初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)[薦]
總結(jié)是在某一時(shí)期、某一項(xiàng)目或某些工作告一段落或者全部完成后進(jìn)行回顧檢查、分析評(píng)價(jià)，從而得出教訓(xùn)和一些規(guī)律性認(rèn)識(shí)的一種書面材料，它是增長(zhǎng)才干的一種好辦法，為此我們要做好回顧，寫好總結(jié)。總結(jié)你想好怎么寫了嗎？下面是小編精心整理的初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
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初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)1
一.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
1、 as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)：你和湯姆是一樣好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.
2、 (1)too…to與 so…that sb. can’t…的句型轉(zhuǎn)換：前者為簡(jiǎn)單句，主語(yǔ)只有一個(gè)，而后者為復(fù)合句，主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)，試比較：
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.
(2) too…to…與 not enough to句型的.轉(zhuǎn)換：
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3、 形容詞原級(jí)表示比較級(jí)含義：
約翰不象邁克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4、 用比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí)：約翰是班里最高的男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6、 more and more….表示“越來(lái)……越……”:
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
二.中考考點(diǎn)—詞組
1. after, in 這兩個(gè)介詞都可以表示“……(時(shí)間)以后”的意思
after 以過(guò)去為起點(diǎn),表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間之后,常用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的句子中?
如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的
in 以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn),表將來(lái)一段時(shí)間以后,常用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的句子中
如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,主要用來(lái)對(duì)一段時(shí)間(如three days, four weeks 等)提問(wèn)?如:How long ago was it?
這是多久前的事了?
how often指每隔多久,主要用來(lái)對(duì)頻率副詞或狀語(yǔ)(如once a week等)提問(wèn)?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久來(lái)一次?每月一次。
how soon指再過(guò)多久,主要用來(lái)對(duì)表示將來(lái)的一段時(shí)間(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提問(wèn)?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能趕來(lái)?
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)2
一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1、由who, whom, that，Whose引導(dǎo)的從句
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，who作主語(yǔ)指人，whom作賓語(yǔ)指人，that既可作主語(yǔ)又可作賓語(yǔ)(作賓語(yǔ)可以省略)，可以指人也可以指物。Whose 用來(lái)指人或物，只用作定語(yǔ)。
(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那個(gè)想見你的男人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ))
(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
(3) The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你剛剛說(shuō)話的那個(gè)男人是我們的英語(yǔ)老師
(4) he man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那個(gè)兒子是醫(yī)生的男人是我們的教授。
2、由which, that引導(dǎo)的從句
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略，例如：
(1) Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在從句中作主語(yǔ))
(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那個(gè)包裹快要散開了。(which / that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
注意： 代表物時(shí)多用which，但在下列情況中用that而不用which：
a)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代詞時(shí);
b)先行詞由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí)，這時(shí)的that常被省略;
c)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí);
d)先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí);
e)整個(gè)句中前面已有which，who,that時(shí);
f)當(dāng)先行詞為物并作表語(yǔ)時(shí);
g)先行詞為one時(shí);
h)先行詞同時(shí)又被the only,the very,the same修飾時(shí);
二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1、when指時(shí)間在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也可做連接詞用
I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
2、where指地點(diǎn)在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
3、why指原因在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ) ，用在reason 后面。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
常見考法
對(duì)于定語(yǔ)從句的考查，多以單選的形式考查學(xué)生靈活運(yùn)用的`能力。一般情況下，常從關(guān)系詞的意義和功能的角度考查，重點(diǎn)是that,which,who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
典型例題：
You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.
A. who B. whom C. whom D. who
解析：先行詞person后有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,第一個(gè)從句省略了關(guān)系代詞whom.因?yàn)? whom作從句中met的賓語(yǔ),可以省略.第二個(gè)從句who could do it.who在從句中作主語(yǔ),不可省略.
答案：D
誤區(qū)提醒
當(dāng)表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的名詞作先行詞時(shí)，要判斷出它們?cè)趶木渲凶鳡钫Z(yǔ)還是主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用關(guān)系副詞，反之用關(guān)系代詞。
典型例題：
I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
解析：兩個(gè)先行詞the day都是表示時(shí)間的名詞,但第一個(gè)空白處要填的關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ),因此要用關(guān)系副詞when. 第二個(gè)空白處要填的關(guān)系詞在從句中作動(dòng)詞spent的賓語(yǔ),因此要用關(guān)系代詞which或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.
答案：A
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)3
賓語(yǔ)從句
1.賓語(yǔ)從句的含義
在主句中做賓語(yǔ)的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。
如：She knew that the teacher had seen the film.她知道這位老師看過(guò)這部電影。
“that the teacher had seen the
film”做knew的賓語(yǔ)，同時(shí)又是由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的從句，所以它叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。
2.賓語(yǔ)從句的'分類
(1)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)從句：顧名思義，它是位于動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
如：He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他問(wèn)我們班上誰(shuí)的書法最好。
(2)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句：顧名思義，它是位于介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
如：I agree with what you said just now.我同意你剛才說(shuō)的話。
(3)形容詞賓語(yǔ)從句：顧名思義，它是位于形容詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
如：I am afraid that I will be late.恐怕我要遲到了。
3.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞
(1)that：沒有含義，在賓語(yǔ)從句中不做成分
(2)whether/if：表示是否，在賓語(yǔ)從句中不做成分。
I don t know if /whether he still lives here after so many
years.我不知道這么多年后，他是否還住在這里。
(3)連接代詞：what, which, who, whom, whose(在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主、賓、表和定語(yǔ))
連接副詞：where, when, how, why(在賓語(yǔ)從句中做狀語(yǔ))
The small children don t know what is in their
stockings.(what在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ))這些小孩子不知道什么在他們的長(zhǎng)筒襪里。
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this
morning?(why在賓語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ))你能告訴我為什么你今天早上開會(huì)遲到嗎?
4.在做賓語(yǔ)從句的題目時(shí)應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn)
(1)時(shí)態(tài)：
�、佼�(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可以根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
I don t know when he will come back.我不知道他將何時(shí)回來(lái)。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告訴我他姐姐昨天回來(lái)了。
②當(dāng)主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句必須是一種過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)。
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她問(wèn)我是否知道這是誰(shuí)的鋼筆。
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他說(shuō)他會(huì)在晚飯前完成工作。
�、郛�(dāng)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理的句子做賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，任何時(shí)候都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說(shuō)過(guò)地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。
(2)語(yǔ)序：任何從句都使用陳述句語(yǔ)序，賓語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)然也不例外。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)4
在英語(yǔ)中，to一詞用法及其靈活。除了常見“to do”結(jié)構(gòu)外，to還有介詞和副詞的用法。但我們大都是聽過(guò)記憶類似“be devoted to
doing”這種所謂的固定搭配學(xué)習(xí)，卻不知其中的to到底是何意。不同用法中，to的.含義具體分別如下：
1. 向，對(duì)著(某方向或某處)：He walked to the school.他朝學(xué)校走去。
2. 位于…方向：There are many buildings to the north of mountains.
山北面坐落著很多樓房。
3. 到，達(dá)(某處)：Her long hair fell to the ground.她的長(zhǎng)發(fā)垂到地上。
4. 到，達(dá)(某狀態(tài))：He always tries to work to perfection. 他總是努力將工作做到完美。
5. 至(表示范圍或一段時(shí)間的結(jié)尾或界限)：The museum is open from 9:00 to
17:00.博物館開放時(shí)間為9:00到17:00。
6. 差，離：It is ten to ten. 現(xiàn)在是十點(diǎn)差十分。(9:50)
7. 給(引出接受者)：My mother gave a birthday present to me. 媽媽送我生日禮物。
8. 對(duì)于，關(guān)于(引出受事者)：What have done to the little boy? 你對(duì)這個(gè)小男孩做了什么?
