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class="article"> <script type="text/javascript">s("title_top");</script> <h1 class="title">物質跨膜運輸?shù)姆绞降慕贪?/h1> <div id="fh3peh5a" class="info"> <span id="fh3peh5a" class="time">時間：2021-06-16 13:32:17 </span> <span id="fh3peh5a" class="sm_after_time"></span> <span id="fh3peh5a" class="source"><a target="_blank" href="http://m.crossfitfinalpush.com/jiaoan/" title="教案">教案</a></span> <span id="fh3peh5a" class="source"><a target="_blank" href="http://m.crossfitfinalpush.com/usr/login.html" title="我要投稿">我要投稿</a></span> </div> <script type="text/javascript">s("content_top");</script> <div id="fh3peh5a" class="content"> <div id="fh3peh5a" class="excellent_articles_box"><ul> <li id="fh3peh5a" class="excellent_articles_row"> <a target="_blank" title="醫(yī)院物質采購計劃" href="http://m.crossfitfinalpush.com/word/yiyuanwuzhicaigoujihua.html"> <em></em> <span id="fh3peh5a" class="excellent_title">醫(yī)院物質采購計劃</span> <span id="fh3peh5a" class="excellent_star">推薦度：<i></i></span> </a></li> <li 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href="http://m.crossfitfinalpush.com/word/yunshuht.html"> <em></em> <span id="fh3peh5a" class="excellent_title">運輸合同</span> <span id="fh3peh5a" class="excellent_star">推薦度：<i></i></span> </a></li> <li id="fh3peh5a" class="excellent_articles_title">相關推薦</li> </ul></div> <p>物質跨膜運輸?shù)姆绞降慕贪?/p><p>　　<strong>知識點一、被動運輸</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img loading="lazy" src="https://p.9136.com/00/l/bdccb0b84_2.jpg" alt="物質跨膜運輸?shù)姆绞降慕贪?/></p><p>　　1．物質運輸?shù)姆绞奖粍舆\輸：物質順濃度梯度進出細胞的運輸方式主動運輸：物質逆濃度梯度進出細胞的運輸方式</p><p>　　3．辨析比較</p><p>　　(1)滲透與擴散的比較</p><p>　　擴散是指某些物質分子從高濃度向低濃度的運動，可以是氣體、溶劑分子，也可以是溶質分子；而滲透是水分子或其他溶劑分子通過半透膜的擴散。滲透需要半透膜，是擴散的一種特殊形式。其關系如下圖所示。</p><p>　　(2)影響被動運輸?shù)囊蛩?/p><p>　　在被動運輸中，物質運輸?shù)乃俾食Q于濃度差外，還與該物質分子的大小以及脂溶性有關。一般而言，分子越小、脂溶性越強，運輸速率越大。對于協(xié)助擴散，還與載體種類和數(shù)量有關。如圖所示，自由擴散隨外界物質濃度升高，運輸速率可持續(xù)增大；而協(xié)助擴散需要載體蛋白的協(xié)助，當超過一定限度時，隨著外界物質濃度升高，運輸速率不再增大，這是由于細胞膜上載體蛋白的數(shù)量有限，即具有載體飽和效應。</p><p>　　【活學技巧】 1.自由擴散和協(xié)助擴散的動力都是濃度差。2.二者都不需消耗細胞代謝產(chǎn)生的能量。</p><p>　　<strong>知識點二、主動運輸</strong></p><p>　　1．特點</p><p>　　(1)逆濃度梯度運輸。</p><p>　　(2)需載體蛋白的協(xié)助。</p><p>　　(3)需消耗細胞呼吸產(chǎn)生的能量。</p><p>　　2．影響因素</p><p>　　(1)載體：細胞膜上的一類蛋白質</p><p>　　①不同物質的運輸載體不同不同生物膜上的載體的種類和數(shù)目不同</p><p>　�、谳d體具有飽和性：當細胞膜上的載體已達飽和時，細胞吸收該載體運載的物質的速度不再隨物質濃度增大而增大。</p><p>　　(2)能量：凡是影響細胞內產(chǎn)生能量的因素，都能影響主動運輸，如氧氣濃度、溫度等。如圖。</p><p>　　(3)溫度：溫度可影響有關酶的活性和生物膜的流動性，因而影響物質運輸速率。低溫會使物質跨膜運輸速率下降。</p><p>　　【提醒】三種物質運輸方式是小分子和離子的運輸方式，不包括大分子物質；三種物質運輸方式是物質進出細胞的主要運輸方式，除此之外還有其他方式(通道運輸)。