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定語從句知識總結(jié)
總結(jié)就是對一個時期的學(xué)習(xí)、工作或其完成情況進行一次全面系統(tǒng)的回顧和分析的書面材料，寫總結(jié)有利于我們學(xué)習(xí)和工作能力的提高，不如立即行動起來寫一份總結(jié)吧。但是卻發(fā)現(xiàn)不知道該寫些什么，以下是小編精心整理的定語從句知識總結(jié)，希望對大家有所幫助。
定語從句的概念
在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
定語從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that， which， who(賓格whom，所有格whose)等，關(guān)系副詞包括where， when， why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用，同時又作定語從句的重要成分。
定語從句的分類
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號分開，從句不可省去，非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號分開，起補充說明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
關(guān)系代詞的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語，作主語時不可省略，作賓語可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍色的。(that作賓語)
2.which用于指物，在句中作主語或賓語，作主語不可省略，作賓語可省略。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)
3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主語，whom用作賓語。在口語中，有時可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。(作主語)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(作賓語)
注意：
(1)當(dāng)定語從句中含有介詞，介詞放在句末時，who， that， which可省略，但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時，只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p>
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。
(2)含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中，介詞不可前置，只能放在原來的位置上。例如：
This is the person whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個人。
(3)that 作介詞的賓語時，介詞不能放它的前面，只能放在從句中動詞的后面。例如：
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠。
(4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況：
a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾，或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個通過考試的人。
b.被修飾的先行詞為all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代詞時，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?
c.先行詞被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等詞修飾時，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。
d. 先行詞里同時含有人或物時，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句，為避免重復(fù)，只能用that.例如：
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰?
f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾主語的定語從句用that，而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
(5)關(guān)系詞只能用which，而不用that 的情況：
a.先行詞為that， those時，用which， 而不用that.例如：
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?
b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時，一般用which，而不用that.例如：
This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。
c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，用which， 而不用that.例如：
Tom came back， which made us happy. 湯姆回來了，這使我們很高興。
五、關(guān)系副詞的用法
(1)when指時間，其先行詞表示時間，在句中作時間狀語。例如：
This was the time when he arrived.這是他到達的時間。
(2)where指地點，其先行詞表示地點，在句中作地點狀語。例如：
This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點。
(3)why 指原因，其先行詞是原因，起原因狀語作用。例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。
定語從句知識
定語從句由關(guān)系代詞who、whom、whose、which、what、as和關(guān)系副詞where、when、why等引導(dǎo)，但須記�。�
1.what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。
2.關(guān)系詞的分析須考慮它在定語從句中的成分。
一.指人的關(guān)系代詞有who、whose、whom、that. 試分析：
The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.
Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing .
The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster. (=The man who/whom that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.)注：
A. 指人時有時只用who不宜用that。
1.先行詞為one、ones或anyone
(1)The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard.
(2)Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
2.先行詞為these時
These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school.
3.在there be 開頭的句子中
There is a student who wants to see you.
4.一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that，另一個宜用who，以免重復(fù)。
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards.
5.在非限制性定語從句中
A.I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan.
B.主句以who開頭的句子中,只用that,不用who。
二.指物的關(guān)系代詞有which、whose(=of which)、that. 試分析：
1. I like the books which / that were written by Lu Xun.
2. The desks (which/that) we made last year were very good.
3. This is the house in which we lived last year. (= This is the house which /that we lived in last year.)
4. I live in the room whose windows face south. (= I live in the room ,the windows of which face south.)
注：
A. 介詞如果位于作為其賓語的關(guān)系代詞之前時，只能用whom、 which不能用who或that.
(1). The girl about whom they were talking is our monitor.
(2). The book in which there are many interesting things was written by Li Ming.
B. 部分短語動詞中的介詞不可與動詞拆開，在定語從句中其介詞不可前置，只能放在其動詞之后。
Is this the book which she is looking for?
The old man who/whom they are waiting for is Professor Li.
The child who/whom she is looking after is Wang Ping’s son.
C. 指物時，下列情況下只能用that ，不宜用which。
(1)先行詞為不定代詞，如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等。
We are willing to do anything that is good to the people.
I have told them all (that) I know.
All that can be done has been done.
(2)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞、修飾時。
The first book that I read last night was an English novel.
