1、名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)等。
例 The man lay there, his hands trembling.
So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.
注：“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”中的being或 having been有時(shí)可以省去，這樣就成了無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句或過(guò)去分詞分句。
2、名詞/代詞+過(guò)去分詞
過(guò)去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作或所處的一種狀態(tài)。
例 The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.
Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.
后面兩個(gè)句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，這兩個(gè)句子就又變成了現(xiàn)在分詞分句。
3、名詞/代詞+不定式
不定式表示的是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。
例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
These are the first two books， the third one to come out next month.
We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行） to start moving at 8 sharp.
4、名詞/代詞+名詞
名詞一般做前面名詞或代詞的同位語(yǔ)。
例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.
5、名詞/代詞+形容詞短語(yǔ)
形容詞（短語(yǔ)）說(shuō)明前面名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，原因等。
例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.
I heard that she got injured in the accident， my heart full of sorry.
這兩個(gè)句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就變成了現(xiàn)在分詞分句。
6、名詞/代詞+副詞
副詞說(shuō)明前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。
例 The meeting over, we all went home.
Nobody in, he left a message on the board.
He sat at the table, head down.
7、名詞/代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)
介詞短語(yǔ)說(shuō)明伴隨前面名詞或代詞的方式或者狀態(tài)。
例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm.
The hunter entered the forest， gun in hand．
Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
8、with引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu), 也可以認(rèn)為是一種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.