9. 表示兩件事物相接：The printer is connected to the computer. 打印機(jī)與電腦相連。
10. 屬于，歸于(表示兩事物或兩人之間的關(guān)系)：the key to the door門的鑰匙
11. 指向：Terrorism is a threat to peace. 恐怖主義是對(duì)和平的威脅。
12. 表示引出比較的第二部分：
My mother prefer swimming to walking. 比起散步，媽媽更喜歡游泳。
China won the game by six goals to two.中國(guó)以六比二贏得比賽。
13. 等于，每(表示數(shù)量或比率)：There are 60 seconds to a minute. 一分鐘六十秒。
14. 向…表示敬意：
We will build a monument to the soldiers who died in the earthquake.
我們將為地震中犧牲的戰(zhàn)士修建紀(jì)念碑。
15. 伴隨：Everybody danced happily to the music. 所有人隨音樂(lè)換新起舞。
16. 為了給(用于表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞后)：The little boy rushed to his father. 小男孩向他爸爸沖過(guò)去。
17. 適合，致使：To my surprise, Jack could pass the exam. 令我驚訝的是，杰克竟能通過(guò)考試。
18. 按照…看法：To me, whether it’s right doesn’t matter. 對(duì)我而言，對(duì)錯(cuò)都不重要。
以上是to 作為介詞的主要用法，另外，to用作副詞還有“關(guān)著”之意：
1. Please push the door to. 請(qǐng)推門關(guān)上。
2. to and fro 來(lái)來(lái)回回：He couldn’t calm down and walked to and fro in the
room.他難以冷靜下來(lái)，在房里走來(lái)走去。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)5
（一）掌握動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞四種形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則；
1、動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)的第三人稱單數(shù)的構(gòu)成：
詞尾加-s look-looks find-finds
以s,x,ch,sh或o結(jié)尾詞尾加-es watch-watches,push-pushes
以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾變y為i再加-es fly-flies,apply-applies
2、動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式及過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成：
�、僖�(guī)則動(dòng)詞的變化：
詞尾加-ed look-looked,looked
以e結(jié)尾詞尾加-d live-lived,lived
以“輔音字母+Y”結(jié)尾，變y為i，再加-ed carry-carried,carried
以重讀閉音節(jié)或r音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母雙寫該輔音字母，再加-ed stop-stopped
�、诓灰�(guī)則動(dòng)詞的變化。（略）
3、動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成：
直接加-ing look-looking watch-watching
以e結(jié)尾去e加-ing come-coming move-moving
以重讀閉音節(jié)或r音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫該輔音字母，再加-ing swim-swimming
以ie結(jié)尾且為重讀開音節(jié)變ie加y再加ing die-dying lie-lying
（二）掌握動(dòng)詞六種時(shí)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，主要用法及區(qū)別（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
①一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，與always,usually,often,sometimes,every day(week,month)等連用；表示現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)或狀態(tài)；表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征，性格和能力；以及表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍其理。
②一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)通常以動(dòng)詞原形表示，但當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞原形后需加-s或-es。
She likes biology very much.她非常喜歡生物。
They often go to school by bike.他們通常騎車上學(xué)。
2、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
�、僖话氵^(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的副詞如：yesterday,last week,two hours ago等連用；表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這時(shí)可與頻度副詞often,usually,always等連用；表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的一連串動(dòng)作，以及在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。
②一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成：一般過(guò)去時(shí)由動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式構(gòu)成。
We met each other on the street yesterday.我們昨天在街上碰見了。
She often went swimming last year.她去年經(jīng)常去游泳。
They moved the chairs to the table,sat down and began to have supper.
他們把椅子搬到桌邊，坐下開始吃飯。
Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.瑪麗告訴我如果下雨她就呆在家里。
3、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
①一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的`動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)如next month,tomorrow,in a week,soon等連用。
②一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成：
�。�1）一般將來(lái)時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。其中shall主要用于主語(yǔ)是第一人稱（I和we）的疑問(wèn)句中。
�。�2）也可以用“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示根據(jù)目前跡象很有可能發(fā)生的某件事情，或是打算、計(jì)劃、以及決定要做某件事情等。
They will have a class meeting next Tuesday.他們下周二將舉行班會(huì)。
We shall meet at the school gate.我們將在學(xué)校大門口見。
It is going to rain.要下雨了。
4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
①現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與now,at present,at this,moment等連用；或與these days,this week/month等連用，表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。有時(shí)還與always,continually,forever等詞連用，表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作，代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表達(dá)說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)烈的感情。如贊揚(yáng)、不滿、討厭等。如：588.es
He is always asking such silly questions.他老是提這類愚蠢的問(wèn)題。
�、诂F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成：
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“be(am/is/are)+V-ing”構(gòu)成。
They are watching TV now.他們正在看電視。
The dog is enjoying his meal.小狗正在吃飯。
5、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
�、龠^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用法相同，只不過(guò)參照的時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)不同。
過(guò)去進(jìn)行表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。一般和特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句連用。如：then,at that time,at eight yesterday,this time yesterday,when he came in等。
�、谶^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)類似，只不過(guò)把be(am,is,are)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去式（was,were）
They were watching TV at that time.他們那會(huì)正在看電視。
The dog was enjoying his meal at this time yesterday.小狗昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候正在吃飯。
6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
�、俦硎緞�(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，但后果或影響仍在，常與already,just,yet等副詞連用；或是表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，常與for或since引導(dǎo)的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
�、诂F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞“have/has+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。
He has already come back.他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。
He has lived here for three years.他在此住了兩年了。
（三）掌握系動(dòng)詞be,look,feel,smell,get,become,turn,keep等的基本用法
常見的連系動(dòng)詞有：become,turn,get,grow,keep,feel,look,seem,smell,fall等。它們后面常接形容詞，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
Please keep the classroom clean.請(qǐng)保持教室的干凈。
The bread looks very fresh.這些面包看上去很新鮮。
（四）了解過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法；
�、龠^(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)點(diǎn)看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)和一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成相同，只是把will,shall變?yōu)檫^(guò)去式would,should，把助動(dòng)詞be的過(guò)去式變?yōu)檫^(guò)去式was或were而已。如：
They were going to have a meeting.他們?cè)蛩汩_會(huì)。
�、谶^(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作之前已完成的行為或存在的狀態(tài)。與現(xiàn)在完成的用法相同，只不過(guò)作為衡量基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)的時(shí)間點(diǎn)不同，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)以現(xiàn)在作為衡量的基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)，而過(guò)去完成時(shí)則以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻作為基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)。它表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作之前完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，常by,before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
By the time he was ten,Edison had built a lab for himself.
到愛迪生10歲時(shí)，他已給自己建了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她說(shuō)她已在那所醫(yī)院工作20年了。
（五）掌握助動(dòng)詞be,do,have,shall,will的基本用法；
助動(dòng)詞是“輔助性”動(dòng)詞，一般沒有詞義，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，但可用來(lái)幫助構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，表示不同的時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)，和數(shù)的變化。
常見的助動(dòng)詞有：
�。�1）be(am,is,are,was,were,being,been)與現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)合，構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)；或與過(guò)去分詞結(jié)合構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
I’m looking for my pen.我正在找我的筆。（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）
These cups are made in China.這些杯子是中國(guó)制造的。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）
�。�2）have(has,had,having)與過(guò)去分詞結(jié)合，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)。
They have known each other for twenty years.
他們互相認(rèn)識(shí)有二十年了。（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）
He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.