(3)先行詞是形容詞最高級或被最高級修飾時。
This is one of the most interesting films that I have ever seen.
This is the best that can be done now.
(4)如果有兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的先行詞時(先行詞既有人又有物)，定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用which和who都不合適，只能用that。
We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.
There are sheep and men that can be seen on the hill.
(5)如果先行詞被the only、the very、the last、the same、any、 few 、little、no、 all 、one of、 just修飾時。
This is the only book that can be lent to you.
(6)當(dāng)主句是以which開頭的特殊問句時，關(guān)系代詞只用that。
Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ?
D.只物時，下列情況下只能用which，不宜用that。
(1)關(guān)系代詞放在介詞之后
This is the factory in which we once worked.
(2)非限制性定語從句中
This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun.
(3)that，Those作主語時
Those which are on the desk are English books.
E.先行詞前有such、the same、 as時, 關(guān)系代詞用as，不用that, 但the same…as…表示同樣的, the same…that…表示同一的
He knows as many people as are present at the meeting.
Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays.
三.比較When/which、where /which、why.
which I still never forget.
This is the day when I joined the party.
which he spent reading the books.
where I found the book.
which makes machines.
This is the place which we once visited.
which I will never forget.
which I am looking for.
限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：
限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句
All the students who study hard have passed.學(xué)習(xí)努力的學(xué)生都考試及格了。(只有努力的及格了，不努力的沒及格。) All the students ,who study hard have passed.所有的學(xué)生都及格了，他們學(xué)習(xí)努力。(沒有人不及格，這些學(xué)生都很努力。)
從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語(如去掉，主句意思就不完整或不正確。) 從句是對先行詞的附加說明(如去掉，主句意思仍清楚，不受影響。) 與主句關(guān)系密切，不用逗號 與主句關(guān)系不十分密切，用逗號與主句隔開譯為漢語時，從句譯在先行詞前，與先行詞用“的”連接 譯為漢語時，從句放在主句后面關(guān)系代詞that可以代替who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 關(guān)系代詞不用that,只用who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 關(guān)系代詞代替賓語時可以省略 關(guān)系代詞不能省略關(guān)系代詞as和which
先研究下面兩個例句：
○1.This elephant is like a snake, as /which everybody can see. =As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. 任何人都看得出來，這頭象像條蛇。
○2.Tom didn’t pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry. Tom物理考試不及格，這使得他父親很生氣。
這兩個例句中，as和which所代表的都是整個主句所表示的內(nèi)容。但有兩點不同之處：
1. 在形式上as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面;而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。
2. 在意義上，as引導(dǎo)的定語從句和主句的關(guān)系一般為一致關(guān)系，常譯為“正如……”，“就像……”，而which引導(dǎo)的定語從句和主句的關(guān)系是因果關(guān)系，或which引導(dǎo)的定語從句是對主句的評論。因此，在意思通順的情況下，which可代替as，而as許多時候不能代替which，如句○2。再如：
1.He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我們所料，他又遲到了。/他又遲到了這是我們早就料到的。
2. The street hasn’t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期沒有打掃了，因此整條街很臟。(不用as)
3.The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年輕人詐騙了他朋友許多錢財，這是不光彩的。(不 用as)
4.He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天運動，這對他的身體很有好處。(不用as)
5.As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣，英語對于初學(xué)者說，是相當(dāng)難學(xué)的。在such…as…、the same…as…、 as…、 as many…/much as…等結(jié)構(gòu)中,as不能用which代替。如：
1.Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 這樣的書對于初學(xué)的人來說是太難了。
=Books such as this are …
=Books like this are …
2.I live in the same building as he (does). 我和他住再同一座大樓里。
3.He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 他認識所有到會的人。
4.That day we all got up early as usual. 那天我們和平時一樣，都起得很早。
“One of the +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后面定語從句中謂語單復(fù)數(shù)情況
這一結(jié)構(gòu)后面的定語從句的謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，跟定語從句所*近的那個復(fù)數(shù)名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。如：
1. That is one of the books that are required for study at school.
2. This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.
3. She is one of the few persons who know Spanish .
4. This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties,
如果one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)前面帶有the only、the very之類的限定語，后面定語從句的謂語動詞則要用單數(shù)形式，這是因為定語從句在意義上修飾的是而不是那個復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如：
1.He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.( 修飾the only one)
He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.( 修飾the teachers)
2.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修飾the only one)
This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修飾rooms)
as與which引導(dǎo)的定語從句
兩者均可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有時可以互換，但下列情況多用as。
1. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句居句首時。 As we all know, the earth is round.
