天凈沙秋思的賞析「精品」
導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：《天凈沙·秋思》是元曲作家馬致遠(yuǎn)創(chuàng)作的一首小令。此曲以多種景物并置，組合成一幅秋郊夕照?qǐng)D，讓天涯游子騎一匹瘦馬出現(xiàn)在一派凄涼的背景上，從中透出令人哀愁的情調(diào)，抒發(fā)了一個(gè)飄零天涯的游子在秋天思念故鄉(xiāng)、倦于漂泊的凄苦愁楚之情。以下是小編整理天凈沙秋思的賞析的資料，歡迎閱讀參考。
馬致遠(yuǎn)
枯藤老樹(shù)昏鴉，小橋流水人家，古道西風(fēng)瘦馬。夕陽(yáng)西下，斷腸人在天涯。
賞析：
這首小令僅五句28字，語(yǔ)言極為凝煉卻容量巨大，寥寥數(shù)筆就勾畫(huà)出一幅悲緒四溢的“游子思?xì)w圖”，淋漓盡致地傳達(dá)出漂泊羈旅的游子心。
這幅圖畫(huà)由兩部分構(gòu)成：
一、由精心選取的幾組能代表蕭秋的景物組成一幅暮色蒼茫的秋野圖景；
二、抒寫(xiě)內(nèi)心深處無(wú)盡傷痛而獨(dú)行寒秋的天涯游子剪影。
第一幅畫(huà)共18個(gè)字九個(gè)名詞，其間無(wú)一虛詞，卻自然流暢而涵蘊(yùn)豐富，作者以其嫻熟的藝術(shù)技巧，讓九種不同的景物沐于夕陽(yáng)的清輝之下，象電影鏡頭一樣以“蒙太奇”的筆法在我們面前依次呈現(xiàn)，一下子就把讀者帶入深秋時(shí)節(jié)：幾根枯藤纏繞著幾顆凋零了黃葉的禿樹(shù)，在秋風(fēng)蕭蕭中瑟瑟地顫抖，天空中點(diǎn)點(diǎn)寒鴉，聲聲哀鳴……寫(xiě)出了一片蕭颯悲涼的秋景，造成一種凄清衰頹的氛圍，烘托出作者內(nèi)心的悲戚。我們可以想象，昏鴉尚能有老樹(shù)可歸，而游子卻漂泊無(wú)著，有家難歸，其間該是何等的悲苦與無(wú)奈�。〗酉聛�(lái)，眼前呈現(xiàn)一座小橋，潺潺的流水，還有依稀裊起炊煙的農(nóng)家小院。這種有人家安居其間的田園小景是那樣幽靜而甜蜜，安逸而閑致。這一切，不能不令浪跡天涯的游子想起自己家鄉(xiāng)的小橋、流水和親人。在這里，以樂(lè)景寫(xiě)哀情，令人倍感凄涼，烘托出淪落他鄉(xiāng)的游子那內(nèi)心彷徨無(wú)助的客子之悲。
第二幅畫(huà)里，我們可以看到，在蕭瑟的秋風(fēng)中，在寂寞的古道上，飽嘗鄉(xiāng)愁的游子卻騎著一匹延滯歸期的瘦馬，在沉沉的暮色中向著遠(yuǎn)方踽踽而行。此時(shí)，夕陽(yáng)正西沉，撒下凄冷的斜暉，本是鳥(niǎo)禽回巢、羊�；厝�、人兒歸家的團(tuán)圓時(shí)刻，而游子卻仍是“斷腸人在天涯”，此時(shí)此刻、此情此景，漂泊他鄉(xiāng)的游子面對(duì)如此蕭瑟凄涼的景象，怎能不悲從中來(lái)，怎能不撕心裂肺，怎能不柔腸寸斷！一顆漂泊羈旅的游子心在秋風(fēng)中鮮血淋淋……
一支極為簡(jiǎn)短的小曲，表達(dá)了難以盡述的內(nèi)蘊(yùn)，形象地描繪出天涯游子凄楚、悲愴的內(nèi)心世界，給人以震撼人心的藝術(shù)感受。讓人讀之而倍感其苦，詠之而更感其心。讀此曲而不淚下者不明其意也。
這首小令之所以獲得如此高的贊譽(yù)，一方面是由于它描繪了一幅絕妙的深秋晚景圖，真切地表現(xiàn)出天涯淪落人的孤寂愁苦之情，情調(diào)雖然低沉，但卻反映了當(dāng)時(shí)沉悶的時(shí)代氣氛，具有一定的社會(huì)意義。另一方面，更主要的是它有很高的藝術(shù)成就。
比較明顯的特點(diǎn)是：
1.簡(jiǎn)約與深細(xì)相依
古人宋玉曾用“增之一分則太長(zhǎng)，減之一分則太短”，來(lái)形容美女身量的恰到好處�！短靸羯城锼肌肺淖种珶�，也可以說(shuō)達(dá)到了不能再增、減一字的程度。全篇僅五句，二十八字，既無(wú)夸張，也不用典，純用白描勾勒出這樣一幅生動(dòng)的圖景：深秋的黃昏，一個(gè)風(fēng)塵仆仆的游子，騎著一匹瘦馬，迎著一陣陣?yán)滹`颼的西風(fēng)，在古道上踽踽獨(dú)行。他走過(guò)纏滿(mǎn)枯藤的老樹(shù)，看到即將歸巢的暮鴉在樹(shù)梢上盤(pán)旋；他走過(guò)橫架在溪流上的小橋，來(lái)到溪邊的幾戶(hù)人家門(mén)前，這時(shí)太陽(yáng)快要落山了，自己卻還沒(méi)有找到投宿的地方，迎接他的又將是一個(gè)漫漫的長(zhǎng)夜，不禁悲從中來(lái)，肝腸寸斷。至于游子為什么飄泊到這里?他究竟要到哪里去?這些言外之意，盡可聽(tīng)?wèi){讀者自己去想像。這首小令，確實(shí)不愧為言簡(jiǎn)意豐、以少勝多的佳作。小令的前三句，十八個(gè)字，共寫(xiě)了藤、樹(shù)、鴉、橋、水、家、道、風(fēng)、馬九種事物，一字一詞，一字一景，真可謂“惜墨如金”。但是，凝練而并不簡(jiǎn)陋，九種事物名稱(chēng)之前分別冠以枯、老、昏、小、流、人、古、西、瘦等表現(xiàn)各自特征的修飾語(yǔ)，使各個(gè)事物都帶上了鮮明的'個(gè)性，又使本來(lái)互不相干的事物，在蒼涼的深秋暮色籠罩下，構(gòu)成了一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作者沒(méi)有寫(xiě)這些事物的方位，也未寫(xiě)這些事物與游子活動(dòng)的關(guān)系，但讀者又可以想像得到，并把它們緊密地聯(lián)系起來(lái)。簡(jiǎn)約之中見(jiàn)出深細(xì)。
