高考定語從句歸納課件
在高考中，定語從句會考哪些知識呢？一起來學(xué)習(xí)定語從句歸納知識吧。
定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子。
被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。
關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why, how。
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時又可做定語從句的一個成分。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語時可以省略。
定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致。
定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。
1關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1) who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) whose 用來指人或物，(只用作定語，若指物，它還可以同of which互換).
例如：
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
3) which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等.
例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
(which / that在句中作賓語)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
(which / that在句中作賓語)
關(guān)系代詞that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法區(qū)別：
不用that的情況：
a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時
(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
c) 多用who 的情況
�、訇P(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
�、谙刃性~為those, people 時
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.
�、巯刃性~為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.
�、茉赥here be句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you.
�、菰诒环指舻亩ㄕZ從句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
⑥在有兩個定語從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個以上的并列定語從句時，后一個必須重復(fù)前一個關(guān)系代詞。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.
只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時，只用that。
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞(the last)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。
The first English book that I read was "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twin.
d)先行詞既有人，又有物時。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.
e)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時，用that 以避免重復(fù)。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate.
f)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語
He is not the man that he used to be.
3關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用.
例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
I'm surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.
注意：
�、僭诜窍拗菩远ㄕZ從句中，"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞。
如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.
②含有介詞短語的動詞一般不能拆開，介詞仍放在動詞后面。
Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?
3名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句
She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.
There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.
There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.
4as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的差別
由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
用法區(qū)別：
(1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。
As we all know, he never smokes.
(2) as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。
(3)非限定性定語從句中出現(xiàn)expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測、想象、預(yù)料等時。
She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.
(4)As 的用法 the same? as; such?as 中的'as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和??一樣??。
I should like to use the same tool as is used here.
We should have such a dictionary as he is using.
◆高考定語從句典型陷阱題分析◆
1. The factory was built in a secret place, around ______ high mountains.
A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were
【陷阱】容易誤選A或B，將A、B中的 which 和 it 誤認為是其后句子的主語。
【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一個由“介詞+which”引出的非限制性定語從句，而在該從句中，主語是 high mountains，around which 是表語，所以句子謂語應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)were，而不是用單數(shù) was.請做以下類例題目（答案均為C）：
（1） Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _______ some fruit shops.
A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are
�。�2） The murder happened in an old building, beside ______ the city police station.
A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are
�。�3） Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _______ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food.
A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are
2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around ______ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand？”
A. that B. which C. where D. what
【陷阱】容易誤選 B，認為 around 是介詞，選 which 用以代替前面的名詞 hospital，在此用作介詞 around 的賓語。
【分析】最佳答案為C。以上語法分析并不算錯，但問題是，照此分析，此句的意思即為：有沒有這樣一個醫(yī)院，我在它的附近可以買藥治我的手傷？這樣的語境顯然有點不合情理，因為人們通常是在醫(yī)院里面治傷，而不是在醫(yī)院附近治傷。此題選 C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介詞，而是副詞，意為“在附近”；其后的 where 引導(dǎo)定語從句用以修飾其前的地點名詞 hospital，句意為：附近有沒有一家醫(yī)院，我可以去治我的手傷？
3. _____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
【陷阱】容易誤選 A，認為此處應(yīng)填一個形式主語。
【分析】最佳答案是 B。as 引導(dǎo)的是一個非限制性定語從句。比較下面一題：
_______ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
此題答案選 A，it 為形式主語，真正的主語是后面的 that 從句。
再比較下面一組題，其中第（1）題選 B，第（2）題選 D：
�。�1） ______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing.
A. Which B. As C. That D. It
（2） ______ is mentioned above that the number of the students in senior school is increasing.
A. Which B. As C. That D. It
4. David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like.
A. that B. who C. as D. whom
【陷阱】此題容易誤選A，許多同學(xué)一看到題干中的such，再聯(lián)系到選項中的 that，便認為這是考查such … that …句式。況且，這樣理解意思也還通順。
【分析】最佳答案為C，不是A，因為在such … that … （如此……以至……）結(jié)構(gòu)中，that 引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語從句，并且 that 在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，若在上句填入 such … that …，句末的動詞 like 缺賓語。選C的理由如下：as 用作關(guān)系代詞，用以引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾其前的名詞 boy，同時 as 在定語從句中用作動詞 like 的賓語，句意為“所有老師都喜歡的一位好男孩”。有的同學(xué)可能還會問，假若選A，能否將其后的 that 視為引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞呢？不能，因為當(dāng)先行詞受到 such 的修飾時，其后的定語從句應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 as 來引導(dǎo)，而不用that.比較下面一題，答案為A，因為 like 后有自己的賓語 him：
David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like him.
A. that B. who C. as D. whom
請再做以下試題（答案選D）：
It was not such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.