2. 當(dāng)與such或the same連用時，一般用as。 Such books as you tell me are interesting. I have the same plan as you.
3. 當(dāng)從句和主句語義一致時，用as，反之則用which。 She has married again, as was expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.
4. as在從句中作主語時，后面常接行為動詞的被動語態(tài)，如be known，be said，be reported等，如從句中行為動詞是主動語態(tài)，一般要用which作主語。
She has been late again, as was expected.
Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.
as引導(dǎo)定語從句
as引導(dǎo)定語從句時，既可以引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，又可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。區(qū)分as引導(dǎo)定語從句和其它從句的關(guān)鍵特征是：as引導(dǎo)定語從句時在從句中做成分，通常做主語或賓語。
1、as引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句
如從句所修飾的名詞前有such、the same、as出現(xiàn)，后面的定語從句將由as引導(dǎo)，形成such...as，the same...as，as…as這樣的固定結(jié)構(gòu)，譯為“和……一樣”。
例1：I never heard such stories as he told.
我從未聽過他所講的那樣的故事。
例2：He’ll repeat such questions as are discussed in the book.
他將重復(fù)書中討論過的問題。
例3：They made the same mistake as others would have made on such an occasion.
他們犯了和其他人在這種場合下會犯的同樣錯誤as用法詳解as用法詳解。
2、as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句
as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，往往指代一整句話，通常表示“正如”的意思。as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句位置相對比較靈活，可以位于先行詞之前、之后或中間。
例：As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth.
眾所周知，月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。
as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句
as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句多用于口語，強調(diào)“同一時間”或“一先一后”，有時還有“隨著”的含義。
例1：As I was going out, it began to rain.
當(dāng)我出門時，開始下雨了。(as強調(diào)兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生，不強調(diào)下雨的特定時間。)
例2：As time goes on, he will understand what I said.
隨著時間的推移，他會理解我所講的話。
as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句
as表示“因為”，與because相比，較口語化，所表達的原因語氣較弱，所表的原因比較明顯，或是已知的事實。
例1：As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
因為天氣太糟糕，我們不得不推遲旅行。
例2：Any new source of energy will be very welcome, as there is already a shortage of petroleum.
任何新型能源都將大受歡迎，因為石油已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)短缺。
as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句
as表示“按照”，“以……方式”，“像……一樣”，“正如”。
例：Do as the Romans do when in Rome. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗
注：as在引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句時，還常出現(xiàn)在一個固定的類比結(jié)構(gòu)中：(just) as …, so…。這一句型表示類比，基本含義是“正如……，所以……”。
例：Just as virtue is its own reward, so is vice its own punishment.
善有善報，惡有惡報。
as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句
as可以表示“盡管”，“雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，但必須構(gòu)成倒裝。讓步狀語從句倒裝規(guī)則有兩類：
1、形容詞/副詞/分詞/名詞(無冠詞)/介詞短語等+as+主語+謂語動詞，主句。
例1：Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you.
我盡管很喜歡你，卻不能和你在一起生活。
例2：Child as he is, he knows to help others.
盡管他是個孩子，他懂得幫助別人。
2、動詞原形+as+主語+助動詞(may/might, will/would, can/could, do/does/did)，主句as用法詳解考研英語。
例：Try as we may, we cannot sense directly the television signal sent out from the broadcast station.
盡管我們費了很大的勁，也無法直接覺察發(fā)射臺發(fā)出的電視信號
as引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句
as引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是as…as。前一個as是副詞，后一個as是比較狀語從句的連詞。否定結(jié)構(gòu)為not so much … as
例1：Small as it is, the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth.
盡管螞蟻很小，但是它同地球上的任何其他動物一樣，也是一種動物。
例2：It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game.