2.靜景與動(dòng)景相映
《天凈沙秋思》的藝術(shù)效果，又得力于成功地運(yùn)用映襯技法。作者將許多相對(duì)獨(dú)立的事物同時(shí)納入一個(gè)畫(huà)面之中，從而形成動(dòng)與靜、明與暗、背景與主體的相互映襯：處于動(dòng)態(tài)中的“流水”，與處于靜態(tài)中的“小橋”“人家”相映，更顯出環(huán)境的幽靜；“西風(fēng)”與“古道”相映，使道路更見(jiàn)蒼涼；在作者勾勒的秋景圖上，一面是枯藤、老樹(shù)、昏鴉在秋風(fēng)蕭颯中一派灰暗，一面是落日的余暉給枯藤、老樹(shù)、昏鴉涂上一抹金黃的顏色；“小橋流水人家”，呈現(xiàn)一派清雅、安適的景象，與淪落異鄉(xiāng)的游子相映，使“斷腸人”更添悲愁。從整個(gè)構(gòu)圖看，前四句寫(xiě)景，末一句寫(xiě)人。但人是主體，景物是人活動(dòng)的背景，把背景寫(xiě)充分了，主體就被烘托出來(lái)了。這正是相互映襯的妙用。
3.景色與情思相融
詩(shī)言志。這首小令旨在表達(dá)天涯淪落人的凄苦之情。但人的思想感情，是抽象的東西，難于表達(dá)。作者運(yùn)用傳統(tǒng)的寄情于物的寫(xiě)法，把這種凄苦愁楚之情，刻畫(huà)得淋漓盡致�？萏佟⒗蠘�(shù)、昏鴉、西風(fēng)、瘦馬、夕陽(yáng)，這些有形的可感的事物，具有明顯的深秋色彩，與無(wú)形的抽象的凄苦之情，有相通之處，用有形表現(xiàn)無(wú)形，方使人感到具體生動(dòng)。正如“問(wèn)君能有幾多愁?恰似一江春水向東流”，“愁”與“水”本無(wú)聯(lián)系，但作者借江水之多，喻愁之多，二者有“恰似”之處，用江水東流之景，表達(dá)無(wú)限的悲愁之情，十分深刻。自然景物本來(lái)是沒(méi)有思想感情的，但當(dāng)詩(shī)人把這些客觀事物納入審美的認(rèn)識(shí)和感受之中，這些事物便被賦予感情的色彩，同人的思想感情融為一體了。“小橋流水人家”，不過(guò)是極常見(jiàn)的普通景色，但當(dāng)它與“斷腸人在天涯”同處于一個(gè)圖景之中時(shí)，便不再是孤立的景物，而成為使“斷腸人”心碎腸斷的觸發(fā)物，使圖景帶上悲涼的氣氛。所謂“情因景而顯，景因情而生”，就是這個(gè)道理�！短靸羯城锼肌房胺Q(chēng)景中有情，情中有景，情景妙合無(wú)痕的杰作。
延伸閱讀（英語(yǔ)版）
Ma Zhiyuan
The old tree of the withered vine, the little bridge, the west wind and the thin horse. The sun is setting and the man is at the end of the world.
Appreciation:
This first poem only five other 28 words, language is very would have huge capacity, a few pen is paint a picture of a sad mood of 4 "the wanderer to map", incisively and vividly conveys wandering there heart roaming.
The picture consists of two parts:
One, by carefully selected groups can represent the landscape of the autumn scenery of the twilight;
Two, express the innermost feelings of the heart endless pain and walk alone in the end of the world.