他十歲時(shí)就已經(jīng)為自己建了一個(gè)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。（過(guò)去完成時(shí)）
�。�3）do(does,did)助動(dòng)詞do后只能跟動(dòng)詞原形，與not及其他動(dòng)詞結(jié)合構(gòu)成否定句，或置于主語(yǔ)之前構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句。
He does not speak English.他不說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。
When did he come back?他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)的？
（4）will(would),shall(should)will能用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)的任何人稱后；would是will的過(guò)去時(shí)，能用于過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)；兩者后面都接動(dòng)詞原形。
The plane will arrive in ten minutes.飛機(jī)十分中后將要到達(dá)。
I was sure we would win.我確信用我們會(huì)贏。
shall與should這兩個(gè)助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義，shall只能用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)的第一人稱后；should是shall的過(guò)去時(shí)，只能用于過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的第一人稱后；兩者后面都接動(dòng)詞原形。
We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow.我們明天將在校門口見。
I told them that I should do the work alone.我告訴他們我將獨(dú)自做那項(xiàng)工作。
（一）掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,must,need,may等基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)及主要用法
�、偾閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞在英文中是“輔助性”動(dòng)詞，用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣或情態(tài)，包括請(qǐng)求、命令、允諾、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、義務(wù)、能力等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有詞義，但詞義不完全，不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ)，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，且后面只跟動(dòng)詞原形。
�、谇閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的種類：
can could能
may might可以（或許）
must must(had to)必須（不得不）
will would愿意
shall should應(yīng)該
need needed需要
dare dared敢于
�、踓an的用法
（1）表示體力或腦力方面的“能力”，也能表示根據(jù)客觀條件能做某事的“能力”。
The boy can swim very well.
Who can answer this question?
�。�2）表示允許
The students can leave after the meeting.
When can I get the news?
�。�3）表示推測(cè)
It can be wrong.
Who can your new teacher next term?
�、躢ould的用法
�。�1）can的過(guò)去式，表示過(guò)去有能力及過(guò)去的可能性。
They could run very fast when they were young.
Could you speak English at that time?
（2）表示客氣地請(qǐng)求或委婉地陳述意見。
Could I borrow your bike?
Could you listen to me carefully?
�。�3）表示驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度
How could that be?
She couldn’t know me.
�、輒ust的用法
�。�1）．表示義務(wù)，命令或必要
You must finish it before 5 o’clock.
Must I hand it in now?
�。�2）．表示肯定的推測(cè)：一定
She must be a pretty girl.
You must be wrong.
⑥need的用法588.es
(1)表示“需要，必須”，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。
We need to pay more attention.
Need I call him for you?
�。�2）need引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句，肯定回答時(shí)多用must，否定回答時(shí)用needn’t。
Need he come?他必須來(lái)嗎？
Yes,he must.是的，必須來(lái)。
No,he needn’t.不，他不必來(lái)。
⑦may的用法
�。�1）表示請(qǐng)求、許可、可以
May I ask you some questions?
May we start now?
（2）表示推測(cè)說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè)，認(rèn)為某一事情“或許”或“可能”發(fā)生。
He may be 25 years old.
We may come back in three days.
�。�3）may用于感嘆句中可以表示祝愿或愿望。
May you success!
May you have a nice trip！
⑧should的用法
should意思是“應(yīng)該”，表示勸告或建議（=ought to）
Who should I meet this afternoon?
You should pack you bag quickly.
（二）了解一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)三種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式及其基本用法
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，只有需要?jiǎng)幼鲗?duì)象的及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。漢語(yǔ)往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞（p.p.）”構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)變化只改變be的形式，過(guò)去分詞部分不變。疑問(wèn)式和否定式的變化亦如此。
1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（am/is/are+done）
English is spoken by lots of people in the world.世界上的許多人都說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。
Class meeting is held every Thursday.每周四都舉行班會(huì)。
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day.學(xué)生們每天都打掃教室。
2．一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(was/were+done)
The cup was broken by the boy.杯子被那個(gè)男孩打碎了。
He was saved at last.他最終獲救了。
My bike was stolen.我的自行車被偷了。
3．一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(will/shall be+done;would/should be+done)
A speech will be given this afternoon.今天下午有一個(gè)演講。
A new road will be built next year.明年要修一條新馬路。
I think thousands of people will be helped.我認(rèn)為將有數(shù)千人得到幫助。
（三）了解含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式及其基本用法
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞;其時(shí)態(tài)及句型的變化僅由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成，“be+過(guò)去分詞”部分不變。如：
Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石頭制造。
Tables could be made of stone at that time.那時(shí)桌子可由石頭制造。（一般過(guò)去時(shí)）
Can tables be made of stone?桌子能用石頭制造嗎？（疑問(wèn)句）
�。ㄋ模﹦�(dòng)詞不定式的基本用法
動(dòng)詞不定式在句子中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)（包括目的狀語(yǔ)，結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)和原因狀語(yǔ)。）
1）作主語(yǔ)
To dance with you makes me happy.和你跳舞令我高興。
It is difficult to drive in the mountains.(=To drive in the mountains is difficult.)
在山里開車很困難。
2）作賓語(yǔ)
①后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞多是表示“意愿”、“企圖”等的動(dòng)詞，如：
hope,want,wish,desire,like,decide,try，promise,refuse.
I want to talk with her.我想和她談?wù)劇?/p>
She has decided to go.她已決定要走。
�、谠趂eel,find,think,consider,made等動(dòng)詞后如果是不定式作賓語(yǔ)，而補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是形容詞，則通常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而把真正的賓語(yǔ)即不定式移至形容詞之后。如：
I find it impossible to forget her.我發(fā)現(xiàn)忘掉她是不可能的。
He thought it necessary to take an umbrella.他認(rèn)為帶把傘是必要的。
3）作表語(yǔ)
Her wish is to be a teacher.他的愿望是成為一名教師。
Your duty is to clean the classroom.你的任務(wù)是打掃教室。
4）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
He wants me to come earlier.他想要我來(lái)得更早些。
The policeman ordered them to turn around.警察命令他們轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身。
5）作目的狀語(yǔ)：
She opened the window to let some fresh air in.她打開窗子好讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來(lái)。
I went there to see her yesterday.昨天我去那兒看她了。
6）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：
He is too tired to go any further.他太累了，不能再走了。
He is not old enough to join the army.他年齡太小，不能參軍。
7）作原因狀語(yǔ)：
不定式跟在表示“喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)”的形容詞之后，可以表示引起這些情感的原因。
I’m sorry to trouble you.真抱歉給你帶來(lái)麻煩。
I’m glad to see you.見到你真高興。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)6
名詞
名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)
可數(shù)名詞指表示的人或事物可以用數(shù)來(lái)計(jì)量，它有單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。不可數(shù)名詞指所表示的事物不能用數(shù)來(lái)計(jì)量。物質(zhì)名詞與抽象名詞一般無(wú)法用數(shù)目，來(lái)統(tǒng)計(jì)，都成為不可數(shù)名詞。
不可數(shù)名詞前一般不能用冠詞a、an來(lái)表示數(shù)量，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。要表示“一個(gè)……”這一概念，就須加a piece
of這一類短語(yǔ)。要注意許多名詞在漢語(yǔ)里看來(lái)是可數(shù)名詞，在英語(yǔ)里卻不可數(shù)。如chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。
名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
A.一般情況下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 結(jié)尾的加-es
C.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的改y為i再加-es
D.以f，fe結(jié)尾的，去掉f或fe，變成v再加-es
名詞的所有格
A. 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加’s，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾若沒有s，也要加’s。
如the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball
B. 表示幾個(gè)人共有一樣?xùn)|西，只需在最后一個(gè)人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，則需在各個(gè)名字后’ s。
如This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C. 如果是通過(guò)在詞尾加—s構(gòu)成的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，只加’。如the students’ books，the girls’ blouses
(另外名詞+of+名詞名詞是有生命的，我們就用’s結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如果名詞所表示的事物是無(wú)生命的，我們就要用名詞+of+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。)
代詞
人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，指示代詞，不定代詞
人稱代詞
第一人稱單數(shù)I me my mine myself復(fù)數(shù) we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱單數(shù) you you your yours yourself復(fù)數(shù) you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱單數(shù) he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its
itself復(fù)數(shù)
they them their theirs themselves
物主代詞
物主代詞的用法形容詞性物主代詞后面一定要跟上一個(gè)名詞;名詞性物主代詞可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。
反身代詞
反身代詞的構(gòu)成分兩種第一、二人稱反身代詞在形容詞性物主代詞后加上self或selves，第三人稱的反身代詞在賓格代詞后加上self或selves.