與其說是他受到了許多打擊，還不如說是缺乏斗志使他輸?shù)袅吮荣悺?/p>
定語從句知識總結(jié) 1
定語從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語
1.定語從句：修飾某一句中的名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。被修飾的詞稱為先行詞。
2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞
關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。
關(guān)系詞常有3個作用：
1、引導(dǎo)定語從句。
2、代替先行詞。
3、在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1.who指人，在從句中做主語
(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，�？墒÷�。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人時，相當(dāng)于who或者whom;指物時，相當(dāng)于which。在賓語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year
rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物時，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替
(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4)The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5)Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? (6)Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1. 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時，從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)
(1)The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2)The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5)We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talk-ed about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
2.關(guān)系代詞前的介詞的選擇
* 由先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配或根據(jù)先行詞的需要。
(1) The speed at which light travels is 300,000 km per second. (at the speed of …以…速度)
(2) The reason for which he didn’t come to school was that he was ill. (for a certain reason 由于某種原因)
* 介詞可能是從句短語動詞的一個固定部分或固定搭配
(3) Don’t bring children to see the animals of which they are afraid. (be afraid of 害怕)
(4) This is the teacher from whom I borrowed the book. (borrow from…從…借入
注意：
1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom，不可用who或者that;指物時用 which，不能用that;關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1. when指時間，在定語從句中做時間狀語
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地點，在定語從句中做地點狀語
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：
1.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
2.當(dāng)先行詞為時間、地點、原因名詞時，如果在從句中不是作狀語時，不可用關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。
(1)The reason (that/which) he gave for being late is that his mother was ill.
(2)They make me think of the happy days (that/which) we spent together.
(3)Is this factory the one (that/which) they visited the day before yester- day.
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1、由who, whom, that，Whose引導(dǎo)的從句
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，who作主語指人，whom作賓語指人，that既可作主語又可作賓語(作賓語可以省略)，可以指人也可以指物。Whose 用來指人或物，只用作定語。
(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那個想見你的男人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
(3) The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你剛剛說話的那個男人是我們的英語老師
(4) he man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那個兒子是醫(yī)生的男人是我們的教授。
2、由which, that引導(dǎo)的從句
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，作賓語時可以省略，例如：
(1) Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在從句中作主語)
(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那個包裹快要散開了。(which / that在從句中作賓語)
注意： 代表物時多用which，但在下列情況中用that而不用which：
a)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代詞時;
b)先行詞由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時，這時的that常被省略;
c)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或被形容詞最高級修飾時;
d)先行詞中既有人又有物時;
e)整個句中前面已有which，who,that時;
f)當(dāng)先行詞為物并作表語時;
g)先行詞為one時;
h)先行詞同時又被the only,the very,the same修飾時;
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1、when指時間在定語從句中做時間狀語也可做連接詞用 I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
2、where指地點在定語從句中做地點狀語 Shanghai is the city where I was born.
3、why指原因在定語從句中做原因狀語 ，用在reason 后面。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
常見考法
對于定語從句的考查，多以單選的形式考查學(xué)生靈活運用的能力。一般情況下，常從關(guān)系詞的意義和功能的角度考查，重點是that,which,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
典型例題：Youre the only person ______Ive ever met ______could do it.
A. who B. whom C. whom D. who
解析：先行詞person后有兩個定語從句,第一個從句省略了關(guān)系代詞whom.因為, whom作從句中met的賓語,可以省略.第二個從句who could do it.who在從句中作主語,不可省略.
答案：D
誤區(qū)提醒
當(dāng)表示時間或地點的名詞作先行詞時，要判斷出它們在從句中作狀語還是主語或賓語。作狀語時用關(guān)系副詞，反之用關(guān)系代詞。
典型例題：I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
解析：. 兩個先行詞the day都是表示時間的名詞,但第一個空白處要填的關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語,因此要用關(guān)系副詞when. 第二個空白處要填的關(guān)系詞在從句中作動詞spent的賓語,因此要用關(guān)系代詞which或that來引導(dǎo)定語從句.
答案：A
定語從句
關(guān)系
代詞指代例句
who指人,寵物,This is the man who helped me.
whose所有格,
指人,物This is the boss whose name is Michael.
whom賓語, 指人The doctor whom you are looking for
is in the room.
that人,物,
主語或動賓This is the boy that broke the window.
which人,物,The building which is in front of you
主語或介賓 is our school.
I am going to drop out school, （非限）
which makes my parents worried.