</p><p>　　<strong>知識點三、胞吞和胞吐</strong></p><p>　　1．過程</p><p>　　(1)胞吞：大分子物質――→與膜上蛋白質結合細胞膜內陷、分離囊泡―→大分子物質進入細胞內</p><p>　　(2)胞吐：大分子物質――→與膜上蛋白質結合細胞膜外凸、分離囊泡―→大分子物質排出細胞外</p><p>　　2．結構基礎：細胞膜的'流動性。</p><p>　　3．條件：二者都需要消耗能量。</p><p>　　【例1】下列生理功能必須通過主動運輸來實現(xiàn)的是(多選)( )</p><p>　　A．大部分脂溶性維生素進入小腸絨毛上皮細胞</p><p>　　B．紅細胞從血漿中攝取K＋</p><p>　　C．鯊魚將血液中多余的鹽分通過鰓排出體外</p><p>　　D．葡萄糖進入紅細胞</p><p>　　易錯點提示牢記主動運輸?shù)奶攸c：①逆濃度梯度運輸；②需載體蛋白的協(xié)助；③需消耗能量。</p><p>　　解析小分子物質進出細胞的方式有三種：自由擴散、協(xié)助擴散和主動運輸。此題中的A屬于自由擴散，既不需要載體協(xié)助，也不消耗能量；B、C為主動運輸，它既需載體又耗能；D為協(xié)助擴散，只需載體不耗能。</p><p>　　答案 BC</p><p>　　要識記常見物質出入細胞的方式。歸納如下：</p><p>　　(1)被動運輸自由擴散H2O氣體(O2、N2、CO2等)脂溶性物質(甘油、脂肪酸、苯)尿素協(xié)助擴散：C6H12O6進入紅細胞</p><p>　　(2)主動運輸：氨基酸、C6H12O6、核苷酸、H＋、Mg2＋、K＋、Na＋、Ca2＋、Cl－、HCO－3.</p><p>　　【例2】物質進入細胞都要穿過細胞膜，不同物質穿過細胞膜的方式不同，下列各圖表示在一定范圍內細胞膜外物質進入細胞膜內的三種不同情況，回答下列問題：</p><p>　　(1)據(jù)圖指出A、B、C所表示的物質運輸方式，A是____________，B是________，C是________。</p><p>　　(2)上述三種運輸方式中，哪一種加入呼吸抑制劑后曲線會發(fā)生變化？________，為什么？________________________________________________________________________。</p><p>　　(3)乙醇、CO2、氨基酸進入細胞的方式分別是__________、________、________。</p><p>　　易錯點提示誤認為主動運輸都是逆濃度轉運。</p><p>　　解析小分子物質進出細胞的方式有3種：自由擴散、協(xié)助擴散和主動運輸。自由擴散是小分子物質進出細胞膜的方式，它總是從高濃度一側向低濃度一側擴散，其擴散速度與物質濃度的高低成正比，表現(xiàn)出A圖所示的曲線；協(xié)助擴散亦是從濃度高的一側向濃度低的一側擴散，但這種擴散必須由載體來轉運，當細胞膜上的載體達到飽和時，其擴散速度就會受到限制，表現(xiàn)為B圖的曲線；主動運輸是物質進出細胞的主要方式，該過程需要載體和能量，當外界離子的濃度高于細胞內離子濃度時(順濃度梯度)，主動運輸比自由擴散和協(xié)助擴散要快得多。主動運輸逆濃度梯度進行時，在能量充足、載體沒有達到飽和之前，運輸速度隨離子濃度的升高而加快，當載體飽和或能量不足時，主動運輸就會減弱，表現(xiàn)為C圖曲線。當加入呼吸抑制劑后，受影響的曲線是主動運輸曲線。</p><p>　　答案 (1)自由擴散協(xié)助擴散主動運輸</p><p>　　(2)主動運輸主動運輸需要呼吸作用提供能量</p><p>　　(3)自由擴散自由擴散主動運輸</p><p>　　解答此題應分析每條曲線所對應的方式，特別是對C圖曲線的分析：開始時細胞內濃度低，隨著時間的延長細胞內濃度高于細胞外濃度，說明細胞能逆濃度梯度吸收該物質，故判定該物質進出細胞是主動運輸。</p> <script>s("content_relate");</script><p>【物質跨膜運輸?shù)姆绞降慕贪浮肯嚓P文章：</p><p><a target="_blank" href="http://m.crossfitfinalpush.com/wenda/149500.html" title="物質跨膜運輸?shù)姆绞?>物質跨膜運輸?shù)姆绞?/a><span>08-16</span></p><p><a target="_blank" title="物質跨膜運輸?shù)姆绞秸f課稿">物質跨膜運輸?shù)姆绞秸f課稿</a><span>11-04</span></p><p><a target="_blank" href="http://m.crossfitfinalpush.com/shuokegao/2210485.html" title="物質跨膜運輸?shù)姆绞降恼f課稿">物質跨膜運輸?shù)姆绞降恼f課稿</a><span>07-10</span></p><p><a target="_blank" href="http://m.crossfitfinalpush.com/shuokegao/2117412.html" title="《物質跨膜運輸?shù)姆绞健?說課稿">《物質跨膜運輸?shù)姆绞健?說課稿</a><span>07-02</span></p><p><a target="_blank" href="http://m.crossfitfinalpush.com/jiaoan/1180500.html" title="《物質的跨膜運輸》教案">《物質的跨膜運輸》教案</a><span>04-07</span></p><p><a target="_blank" 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