反身代詞的用法一種是作賓語(yǔ)，由主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的動(dòng)作又回到動(dòng)作者本身。如I enjoyed myself at the party.
另一種是作名詞或代詞的同位語(yǔ);用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。如I can do it myself.
指示代詞
指示代詞的特殊用法
● 為了避免重復(fù)，可用that，those代替前面提到過(guò)的名詞，但是this，these不可以。
this，that有時(shí)可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
不定代詞
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
冠詞
不定冠詞an用在元音讀音開頭(不是指元音字母)的`詞前，其余用不定冠詞a.
定冠詞的基本用法
A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指談話雙方都知道的人或事物前面。
C. 用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面，表示某一類人或事物。
定冠詞的特殊用法
A. 用在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物或方位名詞前。
B. 用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級(jí)及only所修飾的名詞前。
C. 用在江河、海洋、山脈、湖泊、群島的名稱前面。
D. 用在由普通名詞和另外一些詞所構(gòu)成的專有名詞前面。
E. 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前面，表示全家人或這一姓的夫婦二人。
F. 用在樂(lè)器名稱前。
G. 和某些形容詞連用，表示某一類人或事物。
名詞前不用冠詞的情況
A. 在專有名詞 (包括人名、地名、節(jié)日、月份、季節(jié)) 、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前—般不用冠詞。但在以Festival組成的民間節(jié)日前要加the。
B. 表示一類人或事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。
C. 名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時(shí)，不用冠詞。
D. 三餐飯、球類、棋類、游戲名稱前一般不用冠詞。正在有些詞組中，有無(wú)冠詞含義不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌邊
go to school去上學(xué);go to the school去那所學(xué)校;in hospital住院;in the
hospital在那個(gè)醫(yī)院里
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)7
一、動(dòng)詞+介詞
at…看…，look like … 看上去像……，look after …照料…
to…聽……
to…歡迎到……
hello to …向……問(wèn)好
to…對(duì)……說(shuō)話
此類短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，其后必須帶賓語(yǔ)，但賓語(yǔ)無(wú)論是名詞還是代詞，都要放在介詞之后。如：
This is my new bike. Please look it after.(×)
This is my new bike. Please look after it.(√)
二、動(dòng)詞+副詞
“動(dòng)詞+副詞”所構(gòu)成的.短語(yǔ)義分為兩類：
A.動(dòng)詞(vt.)+副詞
on 穿上 off脫下 down記下
此類短語(yǔ)可以帶賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)若是名詞，放在副詞前后皆可;賓語(yǔ)若是人稱代詞，只能放在副詞的前面。試比較：
First listen to the tape, then write down the answer/write the answer down. (√)
First listen to the answer, then write down it.(×)
First listen to the answer, then write it down.(√)
B.動(dòng)詞(vi)+副詞。
on趕快 up起床 home回家 in進(jìn)來(lái) down坐下 up起立
此類短語(yǔ)屬于不及物動(dòng)詞，不可以帶賓語(yǔ)。
三、其它類動(dòng)詞詞組
the door the same to work/class ill a look/seat supper young shopping TV/games 10. play games.
四、介詞短語(yǔ)聚焦
“介詞+名詞/代詞”所構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)稱為介詞短語(yǔ)�，F(xiàn)將Unitsl-16常用的介詞短語(yǔ)按用法進(jìn)行歸類。
語(yǔ)言/顏色/衣帽等，表示使用某種語(yǔ)言或穿著……。如：in English，in the hat
+ Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等，表示“在……排/隊(duì)/班級(jí)/年級(jí)”等。
the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段時(shí)間。
the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在書桌/鉛筆盒/臥室里”。
the tree表示“在樹上 (非樹本身所有)”;on the tree表示“在樹上(為樹本身所有)”。如：There are some in the tree. There are many apples on the trees.
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)8
名詞指代物體、事物和人，例如：電腦、椅子、沙灘、門警等等。名詞是英語(yǔ)中八大詞類之一。指代物體的可數(shù)名詞有兩種形式：?jiǎn)螖?shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式。本篇關(guān)于名詞復(fù)數(shù)的指南可以幫助你理解名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則形式和不規(guī)則形式。在英語(yǔ)中，需要學(xué)習(xí)的還有動(dòng)詞的不規(guī)則形式、以及與名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式很相似的形容詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。
普通的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式——加上-s
對(duì)于大多數(shù)名詞來(lái)說(shuō)，只需要在詞尾加上-s。
單數(shù)名詞+s=復(fù)數(shù)名詞
computer -> computers
(電腦)
bag -> bags
(包)
book -> books
(書)
table -> tables
(桌)
house -> houses
(房子)
car -> cars
(汽車)
student -> students
(學(xué)生)
place -> places
(地點(diǎn))
不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式-以輔音+y結(jié)尾的名詞
以輔音+y結(jié)尾的名詞，去掉y，詞尾加上ies。
以y結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞+ies=復(fù)數(shù)名詞
baby -> babies
(寶貝)
party -> parties
(聚會(huì))
paddy -> paddies
(稻田)
hobby -> hobbies
(習(xí)慣)
lady -> ladies
(女士)
ferry -> ferries
(渡輪)
sherry -> sherries
(雪莉酒)
dandy -> dandies
(花花公子)
不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式——以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z[/cn]
以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z結(jié)尾的名詞，在詞尾加上es。
以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z結(jié)尾的名詞+es=復(fù)數(shù)名詞
beach -> beaches
(沙灘)
box -> boxes
(箱子)
church -> churches
(教堂)
buzz -> buzzes
(嗡嗡聲)
loss -> losses
(損失)
fox -> foxes
(狐貍)
watch -> watches
(手表)
dress -> dresses
(裙子)
不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式——以o結(jié)尾的名詞
許多以輔音+o結(jié)尾的名詞，o后面會(huì)在s前再加上一個(gè)e。
不幸的'是，也有很多以o結(jié)尾的名詞不需要做出改動(dòng)。首先，這里有一些需要做出改動(dòng)的例子。
以輔音+o結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞+es=復(fù)數(shù)形式
tomato -> tomatoes
(番茄)
hero -> heroes
(英雄)
zero -> zeroes
(零)
potato -> potatoes
(土豆)
echo -> echoes
(回聲)
其他以輔音+0結(jié)尾的名詞不需要在詞尾加上-es。
以元音+o結(jié)尾的名詞不需要做出改動(dòng)
kilo -> kilos
(公斤)
radio -> radios
(收音機(jī))
logo -> logos
(邏輯)
piano -> pianos
(鋼琴)
solo -> solos
(獨(dú)奏曲)
cargo -> cargos
(貨物)
halo -> halos
(光暈)
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)9
簡(jiǎn)單句的.五種基本句型
1.“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”(即“主謂”句型)
例：They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析：“they”(主語(yǔ))“arrived”(謂語(yǔ))。
2.“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”(即“主謂賓”句型)
例：I study English.分析：“I”(主語(yǔ))“study”(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作)“English”(賓語(yǔ)即動(dòng)作涉及的對(duì)象)。
3.“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)”(即“主謂雙賓”句型)
例：Our teacher taught us English.分析：“our teacher”(主語(yǔ))“教”(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作)“us”(間接賓語(yǔ))“English”(直接賓語(yǔ))。
4.“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”(即“主謂賓賓補(bǔ)”句型)
例：He asked her to go there.分析：“he”(主語(yǔ))“asked”(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作)“her”(賓語(yǔ)即動(dòng)作涉及的對(duì)象)“to go there”(補(bǔ)語(yǔ)—補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)做什么)。
5.“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的系動(dòng)詞有be, keep，lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。
例：I am a teacher.分析：“I”(主語(yǔ))“am”(系動(dòng)詞)“a teacher”(表語(yǔ)—即表明主語(yǔ)的身份)。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)10
形容詞/副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的.構(gòu)成規(guī)則
(1)單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)以-er，-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)單詞，比較級(jí)在后面加-er，最高級(jí)在后面加-est。
①單音節(jié)單詞:small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest
tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest
�、谏贁�(shù)以-er，-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)單詞:clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest
(2)以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)單詞，比較級(jí)在原形后加-r，最高級(jí)在原級(jí)后加-st。
large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest
(3)以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)(即：輔音+元音+輔音)單詞中，先雙寫末尾的輔音字母，比較級(jí)加-er，最高級(jí)加-est。
big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest
(4)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，把y改為i，比較級(jí)加-er，最高級(jí)加-est。
easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest
(5)其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，比較級(jí)在前面加more，最高級(jí)在前面加most。
beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
different→more different→most different
easily→more easily→most easily
(6)有少數(shù)形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)是不規(guī)則的，必須熟記。
good→better→best well→better→best
bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest
many/much→more→most little→less→least
far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)11
在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句，它的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，被修飾的詞叫做先行詞。
1、定語(yǔ)從句的位置。
1)定語(yǔ)從句一般地說(shuō)要放在先行詞之后，無(wú)論這個(gè)詞在句中充當(dāng)何種成分。
The student who answered the question is bill.