關(guān)系
副詞
when從句時間Do you remember the day
when he came to see you?難點Is Sheba the dog who was killed last year? (指代動物)This is the boss in whose company my farther is working now. (復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu))whose = the…of which (P314)There was no one to whom I can turn for help.(復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu))of whom (其中) most of whom, none of whom…He is the only person that I want to talk to. (不用which) (P315)作表語: He is no longer the man that he used to be.of which (其中) most of which, none of whichin which case / during which time / at which time 引導(dǎo)從句It was in 1979 that he was elected Chairman.It was 1979 when he was elected Chairman of our club.
I bought the book 2 years ago, since when I have used no others.
Cases are introduced to you
where從句地點why
特殊
as限制性
定語從句
非限制性
定語從句You have reached the point where a change is needed.Tell me the reason why you are late.the same…as (P320)such…as They use such simple words as can be understood by us.as…as (P320)(正如) as is mentioned above as has been reported before
as is often the case as is known to all where you can employ this law.(condition, circumstances, system, example…)I am going to Shanghai where lives my aunt. (從句倒裝)I climbed to the top of the mountain, from where I could see thewhole city.先行詞只有reasonCan you repeat the reason that you gave yesterday?They use such simple words that we can understand them.(狀語從句中，that不擔(dān)任成分,不可以省略)可以位于句首, 與主語從句區(qū)分It is known to all that… (形式主語)As is known to all, (定語從句)What is known to all is that (主語從句)
定語從句知識
定語從句，一個簡單句跟在一名詞或代詞后（先行詞）進行修飾限定，就叫做定語從句。在主句中充當(dāng)定語成分。被修飾的詞叫先行詞。
一．幾個基本概念
1.定語從句的定義：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。
2.先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的.名詞或代詞。
3.定語從句的位置：緊跟先行詞（名詞或代詞）之后。
4.引導(dǎo)詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞（包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）。
�。�1）關(guān)系代詞：that/who/whom/which/as
�。�2）關(guān)系副詞：when/where/why
5.引導(dǎo)詞的位置：位于定語從句之前（先行詞之后）�！綼s除外】
6.引導(dǎo)詞的功能（作用）：
�。�1）連接先行詞和定語從句。
�。�2）在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分（關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語或賓語，關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)狀語）。
7.定語從句的類型：
�。�1）限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間無逗號）。
�、� 直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句
The man who you’re talking to is my friend.
�、� 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom/which）引導(dǎo)
The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.
介詞的選用可根據(jù)從句中的相關(guān)詞組確定，該介詞通常可以放在關(guān)系代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如：
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
�。�2）非限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間用逗號隔開）。
① 直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。
�、� 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom/which）引導(dǎo)。
I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.
There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.
This is the man to whom I gave the book.
�、� 由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”(先行詞指
人用whom,指物用which)引導(dǎo)。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等詞、數(shù)詞、分數(shù)或百分比與of whom或of which連用。
He has five children, two of whom are abroad.
(比較：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.
(比較：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)
除why和that不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句外，其余引導(dǎo)詞都可以，用法同限定性定語從句一樣。但要注意以下區(qū)別。
1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開。
2.非限定性定語從句的作用：它只是補充說明先行詞的情況，翻譯時可譯成兩個句子。
The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.
�。俏还こ處煴缓芸焖屯t(yī)院，其腿部受了重傷）
The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.
�。俏煌炔渴芰酥貍墓こ處煴缓芸焖屯t(yī)院）
3.在非限定性定語從句中，任何引導(dǎo)詞都不能省略（包括引導(dǎo)詞在此定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語在內(nèi)）。指人做主語時只能用who, 做賓語時用whom;
指物做主語，賓語都用which; 關(guān)系副詞用when或where，也不能省略。
The man, ______ is sitting on the chair, is my father.
The woman, _______ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.
The city, _______ is far away, is very beautiful.
He went to America, ______ his parents live.
He joined the Army yesterday, ______ I left, too.
4.whose引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句：
The house, whose window faces south, is mine.
=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.
＝The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.
二.定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本用法
1.who/that指人是主格在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的主語，不能省略。
Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?
2.whom/who/that指人是賓格，在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的賓語（動賓或介賓）。
�、� 當(dāng)作動賓（動詞后接賓語）時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。
Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now?