A. like B. that C. which D. as
5. The buses, most of _______ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
【陷阱】容易誤選 C，用 them 代指 the buses.
【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 為非限制性定語從句，修飾 the buses.類似地，以下各題也選D：
�。�1） His house, for _______ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
�。�2） Ashdown forest, through _______ we’ll be driving, isn’t a forest any longer.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
（3） This I did at nine o’clock, after _______ I sat reading the paper.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
類似地，以下各題選 whom，不選 them：
（4） George, with _______ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.
A. that B. him C. them D. whom
�。�5） Her sons, both of ______ work abroad, will come back home this summer.
A. that B. who C. them D. whom
�。�6） I met the fruit-pickers, several of _______ were still university students.
A. that B. who C. them D. whom
6. He had thousands of students, many of ______ gained great success in their own field.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
【陷阱】容易誤選 B，用 them 代指 students.
【分析】最佳答案是A，many of whom gained great success in their own field 為非限制性定語從句。假若在many of… 的前面加上連詞and，則選答案B.比較以下各題（答案均選A）：
�。�1） He asked a lot of questions, none of ______ was easy to answer.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
�。�2） He asked a lot of questions, and none of ______ was easy to answer.
A. them B. which C. what D. that
�。�3） He told me that he had two girl-friends, neither of _______ knew anything about the other.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
�。�4） He told me that he had two girl-friends, and neither of _______ knew anything about the other.
A. them B. whom C. which D. who
7. He had a lot of friends, only a few of ______ invited to his wedding.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
【陷阱】容易誤選 A，認為這是非限制性定語從句。
【分析】最佳答案是B，這不是非限制性定語從句，而是一個獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，因為空格后的動詞 invited 并不是一個完整的謂語，而是一個過去分詞。當(dāng)然，假若在 invited 前加上助動詞 were，則是一個非限制性定語從句，答案便應(yīng)選A.比較：
�。�1） They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案選B，none of them carried out in their work 是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，其中的 carried out 為過去分詞。
�。�2） They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ were carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案選A，none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定語從句，注意與上例比較句中多了一個助動詞were.
（3） They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _______ were carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案選B，由于兩句之間增加了一個并列連詞but，使得該句成了一個并列句。
8. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
【陷阱】容易誤選B，認為這是非限制性定語從句。
【分析】最佳答案是A.與上面一題相似，their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定語從句，而是一個獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，因為空格后的動詞 seated 不是謂語，而是一個過去分詞，因為 seat 作動詞用時，是及物動詞。比較以下相似題：
�。�1） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
選B.whose parents were seated together joking 為非限制性定語從句，因為其后有完整的謂語 were seated.
�。�2） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _______ parents were seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
選A.因為句中有并列連詞and，整個句子為并列句。
�。�3） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents sitting together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
選A.their parents sitting together joking 為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
�。�4） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents sat together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
選B.whose parents sat together joking 為非限制性定語從句，因為句中有完整的謂語 sat.
�。�5） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were sitting together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
選B.whose parents were sitting together joking 為非限制性定語從句，因為句中有完整的謂語 were sitting.
9. If the man is only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
【陷阱】容易誤選A或B，誤這是非限制性定語從句。
【分析】正確答案為D，注意逗號前是一個條件狀語從句，逗號后是該狀語從句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情況，用作主句的主語。類似地，下面幾道題也選 that，而不選 which：
（1） If you promise to go with us, _____ will be OK.
A. as B. which C. and it D. that
�。�2） If you want a double room, _____ will cost another ￡15.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
�。�3） Whether you go or not, _______ is quite all right with me.
A. that B. which C. and it D. so
�。�4） When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
10. She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she’s spent working as a secretary in our company.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
【陷阱】容易誤選B，機械地認為時間名詞后必須用關(guān)系副詞when，地點名詞后用關(guān)系副詞 where.
【分析】正確答案為A.在時間名詞和地點名詞后是否用關(guān)系副詞要看它在定語從句中充當(dāng)什么句子成分。一般說來，若用作主語或賓語，用關(guān)系代詞；若用作狀語，則用關(guān)系副詞。上面一題中的動詞 spent 缺賓語，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 which或that.比較下面一題，由于空格后的句子不缺少主語或賓語，所以選關(guān)系副詞when：
She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she works as a secretary in our company.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
請再做一組試題（答案均選A）：
�。�1） Our company will move to a tall building _______ we bought last month.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
選A，which 在定語從句中用作動詞 bought 的賓語。
�。�2） Our company will move to a tall building _______ has just been complete.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
選A，which 在定語從句中用作主語。
�。�3） Our company will move to a tall building _______ we worked two years ago.
A. where B. when C. that D. which
選A，where 在定語從句中用作狀語。
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