2)有時(shí)先行詞后還有一個(gè)作定語(yǔ)的詞或詞組時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句則應(yīng)放在上述成分之后。
Do you know anyone in our class whose father is a business man?
2、定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞
1)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>
關(guān)系代詞有who/whom/whose/that，關(guān)系副詞有when/where/why,它們除了引導(dǎo)從句的作用外，還要在從句中充當(dāng)一定的.成分。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用要看其在從句中發(fā)揮的作用，與主語(yǔ)沒有任何關(guān)系。
在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的有who/which/that.
在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的有whom/which/that.
在從句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的有whose.
在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)的有when/where/why.
當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞是人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要用who(主格)，whom(賓格)，也可以用that,以及whose(所有格)，先行詞是物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要用which,也可用that.whom/which/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)往往可以省略。
例如：
The students who do not study hard will not pass the examination.
Do you know the man(whom)mr green shook hand with?
The letter(which)I received yesterday is from my sister.
Who is the man(that)is reading a magazine over there?
The book(that) you lent me is very ingteresting .
I will never forget the day when I joined the party.
Last year I went to the village where I was born.
This is the reason why she will go to london.
2)在先行詞相同的情況下，根據(jù)它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中所起的語(yǔ)法作用，可用不同的引導(dǎo)詞連接不同的定語(yǔ)從句。
例如：
This is the school where I students for six years.(school或student的狀語(yǔ))。
This is the school which he mentioned just now.(school作menttioned的賓語(yǔ)).
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)12
一、a number of ，the number of
a number of 意思是“許多”，相當(dāng)于a lot of ； the number of意思是“……的數(shù)目，……的數(shù)量”，當(dāng)它作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
A number of students like playing computer games.
許多學(xué)生喜歡玩電腦游戲。
The number of the students is about 1500 in our school.
我們學(xué)校學(xué)生的人數(shù)大約是1500。
二、基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞助記歌
基變序，有規(guī)律，末尾加上th；一、二、三特殊記，八加h ，九去e ，ve要用f替；以e結(jié)尾變ie，后跟th莫忘記。要想表示幾十幾，只變個(gè)位就可以。
特殊變化：one—first ，two—second ，three—third ，five—fifth ，
nine—ninth ，twelve—twelfth ，forty—fortieth ，
eight-nine—eighty-ninth
三、概數(shù)(略數(shù))表達(dá)法
數(shù)詞+hundred/thousand/million/billion+名詞復(fù)數(shù)
hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)
例1
1. ＿＿people go swimming in summer in Dalian.
A、Thousands B、Thousand of C、Thousands of D、Thousand
2. ＿＿the students will take part in this English speech contest.
A. Two hundred of B. Two hundreds of C. Hundreds of D. Hundred of
四、of sb.與for sb.的區(qū)別
�。�1）of sb.“對(duì)于（某人）”，用于It is +adj. +of sb. to do sth.句型中，形容詞為clever， kind， nice等描述人物性格特征的詞，of后的`人物與形容詞有主表關(guān)系。
（2）for sb.“對(duì)于（某人）”，用于It is +adj. +for sb. to do sth.句型中， 形容詞為easy， important等不描述人物性格特征的詞，for后的人物與形容詞沒有主表關(guān)系。
五、不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子中的連詞
1、because（因?yàn)椋�，so（所以）不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子里，只能用其一。
Because he was tired， he couldn’t walk there.
=He was tired ，so he couldn’t walk there.
因?yàn)樗哿�，所以他不能走到那兒了�?/p>
2、（al）thouthg(雖然)，but (但是)不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子里，只能用其一。但thouthg和yet可以同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子里（yet用作副詞）
Thought he was tired， he still worked hard.
=He was tired， but he still worked hard.
雖然他很累，但他仍然努力工作。
六、副詞的比較級(jí)
1、形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別 (有be用形，有形用be；有動(dòng)用副，有副用動(dòng))
�、旁诰渥又行稳菰~一般處于名詞之前或be動(dòng)詞之后
⑵副詞在句子中最常見的是處于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之后
2、副詞比較級(jí)的變化規(guī)則基本與形容詞比較級(jí)相同 (不規(guī)則變化：well-better, far-farther)
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)13
簡(jiǎn)單句的'五種基本句型
1.“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”(即“主謂”句型)
例：They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析：“they”(主語(yǔ))“arrived”(謂語(yǔ))。
2.“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”(即“主謂賓”句型)
例：I study English.分析：“I”(主語(yǔ))“study”(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作)“English”(賓語(yǔ)即動(dòng)作涉及的對(duì)象)。
3.“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)”(即“主謂雙賓”句型)
例：Our teacher taught us English.分析：“our
teacher”(主語(yǔ))“教”(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作)“us”(間接賓語(yǔ))“English”(直接賓語(yǔ))。
4.“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”(即“主謂賓賓補(bǔ)”句型)
例：He asked her to go there.分析：“he”(主語(yǔ))“asked”(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作)“her”(賓語(yǔ)即動(dòng)作涉及的對(duì)象)“to go
there”(補(bǔ)語(yǔ)—補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)做什么)。
5.“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的系動(dòng)詞有be, keep，lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn,
look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。
例：I am a teacher.分析：“I”(主語(yǔ))“am”(系動(dòng)詞)“a teacher”(表語(yǔ)—即表明主語(yǔ)的身份)。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)14
一、詞類、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法：
1、詞類：英語(yǔ)詞類分十種：
名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
1、名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代詞(pron.)： 主要用來(lái)代替名詞。如：who, she, you, it .
3、形容詞(adj..)：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
4、數(shù)詞(num.)： 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、動(dòng)詞(v.)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副詞(adv.)： 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如：now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠詞(art..)：用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明名詞。如：a, an, the.