�、� 當(dāng)作介賓（介詞后接賓語）時：
介詞不提前時，關(guān)系代詞可省略；
介詞提前時，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞＋whom(指人時介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用whom)。
The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.
The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.
※注：固定的動詞短語（動詞+介詞）如look for, take care of等不能把動詞與介詞拆開，既介詞不能提至引導(dǎo)詞前。
She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.
3.whose: 指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語（動賓或介賓）即先行詞的什么東西怎樣了，whose不能省略。Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.
I didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken. （主語）
He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. （動賓）
The boss in whose company I work is very kind. （介賓）
4.which/that 指物，指代先行詞且在定語從句中作主語或賓語（動賓或介賓）。
�、� 當(dāng)作動賓時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。
�、� 當(dāng)作介賓時：
介詞不提前時，關(guān)系代詞可省略；
介詞提前時，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞＋which(指物時介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用which)。
The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.
The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.
The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.
The games in which the young men competed were difficult.
※注:介詞+關(guān)系代詞即介詞+whom/which(先行詞指人用whom，指物用which)。
定語從句知識總結(jié)
定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子。
被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。
關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why, how。
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時又可做定語從句的一個成分。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語時可以省略。
定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致。
定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1) who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) whose 用來指人或物，(只用作定語，若指物，它還可以同of which互換).
例如：
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
3) which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等.
例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
(which / that在句中作賓語)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
(which / that在句中作賓語)
關(guān)系代詞that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法區(qū)別：
不用that的情況：
a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時
(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
c) 多用who 的情況
�、訇P(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
②先行詞為those, people 時
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.
�、巯刃性~為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時
One who doesnt work hard will never succeed in his work.
�、茉赥here be句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you.
�、菰诒环指舻亩ㄕZ從句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
�、拊谟袃蓚�定語從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個以上的并列定語從句時，后一個必須重復(fù)前一個關(guān)系代詞。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.
只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時，只用that。
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞(the last)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。
The first English book that I read was The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twin.
d)先行詞既有人，又有物時。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.
e)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時，用that 以避免重復(fù)。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate.
f)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語
He is not the man that he used to be.
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當(dāng)于介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用.
例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
Im surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.
注意：
�、僭诜窍拗菩远ㄕZ從句中，介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞。
如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.
�、诤薪樵~短語的動詞一般不能拆開，介詞仍放在動詞后面。
Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?
3
名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句
She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.
There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.
There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.
as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的差別
由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有正如的意思。
As is know, smoking is harmful to ones health.
用法區(qū)別：
(1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。
As we all know, he never smokes.
(2) as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。
(3)非限定性定語從句中出現(xiàn)expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測、想象、預(yù)料等時。
She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.
(4)As 的用法 the same? as; such?as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣……。
I should like to use the same tool as is used here.
We should have such a dictionary as he is using.
定語從句的知識
�。ㄒ唬┒ㄕZ從句一般由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)
1、關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as
2、關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞必須位于從句之首，主句先行詞之后，起著連接先行詞和從句的作用， 同時在從句中又充當(dāng)句子成分，高考語法復(fù)習(xí)四：定語從句。
e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語）
The comrade with whom I came knows French.（whom在從句中作介詞with的賓語）
3、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法：
1）當(dāng)先行詞為人時用who 作主語，whom作賓語；
2）當(dāng)先行詞為物或整個句子時用which ，可作主語或賓語；
3）先行詞為人、物時用that ，可作主語或賓語；
4）whose用作定語，可指人或物；
5）關(guān)系副詞when（指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語，where（指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語），why（指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語）。
�。ǘ┫拗菩远ㄕZ從句與非限制性定語從句
1、限制性定語從句：從句與主句關(guān)系密切，去掉從句，主句意義不完整，甚至不合邏輯。
e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定語從句，意思就不完整）
2、非限制性定語從句：從句對先行詞關(guān)系不密切，去掉定從句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號隔開，不能that用引導(dǎo)。
e.g. Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.（who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，整個句子可分成兩句來翻譯）
�。ㄈ┦褂枚ㄕZ從句時特別注意的幾個問題
1、that與which的區(qū)別。
1）用that而不用 which的情況：
�、傧刃性~為不定代詞all, anything, nothing, …；
�、谙刃性~有最高級修飾，有序數(shù)詞修飾；
③先行詞有only, very, any等詞修飾；
�、芟刃性~既有人又有物時。
e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 沒有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他們所參觀的第一個地方是象鼻山。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這部電影是我看過的最好的一部。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他認識的唯一的外國人。
2）用which而不用 that的情況：①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句；②代表整個主句的意思；③介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞。
e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他數(shù)學(xué)考試沒有及格，這使他的父親很生氣。
This is the room in which my father lived last year. 這是父親去年居住過的房子。
3）as引導(dǎo)定語從句時的用法
①as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句通常用于the same … as, such … as結(jié)構(gòu)中。
e.g. I want the same shirt as my friends. 我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我們車間使用的這種機器是中國制造的。
�、赼s引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用來修飾整個句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。
e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所預(yù)料的那樣，他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。
3）as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時與which的區(qū)別
�、佼�(dāng)主句和從句語義一致時，用as；反之，用which來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.