The first picture, a total of 18 word nine nouns, during which there is no function, has abundant natural smooth and emphasizing, the author with skillful artistry, let nine different scenery mu under radiance of the setting sun, like a film camera with the technique of "montage" in front of us in turn to present, just put the reader into late autumn season, a few root dry vine wrapped around a few withered and yellow leaves of bald trees, in the autumn wind rustling the se se shiver, jackdaws dots in the sky, sound moan... Write a piece of bleak autumn scenery, create a kind of sad and desolate atmosphere, foil the author's inner woe. We can imagine that the daze can still have the old tree to return, while the wandering son is adrift, there is a family hard to return, in the meantime should be how sad and helpless ah! Next, there was a small bridge, a gurgling water, and a small courtyard of a farmhouse that had a small smoke from the kitchen. This kind of bucolic scene that has a person to reside in the meantime is so quiet and sweet, comfortable and carefree. All this, the wandering wandering mind can't help thinking of the small Bridges, flowing water and loved ones in their hometown. Here, it is sad to write a sad feeling in the music scene, in the way of the wandering of the village, the heart of the helpless guest.
In the second picture, we can see, in the bleak autumn wind, in the lonely road, wandering through the nostalgia is riding a delayed return of thin horse, flourished in deep twilight from far away. At this point, the setting sun is sinking, and the darkness XieHui, this is a birds nest, the sheep cattle back into the circle, person home reunion moment, while the wanderer is still "heartbroken people in the end of the world", at this moment, I liked this, wandering wandering elsewhere in the face of such a bleak and desolate scene, how can not sad to, how can not tore heart crack lung, cannot fail to heart grieved! A wandering heart in the autumn wind with blood...
A very short song, which expresses the inexpressible connotation, vividly depicts the sad and pathless inner world of the wandering world, giving people an impressive artistic feeling. Let a man read it and feel bitter, and chant it and feel his heart. Reading this song without tears is not clear.