8、介詞(prep.)： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、連詞(conj.)： 用來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分：英語(yǔ)句子成分分為七種：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
1、主語(yǔ)是句子所要說(shuō)的人或事物,回答是“誰(shuí)”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。
如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。如：the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)
3、表語(yǔ)在系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞)
有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ),指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)
有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)
5、定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市)
6、狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如：()
7、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如：They usually
keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )
☆同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里？)
3、構(gòu)詞法：英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名詞：①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥
Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國(guó)名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。
二、名詞：
1、英語(yǔ)名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：
1、專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。
專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中華人民共和國(guó))
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如：pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
▲可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如：water, news, oil, population,information .
2、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：
①在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.
�、垡暂o音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
�、芤詅或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不規(guī)則變化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child
→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名詞所有格：
1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。其構(gòu)成法
如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加?s。如：Childern‘s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加?。如：Teachers‘ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加‘s. 如： newspaper(), break(), China‘s population(中國(guó)的人口).
(4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。
如：
a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).
2、[注解]：
�、� ’s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(診所) ② 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
�、� “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father‘s(我
父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問(wèn)題：
1、和謂語(yǔ)基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),
�、� 如果表示整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國(guó)地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)
數(shù)。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting.
(這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如： The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。 baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),
謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如： required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))
10、主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a . (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如：(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)
13、主語(yǔ)中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名 詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的`信息是用英語(yǔ)寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What‘(中國(guó)人口是多少？)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大；game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng)；match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽；race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如：People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league (聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They (湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng)；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期；vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do (在暑期你打算做什么事情？)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來(lái)指觀光等；trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your (旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎？) / through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問(wèn)題：指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同；fishes 指許多種類的魚；fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
三、代詞：
1、代詞的分類：英語(yǔ)中代詞分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎？) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了？) / That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他！)
2、賓格用來(lái)作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：Who teach your English this year？(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)
3、人稱代詞作表語(yǔ)或者放在比較狀語(yǔ)從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語(yǔ)中大多用賓格。如：--Who is it?(是誰(shuí)？) –It‘s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語(yǔ)中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如： .(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰(shuí)要去那兒？) –.(你和我)
5、 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如：--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣？)—It‘s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What‘s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦？) –It‘s 12：00.(12點(diǎn)) / It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好長(zhǎng)的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into (很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空)learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺要學(xué)好一門外語(yǔ)是非常困難的)
3、Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)
2、名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ),后面千萬(wàn)不可以跟名詞。如：
This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒？) / Your .(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)
3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如：
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來(lái)看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來(lái)看我。)
[試比較] .(我的朋友昨天來(lái)看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來(lái)看我。)
4、Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt (不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的)
2、在句子中作同位語(yǔ)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語(yǔ)氣)。如：
Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)15
每年的中考試卷中，“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”題所占分值較大，是為了全面考查學(xué)生在初中階段所學(xué)的詞匯(同義或反義)、短語(yǔ)、句型和語(yǔ)法等方面的知識(shí)及其它的之間的靈活運(yùn)用能力。
Ⅰ.題型介紹
所謂“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”就是先給一個(gè)完整的句子A，再根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的要求(有時(shí)沒有明確，須自己觀察)，在第二個(gè)句子B的空白處填上適當(dāng)?shù)脑~來(lái)完成的句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
�、�.題型分類
從形式上看，有如下幾種形式：①某一詞或詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換;②詞組與句子的轉(zhuǎn)換;③同義句型的轉(zhuǎn)換;④為糾正常犯語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤而設(shè)計(jì)的題目。
從內(nèi)容上看，此題型涉及的面較廣，主要有：①句子功能方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。包括陳述句(肯定與否定)、四種題疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句的轉(zhuǎn)換;②句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。即簡(jiǎn)單句、復(fù)合句、并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換;③語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換;④常用句型與詞匯手段的轉(zhuǎn)換。
�、�.具體分類如下
一、陳述句與疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1、陳述句中肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň洌蟛糠质怯胣ot來(lái)改變謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，但也有借用否定意義的詞，如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等，例如：
A：Tom does well in maths.
B：Tom doesn't do in maths.
A：He has much to do.
B：He has nothing to do.
A：All of my classmates like art.
B：None of my classmates likes art.
2、改為疑問(wèn)句。根據(jù)上下句的'結(jié)構(gòu)和詞的減少，來(lái)判斷變?yōu)槟囊环N形式的疑問(wèn)句。例如：
A：My brother often has breakfast at school.
B： Does your brother often have breakfast at school?
A：Tom's already weak in English.
B：Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?
A：The red light changes every two minutes.
B：How often does the red light change?
3、改為感嘆句。根據(jù)所給的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞的詞性，來(lái)確定使用哪一種感嘆句的形式，例如：
A：This is an interesting book.
B：What an interesting book this is!
或 How interesting this book is!
二、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。
根據(jù)上句，寫出一個(gè)意思相同(或相近)的下句，此類形式繁多，內(nèi)容復(fù)雜，涉及面廣，歸類如下：
1、同義詞或詞組之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。(通常上下句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致)。
常見的同義詞或詞組有：(1)四個(gè)“花費(fèi)”(spend-take-cost-take);(2)三個(gè)“到達(dá)”(get to-reach-arrive in/at);(3)四個(gè)“收到…來(lái)信”(hear from-get a letter from-receive a letter from-have a letter from);(4)兩個(gè)“擅長(zhǎng)于…”(be good at -do well in);(5)兩個(gè)“有空”(be free-have time);(6)三個(gè)“入睡”(go to sleep-get to sleep-fall asleep);(7)兩個(gè)“玩得開心”(enjoy oneself-have a good time);(8)“給…打電話”(call sb-telephone sb-ring sb. a call-make a telephone to sb.)(9)“飛往…”(fly to…-go to…by air/plane)(10)“自學(xué)”(teach oneself-learn…by oneself)(11)在…方面幫助help…with…-help… (to)do…(12)在…差be weak in…-do badly in…(13)能/會(huì)…can-be able to(14)更喜歡…like…better than…-prefer…to…(15)充滿了…be full of…-be filled with…(16)放棄干…give up doing…-stop doing…(17)不再… no longer-not …any longer(18)照顧/保管 take care of…-look after(19)展覽 on show-on display(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing-keep/prevent…from doing…(21)由于 thanks to-because of…(22)舉手hands up-put up one's hands(23)最后，終于at last-in the end(24)與…不同 be different from…-be not the same as…(25)從…借入… borrow…from…-lend…to…(26)乘公汽/火車/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi-take a bus /train/taxi to…(27)乘自行車去… go to…by bike-ride a bike to…(28)為…感到自豪 be proud of…-be the pride of…(29)步行去… walk to…-go to…on foot (30)獨(dú)自地by oneself -alone等。例如：
A：The children had a good time in the park.
B：The children enjoyed themselves in the park.
2、同義句型之間的轉(zhuǎn)化。常見的同義句型有①It seems that 從句→Somebody seems(to be)+adj/n ②It's kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do… ③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What's the meaning of…?④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with… ⑤not…until…與when/after/before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 ⑥What's wrong with…?→What's the matter with…? ⑦How is…?→What's…like…?⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?⑧It's time that…→It's time for sb. to do…⑨It's said that…→People say that…⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?
例如：
A：I went to bed after I finished my homework.
B：I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework.
3、if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)化。例如：
A：If it doesn't rain tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
B：Unless it rains tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
A：If you don't hurry, you'll be late.
B：Hurry up, or you'll be late.
A：Fish can't live if there is no water.
B：Fish can't live without water.
4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的一句多譯。在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，結(jié)束性動(dòng)詞不能與時(shí)間段連用，必須改成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。常見的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換有：buy-have, borrow-keep, die-be dead, open-be open, join-be in+組織/be a +成員, begin-be on, leave-be away from, close-be closed, arrive in/ get to/ come/go to-be in/at, finsh-be over, go to sleep-be asleep，get up-be up.
