he is, he has so much energy that he can work 14 hours a day.
盡管年紀(jì)大, 他有足夠的精力, 每天工作14小時.
（4）power主要指做一件事所需要的能力, 功能, 人或機(jī)器等事物的潛在能量.
例如:
Knowledge is power.
知識就是力量.
The masses have boundless creative power.
人民群眾有無限的創(chuàng)造力.
Water power creates electric power.
水力能產(chǎn)生電力
三、重點句型
1．If we learn to welcome change and appreciate what is new and different, we will be well-prepared for whatever the future may have in store. 如果我們學(xué)會迎接變化, 學(xué)會欣賞新的不同的東西, 我們就能有準(zhǔn)備地迎接未來給我們帶來的一切
what is new and different是名詞性從句, 在句中作賓語. 如:
He is so young that he cannot tell what is right and what is wrong.
be well-prepared for “為……作好準(zhǔn)備”, 通常表示一種狀態(tài).
We are well-prepared for the coming examination.
2．For example, if you use a telephone that transforms a person’s voice into ones or zeroes, as a digital phone does, you still think that the voice you hear is “real”, don’t you? 例如, 如果你使用一部把人的聲音轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字的電話, 就像數(shù)字電話那樣, 你仍然會認(rèn)為你聽到的聲音是真實的, 是嗎?
as a digital phone does “就像數(shù)字電話那樣”, 此時as引出的是一方式狀語從句, 從句還可以用倒裝.
如:
She plays the piano, as does her mother.
3．I have written before that this country has high hills, whose tops spread out into green and moist fields upon which great numbers of sheep are fed. 我以前寫過一本書, 書中寫道: 那個國家有高山, 山頂綿延到翠綠, 潮濕的田野, 上面養(yǎng)著大量的羊.
Whose tops引導(dǎo)出一個定語從句. “whose +n”引導(dǎo)定語從句, whose可指人, 也可指物. 指物時, 亦可換用 “the +n. +of which”或 “of which the +n.”.
如:
The house ______was damaged has now been repaired.
upon which引出的也是一個定語從句, upon與前面的fields有搭配關(guān)系.
如:
He lost his bicycle on which he often went to school.
四、語法復(fù)習(xí)
名詞性從句，包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句，以及同位語從句，在復(fù)合句中分別作主句的主語、賓語、表語，以及同位語。
1．主語從句：在復(fù)合句中作主句的主語。引導(dǎo)主語從句的詞有從屬連詞that, whether以及連接代詞who, whom, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever和連接副詞where, when, why, how等。
如：
That she was ill made us very worried.
Where we should go for our holiday has not been decided yet.
有時為了使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡, 避免“頭重腳輕”，常用it作形式主語，而把主語從句放在后面。這樣就構(gòu)成了以下一些句型：
（1）It is+ adj./n. +從句
It is unlikely that he will come tonight.
It is a pity that we didn’t go to the 28th Olympic Games.
（2）It+不及物動詞+從句
It seems that he doesn’t like the house at all.
It happened that I know the president of the company.
（3）It+ be+過去分詞+從句
It is reported that over 200 people were killed in the fire.
It was said that nobody could work out that problem.
2．賓語從句：在復(fù)合句中做句子的賓語。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的詞有從屬連詞that, if或whether，連接代詞who, whom, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever和連接副詞where, when, why, how等。
如：
I don’t think (that) he is fit for the job.
They are careful about what they eat.
It is hard for us to imagine where all these advanced technologies will lead us.
有時為了使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，避免“頭重腳輕”，常用it作形式賓語，而把賓語從句放在后面。
I don’t think it a good decision that he be given this job since he has no experience at all.
特別提示：賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略，但如果有兩個以上由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，則一般不省略that。另外，賓語從句中如果有“or not”，則不能用 “ if”，只能用 “whether”。
如：
Conferences like the Earth Summit help people understand that there exist serious problems and that there is still time to take action.
Nobody knows whether his dream will come true or not.
3．標(biāo)語從句：在復(fù)合句中作句子的表語。引導(dǎo)表語從句的詞有從屬連詞that, whether以及連接代詞who, whom, what, which和連接副詞where, when, why, how等。
如：
The fact is that I know nothing about it.
The problem is how we can raise so much money.
My question is who will get the position.
4． 同位語從句：在復(fù)合句中作句子的同位語。 引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞有從屬連詞that, whether以及連接代詞who, whom, what, which和連接副詞where, when, why, how等。
如:
What to you think of my idea that we go to Qing dao for our summer holiday this year?
Everyone was excited at the news that China won the bid for the 28th Olympic Games.
Scientists have not found answers to the question how life began on earth.
有時that從句可與先行詞分開。
如：
The fact remains that he doesn’t believe me at all.
