有關說明文寫作指導
說明文是以說明為主要表達方式，介紹事物的形狀、構造、性質、變化、類別、狀態(tài)、功能、成因、結果等特征的文章。它是一種應用性很強的文體，說明的目的是讓讀者有所知，給讀者提供知識，使之了解客觀世界，掌握解決問題的方法。說明文的基本特點就是具有知識性、科學性、應用性、解說性和條理性。常見的說明文有：解說詞、說明書、書文簡介、內容提要、科普小品、生產(chǎn)工藝、操作規(guī)程和景物介紹等，常見說明方法有：定義、注釋、舉例、分類、比較、引用、比喻、描述、數(shù)字分析和綜合等。說明文的時態(tài)常用一般現(xiàn)在時，語態(tài)常用被動語態(tài)，有時用虛擬語氣。對中學生而言，說明文的出題形式為文字提示或圖表、圖示，文體則可見于短文、書信、便條、日記等。寫說明文必須注意事實正確，表達清晰，條理清楚，層次分明，語言簡練和用詞準確。
說明文范文賞析
說明文是對事情的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結果、特征、性質、狀態(tài)、功能等進行解釋、介紹、闡述的一種文體。這類文章的目的和性質是客觀地介紹、解釋事物，使讀者獲得知識和信息，并不需要發(fā)表主張、做出證明。一般說來，知識簡介，商品介紹，旅游指南，科技讀物，工作總結，實驗報告，教材輔導等均屬說明文之列。
寫說明文，可以按時間、空間、結構、邏輯順序來寫，也可以采取舉例、比較、對比、分類、分析、說明、敘述等方法。
1.分類
分類是人類認識客觀世界的重要手段之一，也是描寫事物、解釋觀點最有效的`方式之一。通過將一事物分類，可使復雜事物變得清晰明了，便于作者闡述自己的觀點。
分類段落的各類排列要條理，可采用從主要到次要，從次要到主要，從多到少或從少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：
1) As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people.These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem to idealistic. The third type is the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
2.比較對照
比較對照有兩種，一是逐點比較，二是整塊比較，即AB交錯或先A后B：
1)逐點比較：多數(shù)人認為這種AB交錯的方式可以避免行文的單調沉悶，對比的效果更鮮明突出。如：
There are basic differences between large and small enterprises. In a small enterprise, you operated mainly through personal contacts. In a large enterprise, you have established “policies” , “channels” of organization, and fairly strict procedure. In the small enterprise you have immediate effectiveness in a very small area. You can see the effect of your work and of your decisions ground. In the large organization you are normally taught one thing thoroughly. In the small one the danger is of becoming a Jack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none. In the large it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.
2) 整塊比較
It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointment publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.
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