例如：The old man died five months ago.
The old man has been dead since five months ago.
The old man has been dead for five months.
It's five months since the old man died.
Five months has passed since the old man died.
5、簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
①含賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：
A：I saw they were playing football on the playground.
B：I saw them playing football on the playground.
A：The teacher found that she was very clever.
B：The teacher found her very clever.
A：He found that it was hard to learn English well.
B：He found it hard to learn English well.
A：We are sure that we will win to first match.
B：We are sure to win to first match.
由疑問(wèn)代詞/副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“疑問(wèn)句+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
A：Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
B：Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?
A：We don't know what we should do next.
B：We don't know what to do next.
�、谟蓋hen/after/before/while/since/until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…
例如：
A：They went home after they finished their work.
B：The went home after finishing their work.
A：Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.
B：Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.
When sb. +be+數(shù)詞+years old→at the age of+歲數(shù)
A：When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
B：At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
�、塾蓅o…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為too…to do或…enough to do……例如：
A：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
B：The box is too heavy for me to carry.
或：The box isn't light enough for me to carry.
A：The child is so old that he can go to school.
B：The child is old enough to go to school.
④由so that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為in order to do例如：
A：My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.
B：My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.
�、萦蒪ecause 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為because of…例如：
A：We didn't go to the park because it rained.
B：We didn't go to the park because of the rain.
�、薅ㄕZ(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞短語(yǔ)或分詞短語(yǔ)。例如：
A：The man who is on the bike is Jim.
B：The man on the bike is Jim.
A：The man who is driving the red car is my boss.
B：The man driving the red car is my boss.
A：The girl who is called Mary is my sister.
B：The girl called Mary is my sister.
6、用并列連詞neither…nor;either…or…;both…and…;not only…but also…連句。例如：
A：I haven't seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn't either.
B：Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.
A：Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.
B：Tom is good at both maths and French.
neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞依靠近它的主語(yǔ)而定，即“就近原則”，但是both…and用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù)。
7、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的互變。
“主動(dòng)”變“被動(dòng)”實(shí)行“三變二不變”原則�！叭儭奔词侵髡Z(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的變化，“二不變”即時(shí)態(tài)不變，句式不變。例如：
A：They make watches in the town.
B：Watches are made by them in the town.
A：I can finish the work before eight.
B：The work can be finished(by me)before eight.
A：Do they grow rice in South China?
B：Is rice grown in South China?
注：使役性動(dòng)詞make或感觀性動(dòng)詞see/watch/look at/hear/listen to/feel在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中所帶省to的不定式賓補(bǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，必須加上to.
A：I saw him take your umbrella.
B：He was seen to take your umbrella.
8、形容詞、副詞二級(jí)之間的轉(zhuǎn)化，例如
A：Chinese is the most important subject of all.
B：Chinese is more important than any other subject.
A：This exercise is easier than the other two.
B：This exercise is the easiest of the three.
�、�.解題指導(dǎo)
要做好句型轉(zhuǎn)換題，必須注意如下幾點(diǎn)：
1、注重掌握教材中的基本句和同一句子英語(yǔ)的不同結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)技巧。
2、弄清題意，明確題目考查點(diǎn)，了解題目所給句子與答句之間的關(guān)系。
3、注意從多角度，全方位考慮問(wèn)題，突破難點(diǎn)，注意復(fù)查，看是否按要求完成了轉(zhuǎn)換。
通過(guò)上述的歸納和指導(dǎo)，可以理清學(xué)生的“依章辦事”的解題思路，養(yǎng)成“有條不紊”的解題習(xí)慣，培養(yǎng)多角度思維解題的能力，從而達(dá)到提高學(xué)習(xí)效率的目的。
特殊疑問(wèn)句
注：1、一般情況：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成。
2、特殊疑問(wèn)詞在句中充當(dāng)成分。
3、不用yes ,no回答，直接回答。
4、讀降調(diào)。
5、常用疑問(wèn)詞：who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。
對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)。(把各句變?yōu)樘厥庖蓡?wèn)句)
1、 對(duì)主語(yǔ)(人)提問(wèn)：
The boy is running now. Who is running now?
2、 對(duì)表語(yǔ)(人)提問(wèn)：
He is Lily's father. Who is he ?
3、 對(duì)介賓(人)提問(wèn)：
She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ?
4、 對(duì)動(dòng)賓(人)提問(wèn)：
I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English?
5、 對(duì)間賓(人)提問(wèn)：
Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday?
6、 對(duì)主語(yǔ)(東西)提問(wèn)：
The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ?
7、 對(duì)表語(yǔ)(東西)提問(wèn)：
These are boats. What are these?
8、 對(duì)動(dòng)賓(東西)提問(wèn)：
I want a cup of tea. What do you want?
9對(duì)職業(yè)(提問(wèn))提問(wèn)：
The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do?
10.對(duì)介賓(東西)提問(wèn)：
He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for?
11、對(duì)是什么提問(wèn)：
It's a Chinese car. What is it?
12、對(duì)計(jì)算結(jié)果提問(wèn)：
Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine?
13、對(duì)年級(jí)提問(wèn)：
I'm in Grade Three. What grade are you in?
14、對(duì)班級(jí)提問(wèn)：
Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in?
15、對(duì)年級(jí)和班級(jí)提問(wèn)：
Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ?
16、對(duì)排提問(wèn):
We are in Row One. What row are you in?
注：1、對(duì)年級(jí)、班級(jí)、排提問(wèn)時(shí)，問(wèn)句中的in 不能去掉.
2，what 后的grade ,class ，row用小寫形式.
3,what根據(jù)實(shí)際譯為漢語(yǔ).
17、對(duì)學(xué)號(hào)提問(wèn):
Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy's number?
18、對(duì)后置定語(yǔ)提問(wèn):
This is a map of China. What map is this ?
19、對(duì)顏色提問(wèn):
The flowers are red. What color are the flowers?
20、對(duì)幾點(diǎn)幾分提問(wèn):
It's six. What time is it ? What's the time?
21、對(duì)名字提問(wèn):
My name is Li Lei. What's your name ?
22、對(duì)前置定語(yǔ)提問(wèn):
These apples are yours. Which apples are yours?
The best one is Lily's. Which one is Lily's?
23、對(duì)表語(yǔ)(名物代)提問(wèn):
This cup is yours. Whose is the cup?
24、對(duì)后置定語(yǔ)提問(wèn):
The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother?
25、對(duì)后置定語(yǔ)提問(wèn):
I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy?
26、對(duì)主語(yǔ)(名物代)提問(wèn):
Mine is red. Whose is red?
27、對(duì)定語(yǔ)(形物代)提問(wèn):
They are my books. Whose books are they?
28、對(duì)定語(yǔ)(名詞所有格)提問(wèn):
This is Lucy and Lily's room. Whose room is this?
29、對(duì)表語(yǔ)(名詞所有格)提問(wèn)：
This cup is Kate's. Whose is this cup?
30對(duì)身體提問(wèn)：
I'm fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you?
31、對(duì)年齡提問(wèn)：
The boy is fifteen. How old are you?
32、對(duì)天氣提問(wèn)：
It's cloudy today. How is the weather today?=What's the weather like today?
33、對(duì)語(yǔ)言提問(wèn)：
I can spell it in English. How can you spell it?
34、對(duì)方式提問(wèn)：
I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike?) How do you often go to school?
35、對(duì)程度提問(wèn)：
She studies hard. How does she study?
36、對(duì)數(shù)量提問(wèn)：
1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?
2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ?
3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house?
37、對(duì)價(jià)格提問(wèn)：The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat?
注：1，對(duì)價(jià)格提問(wèn)，be 應(yīng)根據(jù)后面的主語(yǔ)而定。
2，單位yuan在問(wèn)句中去掉。
38、對(duì)距離提問(wèn)：
The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here?