特別提示：主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that只起引導(dǎo)詞作用，不作名詞性從句的成分，且不能省略。其他引導(dǎo)詞則既起引導(dǎo)詞的作用又充當(dāng)從句的某一成分。
【考點透視 考例精析】
[考點] even though/ even if 用作連詞，“盡管，即使”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。
[考例1] Allow children the space to voice their opinions, _________ they are different from your own.
A．until B．even if C．unless D．a(chǎn)s though
[點撥] until “直到…”,引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句；even if “即使，盡管”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；unless “如果不，除非”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句；as though/ as if “似乎，仿佛”，引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句。分析前后兩句之間的關(guān)系，這里要選B。
[拓展1] 注意even though 和even so 的區(qū)別：even though/ even if 用作連詞，“盡管，即使”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；even so 用做副詞，意思是“盡管這樣/那樣；即便如此”。
[考例2] Your uncle seems to be a good driver; _________, I wouldn’t dare to travel in his car.
A．even so B．even though C．therefore D．so
[點撥] 選A。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，這里要用副詞even so。
[拓展2] 對連詞的考查，是高考考查的重點之一。要正確的選擇連詞，除了了解常用連詞的意義和用法外，關(guān)鍵在于正確分析前后句之間的關(guān)系。
[考例3] I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early _______ I can have time for a cup of coffee.
A．a(chǎn)s soon as B．a(chǎn)s a result C．in case D．so that
[點撥] 選D。后句“我有時間喝杯咖啡”是前句“我想提前20分鐘到”的目的。so that “以便，為了”，引導(dǎo)目的狀語。
[考例4] They wanted to charge $5,000 for the car, ________ we managed to bring the price down.
A．but B．so C．when D．since
[點撥] 選A。 前后句之間意思轉(zhuǎn)折，我們選表轉(zhuǎn)折意義的連詞but。
【基礎(chǔ)演練】
一、根據(jù)所給首字母或括號中的漢語意思填寫句子空格中所缺的單詞。
1．G ______ is the study of the countries of the world and of the seas, rivers, towns, etc. on the earth’s surface.
2．Salary for teachers in China has increased by an a ______ of 10%
3．We are familiar with such c ______ as bags, bottles, boxes and so on.
4．Shanxi is rich in e ______power, which ensures the supply of electricity for Beijing, Tianjin and some other places.
5．Don’t discuss the problems together; each should be dealt with s ______
6．The forest covers an area of 1,5000 s ______ kilometers.
7．The rose is a beautiful flower with a p ______smell.
8．We had no c ______ but to accept their decision.
9．We close out shop at m ______, that is, we have our shop open till 12o’clock in the night.
10．The children were still wide a ______. They were not at all sleepy.
二、單項填空
1．The test ______a number of multiple choice questions.
A．consists of B．lies in C．makes of D．takes in
2．She can’t ______her husband making fun of her.
A．a(chǎn)llow B．bear C．a(chǎn)gree D．suffer
3．Many companies and consumers have already begun reforming the way ______they do business.
A．how B．of which C．in that D．不填
4．Thanks to the invention of the mobile phone, people can now keep in ______with each other quite easily
A．relation B．union C．touch D．connection
5．______you’ll have a greater chance of finding a suitable job if you have done some part-time jobs
A．Generally B．Especially C．Mainly D．Surprisingly
6．Do island nations have advantages ______other countries?
A．with B．over C．upon D．from
7．The murderer tried to run away from the prison but he ______getting arrested by the police.
A．ended up B．broke up C．started up D．cut up
8．A warm thought suddenly came to me I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday．[06 安徽卷]
A．if B．when C．that D．which
9．We have only a short holiday, so let’s ______the most of it and try to enjoy ourselves.
A．get B．take C．make D．have
10．He came up with a new ______to the problem at yesterday’s meeting.
A．way B．method C．means D．a(chǎn)pproach
【能力拓展】
完形填空:
Mars is not, it seems, the dry old planet we once believed (1 ) . Astronauts who are (2) to go there in the next decade may find plenty (3) water to slake (消除) their thirst. And with water present the (4) of finding some sort of life of Mars are (5) brighter.
This is the view of forty geologists who have been analyzing (6) of pictures and other scientific (7) obtained by robot explorers in the sixties and seventies.
To begin with, scientists thought the Red planet was as (8) as the Moon (9) dust storms swirling over vast sandy (10) . But now the picture is very different (11) mountains and valleys carved by (12) glaciers and rivers rushing and rumbling deep underground.
In a report on the analysis of the Martian pictures Dr. Michael Car of the U. S. Geological Survey comments: “I am convinced (13) lots of water on Mars.” Any surface water will be in the (14) of ice. But it could save explorers from (15) to take so much (16) with them.