He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
�、诋�(dāng)非限制定語從句為否定時，常用which引導(dǎo)。
e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.
2. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先行詞決定。
e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在樓下的那個人英語說得很流利。
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
3. 定語從句有時不直接緊靠先行詞，中間由一個定語、狀語或謂語隔開。
e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand.
4. 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有時可以用"介詞 + which"來代替，英語語法《高考語法復(fù)習(xí)四：定語從句》。
e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the Peoples Republic of China was founded.
5. 當(dāng)定語從句中謂語動詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語動詞時，短語動詞的各個固定部分不要拆開。
e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
6. 介詞在關(guān)系代詞前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介詞在句尾，關(guān)系代詞可有which, that, whom, 口語中也可用who，且可省略。
e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.
關(guān)于定語從句的知識總結(jié)
1. 關(guān)系代詞用來指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞
句子成分 用于限制從句或非限制性從句 只用于限制性從句
代替人 代替物 代替人或物
主語 Who which that
主語 Whom which that
賓語 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which)
例1：This is the detective who came from London.
例2：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
例3：The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
2.關(guān)系代詞的用法
(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞一般只用that，不用which。例如：
All the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等詞修飾，關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：
(3) 非限制性定語從句中，不能用關(guān)系代詞that,作賓語用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。例如：
名詞性從句：
1.主要包括主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句。一般由that 引起，也可由who, what, when, why, which, whom, whether, how 引起。
2.主語從句很多情況下都可以放到句子后面，而用代詞it作形式上的主語。
3.形式賓語
4.由名詞性關(guān)系代詞whatever, whoever, whichever 等引起的賓語從句
5. whether and if 都能引導(dǎo)從句，但用法有所不同。當(dāng)主語從句直接位于句首時，應(yīng)用whether,而不用if. Whether 后能直接or not, 但if 不能。
Whether he will come or not is not known.
6.在名詞reason后的表語從句必須用that引導(dǎo)，不可誤用 because.
The reason why he is often late for class is that he has the bad habit of getting up late in the morning.
定語從句
1.引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why and which. 在非限制定語從句中，只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整個句子， 多用which.
2.當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語從句的先行詞前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等詞，或先行詞前為形容詞最高級所修飾時，或先行詞為all, anything, nothing, something, everything 時，從句的引導(dǎo)詞只能用that.
3.as 可做引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句， 多和such, the same 連用。As 引導(dǎo)的定語從句也可修飾整個句子，既可放在先行詞后，也可放在句子開頭。
4.介詞+which/whom/whose從句
5.代/名+介詞+which 從句
6.同位語從句和定語從句
定語從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who（賓格whom,所有格whose）等，關(guān)系副詞包括where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用，同時又作定語從句的重要成分。
定語從句的分類
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號分開，從句不可省去，非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號分開，起補充說明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
關(guān)系代詞的用法
1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語，作主語時不可省略，作賓語可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。（that作主語）
The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍色的。（that作賓語）
2.which用于指物，在句中作主語或賓語，作主語不可省略，作賓語可省略。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。（作主語）
The film （which）we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。（作賓語）
3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主語，whom用作賓語。在口語中，有時可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。（作主語）
Who is the teacher （whom）Li Ming is talking to? 正在與李明談話的老師是誰？（作賓語）
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