This first poem is to obtain such a high praise, on the one hand, because it is painted a wonderful autumn outlook figure, appear to be real tianya reduced people's loneliness and sorrow of love, emotional appeal, though low, but it reflects the era of depressing atmosphere at the time, has certain social significance. On the other hand, it has high artistic achievements.
The obvious features are:
1. Simple and deep
Song yuzeng of the ancients used "one of the points is too long, subtract one is too short", to describe the beauty figure of the proper. The refinement of the written word "net of the sky" can also be said to achieve the degree to which it can no longer be added or reduced. Just five words as a whole, twenty eight words, no exaggeration, also not is because, pure with lyrics outline of such a vivid picture: late autumn evening, a wandering travel-stained, riding a thin horse, against the chilly westerly wind waves, walk alone on the road. He passed the old tree, which was covered with withered vines, and saw the raven, which was about to return to his nest, circling the tree-tops; He walked across the bridge over the stream, came to the door of the stream of a few families, when the sun went to bed soon myself but haven't find a place to stay, to meet him and will be a long night, can't help sadness, deeply grieved. Why did the wanderer float here? Where the hell is he going? These words are meant to be imagined by the reader himself. This little order, indeed, is a good word for Jane, with little success. The first three sentences of the small order, eighteen words, wrote the vine, the tree, the crow, the bridge, the water, the house, the road, the wind, the horse nine kinds of things, one word, one word, the word is a word, really is "the close to the gold". However, concise and do not humble, name nine things before respectively as withered, old, faint, small, flow, such as people, ancient, west, thin performance characteristics of their respective modifiers, make all things with distinctive personality, make originally unrelated things again, in the autumn dusk shrouded, desolate, form a continuum. The author does not write about these things, nor does he write about the relationship between these things and the activities of the wandering, but the reader can imagine and connect them closely. The simplicity reveals deep.
2. The quiet and the moving scenery
The artistic effect of "net sandakan" is also effective in the successful application of the set of techniques. The writer put many things at the same time into a relatively independent images, thus forming dynamic and static, bright and dark, and the effect of the background and main body: "water" in the dynamic, and the "bridge" "people" in the static set each other off, more show environment quiet; "West wind" and "ancient road" photograph, make the road more see desolate; In the picture of the autumn scene outlined by the author, one side is the withered vine, the old tree, the daze is in the autumn wind and the gray, one is the sunset afterglow to the withered vine, the old tree, the daze is painted a golden color; "Small bridge water family", the scene that presents a faction is elegant, comfortable, with the wandering son that fall in a foreign country photograph, make "cut intestines person" more add sadness. From the whole composition, the first four pictures and the last sentence. But the person is the subject, the scene is the background of the person activity, write the background adequately, the main body is foil to come out. This is the great use of each other.
The scenery is in harmony with love
Will and poetry. This small order aims to express the sad feelings of people in the end of the world. But people's thoughts and feelings are abstract things, difficult to express. The writer USES the traditional method of sending affection in the writing of things, and depicts this sad and sad feeling to the best. Dry vine, old trees, the faint crow, west wind, thin horses, the setting sun, these tangible things perceptible, has obvious late autumn colors, with invisible abstract bitterness of love, there are similarities, with the intangible tangible performance, make the person feels your specific and vivid. Just as "ask how many worries can you have? Just like a spring waters flow east ", "sorrow" and "water" in this connection, the authors borrow river, yu sorrow, is "like", both in the east river flow of the scene, express infinite sorrow, very deep. Natural scenery was no emotions, but when the poet put these into the aesthetic understanding of objective things and feelings, these things will be given the feelings of colors, blend into the thoughts and feelings of the people. "Small bridge flowing water somebody else", but is extremely common ordinary scenery, but when it with "heartbroken people in the end of the world" in a picture, it is no longer isolated scenery, and became the "heartbroken" heartbreak heartbroken triggers, make picture bring sad atmosphere. This is the reason why the so-called "emotion is revealed by the scene". "The sky net sand autumn si" is the scene of the scene, the scene, the wonderful and the unmarked masterpiece.
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