39、對(duì)長(zhǎng)度提問(wèn)：
The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler?
40、對(duì)for+一段時(shí)間提問(wèn)：
We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ?
He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here?
注：how long 后面必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
41、對(duì)星期提問(wèn)：
Today is Monday. What day is it today?
42、對(duì)in+一段時(shí)間提問(wèn)：
The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop?
43、對(duì)頻度副詞提問(wèn)：
Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li?
44、對(duì)范圍內(nèi)的次數(shù)提問(wèn)：
I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer?
45、對(duì)寬度提問(wèn)：
The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river?
46、對(duì)原因狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)：
He didn't come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn't he come to school?
注：表示“因?yàn)椤钡倪B詞有since, as , for, because.
47、對(duì)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)：
We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school?
48、對(duì)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)：
The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football?
49、對(duì)幾月幾日提問(wèn)：
It's May 2 today. What's the date today?
50、對(duì)種類(后置定語(yǔ))提問(wèn)：
I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want?
51、對(duì)作什么提問(wèn)：
The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree?
熟記變特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，容易判斷錯(cuò)的情況。
1、 數(shù)詞
表示年齡：He is fifty-five. How old is he ?
表示時(shí)間：It's fifty-five. What's the time?
表示加法：Six and two is eight. What's six and two?
表示價(jià)格：The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt?
表示多少：I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have?
2、 姓名和人
表示人名：My name is Gina. What's your name?
表示人：The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ?
3、 長(zhǎng)度和距離
表示距離：It's five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here?
表示長(zhǎng)度：It's five hundred metres. How long is it ?
4、 顏色，東西
表示顏色：The shoes are white. What color are the shoes?
表示物：They are white sheep. What are they?
表示顏色：They are white sheep. What color are these sheep?
5、 名詞所有格和人
表示名詞所有格：She's Lucy's sister. Whose sister is she?
表示人：She's Lucy's sister. Who is she?
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換的九種類型
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題是近幾年中考英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)�？碱}型，其出題形式通常是同時(shí)給出兩個(gè)句子，第一句完整，第二句中設(shè)有幾處空格，要求考生填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或詞組，使第二句的意思與第一句意思相同。它綜合考查考生的語(yǔ)法、詞匯、短語(yǔ)或習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和句型結(jié)構(gòu)等知識(shí)，要求運(yùn)用所學(xué)的詞匯、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和句型結(jié)構(gòu)填寫句子，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整、邏輯合理、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)無(wú)誤、意思與所給句子相同。通過(guò)對(duì)近幾年的中考英語(yǔ)試題中同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中考英語(yǔ)同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題主要考查以下幾個(gè)方面：
一、運(yùn)用同義詞(組)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
用同義詞或同義詞組對(duì)原句中的某些詞或詞組進(jìn)行替換，注意轉(zhuǎn)換后的詞或詞組的詞形變化要與句子其他成分相適應(yīng)。如：
1. That day we could see flowers here and there.
That day we could see flowers __________.
分析：答案為everywhere。everywhere與here and there都表示“到處”。
2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school.
The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school.
分析：答案為looks after。take good care of與look after…well都表示“好好照顧”。
二、運(yùn)用反義詞(組)的否定式進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即用反義詞或詞組的否定式表達(dá)與原句相同的意思，主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)反義詞(詞組)的積累和換位思維的能力。如：
1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time.
It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time.
分析：答案為same as。be different from意為“與……不同”;the same as意為“與……相同”，其否定式與be different from同義。
2. I think wealth is less important than health.
I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health.
分析：答案為don’t，more。less important的意思是“沒有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”，該結(jié)構(gòu)與not連用，則表示“不比……更重要”。
另外，有的反義詞即使不與否定詞連用，而只需改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)也可構(gòu)成同義句。如：
He lent some money to his friend.
He friend ___ some money ___ him.
分析：答案為borrowed，from。borrow…from意為“向……借……”;lend…to意為“把……借給……”。兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)意思相反，但若變換“借出者”與“借入者”的位置，則可轉(zhuǎn)換為同義句。
三、運(yùn)用不同語(yǔ)態(tài)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即運(yùn)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換同義詞，但此時(shí)要特別注意時(shí)態(tài)、動(dòng)詞一致性。如：
1. Everyone should give back his library books on time.
Library books should____ ____ ____ on time.
分析：答案為be given back。被動(dòng)句中含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should，因此助動(dòng)詞用be。
2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
Computers ____ widely ___ in the world today.
分析：答案為are，used。computers是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，助動(dòng)詞用are。
四、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換
即非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換，此時(shí)往往會(huì)涉及時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如：
1. The manager left two hours ago.
The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours.
分析：答案為has been away。leave為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能與for two hours這樣的一段時(shí)間連用，而改成be away這樣的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞后，則可連用一段時(shí)間。
2. The film began five minutes ago.
The film has been _____ _____ five minutes.
分析：答案為on for。has been提示時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，“for+時(shí)間段”表示“持續(xù)(一段時(shí)間)”，常用在含有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的句子里。
3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago.
Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years.
答案：has been in。短暫動(dòng)詞join，意為“參加、加入(組織，政黨)”，不能與延續(xù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，與延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí)，將join改成be in或be a member in…。
五、運(yùn)用不同引語(yǔ)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即將直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)或?qū)㈤g接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成直接引語(yǔ)。此時(shí)還要注意相關(guān)時(shí)態(tài)、人稱、動(dòng)詞、狀語(yǔ)等相應(yīng)的變化。如：
1. “I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me.
He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet.
分析：答案為told，had found。此題是將直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)。
2. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______.
分析：答案為asked if/ whether, before。此題是將疑問(wèn)句的直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)。
六、運(yùn)用簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
即將簡(jiǎn)單句變成同義的復(fù)合句或?qū)?fù)合句變成同義的簡(jiǎn)單句。如：
1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining.
We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.
分析：答案為because of。將原因狀語(yǔ)從句because it was raining改為表示原因的介詞短語(yǔ)because of the rain。
2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep.
He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep.
分析：答案為too excited to。將so…that…換成too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)，原句的that從句為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，改寫句中的不定式仍表結(jié)果。
3. Now I will show you how to do the work.
Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work.
分析：答案為how you can。即將原句中的“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成賓語(yǔ)從句。
4. You should put them back after you use them.
You should put them back _____ _____ them.
分析：答案為after using。即將after引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句改寫為after引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)。
七、運(yùn)用并列句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
即將并列句變成同義的復(fù)合句或?qū)?fù)合句變成同義的并列句。如：
1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus.
____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.
分析：答案為If，don’t。if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
2. The man gave us a talk last week. Now he will give us another talk this week.
The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week.
分析：答案為who/ that，will give。who/ that gave us a talk last week為定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the man。
八、運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)連詞連接或合并句子
即運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)連詞both…and…，neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…等將兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合并為一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。此時(shí)要注意的是，both…and…連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)總是用復(fù)數(shù)，而neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常應(yīng)與靠近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如：
1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either.
______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well.
分析：答案填Neither，nor。neither…nor…表示“……和……(兩者)都不”，剛好與原句的兩個(gè)否定結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相吻合。
2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too.
______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book.
分析：答案為Both，and。both…and…的意思是“……和……(兩者)都”。
3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes.
This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes.
分析：答案為not only，but also。表示“不僅……而且……”之意。
九、利用某些典型句式或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
這類典型結(jié)構(gòu)如so…that…，too…to…，enough to，not…until…，so do I等。如：
1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents.
分析：答案為so do。句意為“……他的父母也一樣(一樣想去)”。
2. John went to bed after he finished his homework.
John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework.
分析：答案為didn’t，until。not…until意為“直到……才”。
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