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高考英語(yǔ)作文議論文寫(xiě)作技巧
議論文是作者對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題或某件事進(jìn)行分析、評(píng)論,表明自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)、立場(chǎng)、態(tài)度、看法和主張的一種文體。議論文有三要素,即論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。論點(diǎn)的基本要求是:觀(guān)點(diǎn)正確,認(rèn)真概括,有實(shí)際意義;論據(jù)的基本要求是:真實(shí)可靠,充分典型;論證的基本要求是:推理必須符合邏輯。
一、英語(yǔ)議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)一般較為固定,通常包括以下三部分:
1. 在導(dǎo)語(yǔ)部分提出需要議論的議題;
2. 在正文部分對(duì)所提出的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行議論;
3. 在結(jié)論部分對(duì)以上的討論進(jìn)行總結(jié)和歸納。
寫(xiě)議論文要考慮論點(diǎn),考慮用什么作論據(jù)來(lái)證明,怎樣來(lái)論證,然后得出結(jié)論。它可以是先提出一個(gè)總論點(diǎn),然后分別進(jìn)行論述,分析各個(gè)分論點(diǎn),最后得出結(jié)論;或者先引述一個(gè)故事,一段對(duì)話(huà),或描寫(xiě)一個(gè)場(chǎng)面,再一層一層地從事實(shí)中分析出道理,歸納引申出一個(gè)新的結(jié)論;也可以在文章開(kāi)頭先提出一個(gè)人們關(guān)心的問(wèn)題,然后一一作答,逐層深入;還可以把兩個(gè)不同事物以對(duì)立的方式提出來(lái)加以比較、對(duì)照,然后得出結(jié)論。
二、在具體寫(xiě)作中要注意下列幾點(diǎn):
1. 議題的提出要開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,不要拖泥帶水。
2. 議論時(shí)可以采用不同的方法。如:可以擺出正反兩方面觀(guān)點(diǎn),進(jìn)行對(duì)比;也可引經(jīng)據(jù)典論證作者自己觀(guān)點(diǎn)的正確性,從而使讀者接受自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn);亦可提出一種錯(cuò)誤的觀(guān)點(diǎn)然后論證其錯(cuò)誤,最終提出正確的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。正文部分是寫(xiě)作的重點(diǎn),論證方法可用歸納法、推理法、比較法等。
3. 在結(jié)論部分必須表明作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn),對(duì)討論的問(wèn)題做出總結(jié)。
4. 注意連接詞和過(guò)渡詞等詞語(yǔ)的使用,以增強(qiáng)文章的條理性和邏輯性。常用的過(guò)渡詞和連接詞包括:first, second, third, finally, in addition, furthermore, besides, what was worse, more importantly, in contrast, because, since, now that, therefore,consequently,in that case, as a result/consequence, in conclusion, to sum up等等。
三、寫(xiě)作技巧
議論文的寫(xiě)作是一個(gè)創(chuàng)造性的完整過(guò)程。它大體上可以分為攝取、構(gòu)思、表達(dá)和修改四個(gè)階段。構(gòu)思是把客體材料轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樽髡咧饔^(guān)認(rèn)識(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)化階段,表達(dá)是通過(guò)遣詞造句將作者的思想“物化為文章”的實(shí)施階段,修改是最后完善提高文章的過(guò)程。在對(duì)這四個(gè)階段的具體運(yùn)作過(guò)程中,一定要進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)?shù)胤治,提高自覺(jué)性。在具體的寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中,要注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 把握三個(gè)要素,即論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。論點(diǎn)要新,要有鮮明的時(shí)代特征,能體現(xiàn)時(shí)代脈搏。認(rèn)識(shí)問(wèn)題和分析問(wèn)題時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)褒揚(yáng)新思想,針砭時(shí)弊,體現(xiàn)時(shí)代的精神風(fēng)貌。同時(shí)要把握事物的本質(zhì)特征,揭示事物的發(fā)展規(guī)律,給人以厚重感。論據(jù)要為論點(diǎn)服務(wù),注重?cái)[事實(shí),講道理。在寫(xiě)作時(shí)要充分利用事實(shí)論據(jù)和道理論據(jù),靈活采用多種論證方法,如例證法、引證法、對(duì)比論證法、比喻論證法等讓文章更具說(shuō)服力與雄辯性,讓讀者心服口服。
2. 把握三性,即準(zhǔn)確性、鮮明性和主動(dòng)性。在寫(xiě)作時(shí)要善于提出問(wèn)題,主動(dòng)地運(yùn)用準(zhǔn)確的論據(jù)和恰當(dāng)?shù)恼撟C方法來(lái)分析問(wèn)題,水到渠成地引出自己鮮明的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。
3. 語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用時(shí)務(wù)必準(zhǔn)確、言簡(jiǎn)意賅,行文時(shí)要注重條理性和層次性。
四、佳作欣賞
Keep Water Clean
It is known to all of us that there is not enough water on the earth. In some parts of the world, such as in Africa, people even have not enough water to drink. They are living a hard life because of lack of water. At the same time, water is being polluted in some other countries. Many rivers, lakes and seas have been polluted by waste poured by factories. Fishes in the polluted waters are not safe to eat any longer. and some people died of diseases caused by the dirty water.
It is very important to protect water. Waste water should be cleaned before pouring into rivers and lakes. Laws should be made to prevent factories from polluting water.
We hope that everyone will protect water and keep water clean because we only have one earth.
【評(píng)析】本文緊扣題目,先寫(xiě)水資源的短缺,再寫(xiě)有限水源的污染及其導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果,層層深入,結(jié)尾處自然地得出結(jié)論:我們要珍惜水資源。