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病句的常見錯(cuò)誤
一、不一致(Disagreements)
所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致,它還包括了數(shù)的不一致時(shí)態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致等。
例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to .
。ㄈ艘坏┯辛隋X,他就能想干什么就干什么。)
剖析:one是單數(shù)第三人稱,因而本句的have應(yīng)改為has ;同理,want應(yīng)改為wants.本句是典型的主謂不一致。
改為: Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)
二、修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)位(Misplaced Modifiers)
英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)不同,同一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)置于句子不同的位置,句子的含義可能引起變化。對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)中國(guó)學(xué)生往往沒有引起足夠的重視,因而造成了不必要的誤解。
例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
剖析:better位置不當(dāng),應(yīng)置于句末。
三、句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)
在口語(yǔ)中,交際雙方可借助手勢(shì)語(yǔ)氣上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解?墒菚嬲Z(yǔ)就不同了,句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會(huì)令意思表達(dá)不清,這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后,筆者又想加些補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)發(fā)生。
例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .
剖析:本句后半部分“for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一個(gè)完整的句子,僅為一些不連貫的詞語(yǔ),不能獨(dú)立成句。
改為:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.
四、懸垂修飾語(yǔ)(Dangling Modifiers)
所謂懸垂修飾語(yǔ)是指句首的短語(yǔ)與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清。例如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 這句中“at the age of ten”只點(diǎn)出十歲時(shí),但沒有說明“ 誰(shuí)”十歲時(shí)。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我們把這個(gè)懸垂修飾語(yǔ)改明確一點(diǎn),全句就不那么費(fèi)解了。
改為:
When I was ten, my grandfather died.
例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential.
剖析:句中不定式短語(yǔ) “to do well in college” 的邏輯主語(yǔ)不清楚。
改為:
To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
五、詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為:介詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用;形容詞當(dāng)副詞用;名詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用等。
例1. None can negative the importance of money.
剖析:negative 系形容詞,誤作動(dòng)詞。
改為:
None can deny the importance of money.
六、指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)
指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清,或者先后所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
。ì旣惡臀医憬愫芤茫?yàn)樗鏊陌槟。?/p>
讀完上面這一句話,讀者無(wú)法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰(shuí)將結(jié)婚,誰(shuí)將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對(duì)象加以明確,意思就一目了然了。這個(gè)句子可改為:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.
剖析:句中人稱代詞we 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。改為:
We can also know society by serving it ourselves.
七、不間斷句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence請(qǐng)看下面的例句。
例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析:這個(gè)句子包含了兩層完整的意思:“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。簡(jiǎn)單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。
改為:
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:
There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world
八、措詞毛病(Troubles in Diction)
Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語(yǔ)的問題,囿于教學(xué)時(shí)間緊迫,教師平時(shí)在這方面花的時(shí)間往往極其有限,影響了學(xué)生在寫作中沒有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲,斟酌的習(xí)慣。他們往往隨心所欲,拿來(lái)就用。所以作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤比比皆是。
例1. The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.
。ㄞr(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。)
剖析:顯然,考生把obstacles“障礙”,“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use (不斷增加的使用)” 應(yīng)改為“abusive use (濫用)”。
改為:
The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.
九、累贅(Redundancy)
言以簡(jiǎn)潔為貴。寫句子沒有一個(gè)多余的詞;寫段落沒有一個(gè)無(wú)必要的句子。能用單詞的不用詞組;能用詞組的不用從句或句子。如:
In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同謂語(yǔ)從句,我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”可以改為:In spite of his laziness, I like him.
例1. For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.
剖析:整個(gè)句子可以大大簡(jiǎn)化。
改為:
Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.
十、不連貫(Incoherence)
不連貫是指一個(gè)句子前言不對(duì)后語(yǔ),或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。這也是考生常犯的毛病。
例1. The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
剖析:The fresh water 與逗號(hào)后的it 不連貫。It 與things 在數(shù)方面不一致。
改為:
Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
十一、綜合性語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤(Comprehensive Misusage)
所謂“綜合性語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤”,是指除了上述十種錯(cuò)誤以外,還有諸如時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),大小寫等方面的錯(cuò)誤。
例1.Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.
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