The report says (17) Mars probably had a warmer climate in ages (18) due to its axis (軸) having been more tilted (傾斜) towards the sun.
(19) signs of plant or animal life have been detected by instruments landed on Mars, (20) the landing vehicles have been sent there for a few years.
1． A．it is B．it C．it to be D．was
2． A．expected B．hoped C．required D．sent
3． A．to B．of C．more D．in
4． A．chances B．openings C．occasions D．possibility
5． A．quite B．very C．much D．more
6． A．a(chǎn) few B．many C．thousand D．thousands
7． A．skills B．news C．intelligence D．information
8． A．peaceful B．quiet C．lifeless D．dead
9． A．of B．with C．for D．through
10． A．deserts B．mountains C．rivers D．seas
11． A．from B．between C．for D．with
12． A．energetic B．great C．heavy D．powerful
13． A．there’s B．there’re C．here’s D．here’re
14． A．a(chǎn)ppearance B．way C．form D．shape
15． A．have B．having C．carry D．carrying
16．A．water B．ice C．equipment D．oxygen
17．A．what B．if C．how D．that
18． A．pass B．past C．a(chǎn)go D．before
19． A．Not B． No C．Nor D．Never
20． A．probably B．perhaps C．supposed D．a(chǎn)lthough
參考答案
高二部分
Units 5-6 (B2)
基礎(chǔ)演練
一、 1．Geography 2．a(chǎn)verage 3．containers 4．electrical 5．separately 6．square
7．pleasant 8．choice 9．midnight 10．a(chǎn)wake
二、1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．A 6．B 7．A 8．C 9 ．C 10．D
能力拓展
1-5 CABAC 6-10 DDCBA 11-15 DDACB 16-20 ADBBD
1．C 根據(jù)新的資料顯示，火星似乎并不像我們過去認(rèn)為的那么干燥。it代替前面的專有名詞Mars; to be 為不定式的省略式，其后面省略了dry。 不定式的省略式通常省略to后面的成分，但后面為to be結(jié)構(gòu)時，就要保留be而省略其后面的成分。
2．A expect somebody to do something表示“期待某人做某事”。這里用其被動語態(tài)形式：be expected to do sth. 。表示“某人被期待做某事�！�
3．B 此句的“plenty of=a lot of”為固定詞組，意思是“大量；許多；充足”。
4．A 本句的意思是“由于水的發(fā)現(xiàn)，在火星上面找到某種生命形式的機(jī)會就變得更加明朗了”。
5. C 此處的much用來修飾比較級，其它選項都不能修飾比較級。
6. D thousands of用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不確定的數(shù)字，此處意思是“數(shù)以千計的 ”，后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞；a few of后接“限定詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，意思是“某（固定）范圍內(nèi)的一些”；many of 后接“限定詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，意思是“某（固定范圍）內(nèi)的許多”。
7． D 指的是“在六七十年代探測器獲得的其他科學(xué)信息(information)�！�
8． C 此句的意思是“剛開始的時候，科學(xué)家認(rèn)為這顆紅色的行星象月球一樣沒有生命（lifeless）�！�
9． B 此處為“with + 名詞 / 代詞 + 不定式、分詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語等 ”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。
10．A 此句意思是“沙暴（dust storms）在廣袤的沙漠（deserts）上旋轉(zhuǎn)�！�
11．D 注意此題的關(guān)鍵是要搞清它不是be different from結(jié)構(gòu)，因為此結(jié)構(gòu)后的名詞前要用限定詞，而該空后面的名詞前無限定詞，故可排除。此空與第44空一樣，為“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”作狀語。
12．D 這里用powerful形容冰河對山谷沖刷的威力巨大。
13．A 此句用的是“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)，其后面的名詞water(即主語)為不可數(shù)名詞，故謂語動詞be用單數(shù)形式。
14．C 詞組“in the form of”的意思是“以……形式”。此句意思是“任何表面上的水將以冰的形式存在�！�
15．B from為介詞，后面接動詞的-ing形式，故可排除A和C兩個選項；本空為have to 結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是“必須；不得不”，所以其后接動詞原形。
16．A 此句的意思是“水的存在使探險者們不用隨身攜帶大量的水�！�
17．D 此句意思是“報告說由于火星的軸在過去的歲月中更傾斜地面對太陽，那時火星的天氣，可能比現(xiàn)在暖和”。此處that引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句，其本身在賓語從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，也沒有任何詞匯意義，僅起連接的作用。
18．B “in ages past”表示“在過去的歲月中”。
19．B no為形容詞，等于“not a / not any”, 表示“沒有”，后接名詞; 而not的后面一般接動詞、形容詞或從句等成分。
20．D although 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“盡管 …，但是 …�！